Volume IV Issue II

Phosphogypsum (calcium sulfate) is a naturally occurring part of the process of creating phosphoric acid (H3PO4), an essential component of many modern fertilizers. For every tonne of phosphoric acid made, from the reaction of phosphate rock with acid, commonly sulfuric acid, about 3 t of phosphogypsum are created. There are three options for managing phosphogypsum: (i) disposal or dumping, (ii) stacking, (iii) use-in, for example, agriculture, construction, or landfill.The need to reduce solid waste volume has caused scientists to invent new construction materials produced using waste materials. The present work focuses on the ultrasonic pulse velocity of wade sand –lime-cement-phosphogypsum building bricks produced under a static compaction of 20MPa. It is observed that these bricks have sufficient Ultrasonic pulse velocity Tests were also conducted to study the relationship between ultrasound pulse velocity (UPV) with strength of bricks.. The results suggest that compressive and flexural strength values of phosphogypsum-wase sand-lime-cement-building bricks produced undera static compaction of 20 MPa, may approximately be determined without a destructive testing by using the non-destructive UPV measurements. Page(s): 01-05

This paper is a detail survey of the ICI reduction technique for OFDM systems using combining weight technique. The paper reviews a lot of combining weight techniques as well as compare different types of combining weight technique based on ICI reduction performance and cost constraint. In ICI reduction, optimum combining and near-optimum combing methods are reviewed. These methods are highly compatible with most existing data detection, equalