Volume II Issue I

In telecommunication and radio communication, spread-spectrum techniques are methods by which a signal (e.g. an electrical, electromagnetic, or acoustic signal) generated with a particular bandwidth is deliberately spread in the frequency domain, resulting in a signal with a wider bandwidth. These techniques are used for a variety of reasons, including the establishment of secure communications, increasing resistance to natural interference, noise and jamming, to prevent detection, and to limit power flux density. Page(s): 01-04 Date of Publication: January 2013

Nothing has changed the world around us the way digital technology and computers have. Computers have entered every aspect of our life and the environment around us. Real time systems are playing vital role in daily life. In just a few decades ago, real time systems are reshaping the way people live, work, and play. Real time systems come in an endless variety of types, each exhibiting unique characteristics. For example, most vehicles driven today embed intelligent computer chips that perform value-added tasks, which make the vehicles easier, cleaner, and more fun to drive. Even private homes are being filled with intelligent appliances, which facilitate and enhance everyday life. Real- Time systems span several domains of computer science.They are defense and space systems networked multimedia systems, embedded automotive electronics etc. The purpose of this chapter is to give an overview of the broad area of real-time systems. This task daunting because real time systems are everywhere and yet no generally accepted definition differentiates real-time systems from non–real-time systems. A system is defined as being real-time if it is required to respond to input stimuli within a finite and specified time interval. The stimuli being either an event at the interface to the system or some internal clock tick that is, at least notionally, coordinated with the passage of time in the system’s environment. Real-time systems are found in a wide range of applications areas, from simple domestic appliances to multi-media systems, large scale process control and safety critical avionics. In some systems the required response times aremeasured in milliseconds, in others it is seconds or even minutes. . Page(s): 05-07 Date of Publication: January 2013

Mn, Zn, Fe are dissolved from plant materi8als by mineral acids. Test procedures for medical plant materials dissolved 10mg in 1ml of Ethonal (750g/l) TS, and 4ml of water. Sterile water extract of plant material will dissolve ferric oxide. The role of leaf exudates in the solution of copper from Bordeaux mixture. Our material Hg (Mercury) dissolve directly without any mixing is reported by the author. It is demonstrated before all scientist in the seminar hall. That the plant leaves are prepared as Nano particles and is examined by XRD, XRF, EDAX, DTA and DSC, FTR in this mixture golden silver also looses original properties. The plant leaves are prepared as Nano particles and. It is a new investigation that no paper has published so far on Hg is dissolved in plant leaves solutions. Page(s): 08-11 Date of Publication: January 2013

With the progression of computer networks extending boundaries, Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) has more easy technology to provide anywhere, anytime communication. Due to its deployment nature, MANETs are easier to malicious attack. The absolute security in the mobile ad hoc network is very hard to achieve because of its fundamental characteristics, such as dynamic topology, open medium, limited power and limited bandwidth. The Prevention methods like authentication techniques and cryptography techniques and algorithms alone are not able to provide the security to these types of networks. so, efficient intrusion detection must be made to facilitate the identification and isolation of attacks. In this paper, we have surveyed several techniques for intrusion detection in MANET. Page(s): 12-17 Date of Publication: January 2013

A field experiment with Maize (Zea mays L.) c.v. Ganga Safed – 2 was conducted at Crop Research Centre of the G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during Kharif season of 2011 with four planting dates viz P1 (16 May), P2 (31 May), P3 (15 June) and P4 (30 June), three nitrogen levels Viz. N1 (80 kg N/ha), N2 (120 kg N/ha) and two intra-row spacing viz. S1 (10 cm) and S2 920 cm), respectively. Various thermal indices including Growing degree days (GDD), Photothermal units (PTU), Heliothermal unit (HTU), Heat use efficiency (HUE), and Photothermal index (PTI) for Maize were calculated using standard methods for above treatments. The results showed that minimum significant GDD accumulation at various growth stages were observed at P3 sowing date and it was 67.7, 874.2, 982.46 and 1566.27 at emergence, 75 % tasseling, 75 % silking and at maturity, respectively. Also, the minimum GDD was highly significant (1067.21) at 75 % silking at S2 spacing and was 1628.77 at S1 spacing for 75 % tasseling. The HTU was observed to be significantly minimum of 396.9 for P4 at emergence. However, for 75 % tasseling, 75 % silking and at maturity, the minimum values of HTU were observed to be 4692.72, 5403.67 and 8967.66, respectively, at P3 planting. Maximum PTU accumulation of 20494.7 was observed at S1 level at maturity. The effect of planting date, nitrogen level and spacing on PTI. A maximum significant HUE of 49.76 g oC-1 day-1 was observed at P3 planting date. However, maximum significant HUE of 42.65 g oC-1 day-1 was observed at S1 level, while minimum HUE (39.81 g oC-1 day-1)was observed at S2 spacing. The correlation – regression analysis showed that PTU provided better estimates for emergence (r=0.932) while GDD estimated 75 % tasseling (r=0.999) and maturity (r=0.94) more accurately than HTU and PTU. The thermal indices were found to negatively correlated with yield (r=0.253 for GDD; r=-0.085 for HTU and r=-0.251 for PTU, respectively for the Kharif season. However, a positive correlation (r=0.20, r=002 r=0.20 for GDD, HTU and PTU, respectively) with yield was observed for 15 June sowing Maize. It can be concluded from this study that minimum of GDD, HTU and HUE for growth, development and yield were found to be optimum for 15 June planting (P3) with 120 kg N / ha and 20 cm row spacing. However, the photothermal index was significantly affected by planting date, nitrogen level and intra row-spacing. Page(s): 18-23 Date of Publication: January 2013

In this paper, we study how improves performance of query caching for dynamic content web sites. The dynamic web server is composed of a traditional web server attached to an application server. The web servers are typically replicated for load balancing and fault tolerance. The application server performs the necessary computation to determine what data is required from the database. It then queries the database and constructs replies based on the results of the queries. For the purpose of this paper we consider the combination of the web server and the application logic collectively as the front-end and the database as the back-end. We propose and apply a cycle of optimizations for a fully crystal clear dynamic content cache suitable for any web application. We optimize the query cache to handle full and partial coverage of query results at the expense of additional processing. We propose several optimizations that reduce the load on the database leading to higher performance. Page(s): 24-27 Date of Publication: January 2013

Widely connected enterprise networks and the Internet have enabled viruses, worms and blended threats to make use of computer networks for propagation, significantly increasing the speed of infection and damage. The Internet, with its ease of sharing and downloading of files, has also increased the risk of infection to the average user. A user may infect a computer by an action as simple as clicking on a downloaded file or an email attachment. Investment on several layers of protection is required for most enterprises for effective protection of computer networks. Page(s): 28-32 Date of Publication: January 2013

Today’s world is moving at an ever increasing pace. New technologies, opportunities, threats all force companies to have the ability to be able to change rapidly in order to stay competitive and survive in increasingly harder business climates. In this paper we look at how new generations working with new types of media can play a vital role in how a company goes about its change management decisions. The focus is centered on the use of social media in a business environment. In this paper we have come to the conclusion that an implementation of social media will yield faster and better communications within a company and also make the company more transparent where every employee’s opinions can be read, documented and saved for future use. This information can later be utilized when carrying out and managing change in a business environment. Social media is a, at least in the field of academia, young phenomena. There has not been an extensive research in the subject, especially not with regard to uses in organizations. For this reason we have chosen to make use of many sources from as diverse fields as possible. We focused on finding at least two, of each other independent sources, wherever possible to verify statements. We also relied on our own experience from working with social media and the knowledge gained through the course of consuming literature on the subject to assess sources. Apart from the sources we have listed in our reference section we have also taken part of much more material to further our own basic knowledge and understanding of social media. Page(s): 33-41 Date of Publication: January 2013

An Edge in an image is the boundary between two different regions. Edge detection is important in image processing and computer vision, particularly in the area of feature detection. An edge often indicates the physical extent of object within the image. An edge detection process ultimately aims to obtain a binary edge map. Edge detection is a fundamental tool for image segmentation. In this paper an attempt is made to study of most commonly used edge detection techniques for image segmentation and also the study of different soft computing approaches base on this techniques . Page(s): 42-52 Date of Publication: January 2013

This paper focuses on the risk issues for wireless LAN from a corporate network perspective, these same issues apply to home networks, telecommuters using wireless, and “public use” networks such as those being set up by Microsoft to allow wireless Internet access at select Starbucks locations. There are several known risks for wireless network, undoubtedly increase in number and sophistication over time. Here we discuss the Internet Security Systems product and services to overcome from these security risks. Internet Security Systems products and services provide a robust security management solution for wireless LANs. Page(s): 53-60 Date of Publication: January 2013

Environment and development are the two sides of the same coin. Advancements in science and technology have accelerated the pace of industrialization. The industrialization is a continuous process and enhances the standard and quality of life of people but leads to environment degradation. Noise, exhaust fumes, wastes of different kinds adversely affects the environment and creates various kinds of health hazards. The Industrialization and environment and creates various kinds of health hazards. The industrialization and environment degradation go hand in hand. Since Industrialization is the basics of development, it cannot be given up. Hands of the clock cannot be turned back. The only option left is to control and manage environment degradation. The environment degradation, in fact started with the propagation of human race. Today environment degradation is a world-wide phenomenon and has become concern for control. The process of environment degradation has accelerated with the development of socioeconomic activities, for example agriculture, industrialization, drugs and pharmaceuticals transport, civil construction including roads and buildings, etc., with growing population, the requirements of food grains and other consumer items increasing greatly, leading to further environment degradation. As long as the assimilation capacity of receiving water system, land, air, etc., is more than the pollution load the importance of environment protection was not critical. But today there are places where rivers are polluted to the extent effluents, for example river Ganges at Kanpur, Mithi river at Mumbai. Industrialization is considered as the barometer of civilization. Increasing economic openness, growing economic interdependence and deepening economic integration in the world economy are the result of Globalization. In this never-ending race of making profit today, most of the organizations are forgetting their duties towards environment. Community awareness, people’s participation and clean production technologies with sustainable development is must for environmental conservation. Every industrial organization and every citizen should be motivated for achieving clean and green environment. Each state, each nation, each continent, the entire world should adopt clean technologies for production. Page(s): 61-64 Date of Publication: January 2013

The world is facing severe energy crises and the mode of conversion of various fuels into utilizable form affect economy, environment and health adversely. Utilization of renewable energy resources particularly solar energy can decrease these to a considerable extent. Solar energy is most promising renewable source for India and all underdeveloped and developing nations which within 40 of equator. Solar energy can be utilized in both direct and indirect form. Utilization of solar energy in the form of solar thermal applications can save a lot of conventional energy resources. In country like India on the one hand solar cooking needs to be promoted while on the other hand there is a need for development of more efficient and user friendly solar cookers. Solar cooking would be popularized only when a good number of models are made available to the masses with appropriate characterizations and performance figures clearly mentioned for each model. Therefore a uniform strict test protocol must be followed for solar cookers. Only then users will have correct choice and would be attracted for maximum use of solar cookers. With this view we have discussed at length various test protocols. With study of L.S.C. clearly reveals that the cooker design developed and studied in the present work has good weather ability, life, thermal performance and cooking performance. Page(s): 65-74 Date of Publication: January 2013

Cloud computing is current buzzword in the market It is paradigm in which the resources can be leveraged on per use basis thus reducing the cost and complexity of service providers. Cloud computing promises to cut operational and capital costs and more importantly let IT departments focus on strategic projects instead of keeping datacenters running. It is much more than simple internet. The various services provided by cloud computing are Software as a service(SaaS), Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS), and Platform as a Service(PaaS).This paper gives the different models of the cloud computing. This paper contains the detailed study of Software as a Service (SaaS) which includes the characteristics of the SaaS, The requirements of SaaS Service delivery infrastructures, architecture of the SaaS, and gives where the SaaS will best fit and where it may be not best fit. Page(s): 75-83 Date of Publication: January 2013

Optical network users, whether service providers, enterprises, or government and military agencies, have unique and growing security needs. Today’s optical networks must provide end-to-end protection that is fully integrated with other security services, technologies, and management systems. To provide the greatest flexibility, optical network elements should support advanced AAA services, and provide multiple layers of protection. In this paper we describes the security requirements of optical networks, and the ways in which the Cisco ONS Family of optical network platforms meets the demanding requirements of government agencies, service providers, and enterprises. Cisco Systems has a longstanding reputation as a global leader in network security. Cisco developed the SAFE Blueprint, a comprehensive framework for defending networks, and has incorporated robust security technologies and features into all Cisco network devices, including optical platforms. Page(s): 84-90 Date of Publication: January 2013

The differential evolution algorithm is used to optimize the control problem of truck trailer backer upper parking. The results are simulated with different parameters, like initial and final position of the TTBU, angles of cabin and trailer. This paper presents an approach to solve truck-trailer backer upper problem which is a bench mark nonlinear problem of the control system. The results are compared with fuzzy-logic approach. Page(s): 91-96 Date of Publication: January 2013

With the ratification of the IEEE 802.3ab in 2010, 40GbE has displaced 10GbE as the next network speed evolution in the enterprise. As was the case with the migration to 10GbE, the two main hurdles to widespread deployment of 40GbE are high deployment costs and lagging availability of supporting technologies and tools. In the 10G era, the network monitoring switch emerged as one of the technologies that helped enterprises clear the two main hurdles to High-Speed Ethernet deployment. The network monitoring switch is poised to play an even greater role in the 40GbE era. In addition to providing a bridge to High-Speed Ethernet, the network monitoring switch delivers higher network visibility and monitoring efficiency. Page(s): 97-100 Date of Publication: January 2013

India has now become the largest producer of milk and hence, more and more milk are required to be processed and converted into powder, thus needing more energy. With the ever increasing volatility in the crude oil market and the rise of crude oil prices to more than 100$ per barrel, there is a need to decrease our dependence on the Non-renewable energy sources and look for Alternative renewable sources. Solar energy is the best alternative as major part of India receives a good intensity of this energy for almost 10 months per year. This will give an added advantage in reducing CO2/CO emissions reducing global warming and will save the precious Ozone Layer. Page(s): 101-103 Date of Publication: January 2013

The market for mobile apps is still relatively young, it has grown exponentially over the past several years and will continue to expand rapidly. But unfortunately, other than developers, cyber criminals are also looking to capitalize on the explosive growth of mobile apps. They are already hard at work creating malicious software designed to steal users’ information and wreak havoc on the larger apps ecosystem. However, there is a relatively simple yet highly effective solution to protect mobile apps. By using code signing certificates. Page(s): 104-108 Date of Publication: January 2013

This paper is an exploratory survey of TCP congestion control principles and techniques. In addition to the standard algorithms used in common software implementations of TCP, this paper also describes some of the more common proposals developed by researchers over the years. By studying congestion control techniques used in TCP implementation software and network hardware we can better comprehend the performance issues of packet switched networks and in particular, the public Internet. Page(s): 117-130 Date of Publication: January 2013

Fuel economy remains the prime factor favoring the application of the diesel engines and the need to improve performance regarding power output or lower fuel consumption or preferably both, has led to research in the engine systems. This research includes design and orientation of the inlet manifold, which is a major factor effecting the performance of the engine. A four stroke compression ignition engine with power 9 H.P and rated speed 1500 rpm is selected for the present work to investigate the performance characteristics. The swirl motion of the air is an important parameter in optimizing the performance of the engine. For better turbulence it is a common practice to leave the surfaces of the inlet manifold rough and unpolished. To achieve this helical threads are arranged in the inlet manifold with variable pitches which creates swirl. The performance characteristics with normal manifold and helical threaded manifold were calculated and compared. Page(s): 131-135 Date of Publication: January 2013

Lots of work has been done in the area of signature verification over the past two decades. Signature Verification involves authentication of a person claimed signature in order to determine whether the claimed signature belong to the claimer or not. The signature verification can be done manually or automatically. The handwritten signature is a biometric attribute Biometric identification and verification system are being increasingly adopted in our environment. Well know biometric method include iris, retina, face and fingerprint based identification and verification. Depending on the data acquisition method, Automatic signature verification can be classified as either offline or online signature verification. This paper contains a study on the offline signature recognition system. Page(s): 136-140 Date of Publication: January 2013

The three section gyrotron resonator has been fabricated using a single piece of brass and OFHC copper material. The resonator consists of a down taper section, uniform middle section and up taper section with input and output taper angles, 2º and 3º, respectively. To realize the resonator design through fabrication, the inner profile measurement of the weakly tapered open resonator is the foremost important. Therefore, the paper reports the destructive and non-destructive measurement technique to measure inner profile of the resonator. Further, based on the measurement and predicted output power through simulation will help to determine whether the fabricated resonators excite the desire mode and the desire output power. Page(s): 141-145 Date of Publication: Jaunuary 2013

With the rapid growth of the information age, open distributed systemshave become increasingly popular. The need for protection andsecurity in a distributed environment has never been greater. Theconventional approach to security has been to enforce a system-widepolicy, but this approach will not work for large distributed systemswhere entirely new security issues and concerns are emerging. Weargue that a new model is needed that shifts the emphasis from“system as enforcer” to user-definable policies. Users ought to be ableto select the level of security they need and pay only the necessaryoverhead. Moreover. Ultimately, they must be responsible for theirown security.This research is being carried out in the context of the Legion project.We start by describing the objectives and philosophy of the overallproject and then present our conceptual model and design decisions. Aset of technical challenges and related issues are also addressed Page(s): 146-152 Date of Publication: January 2013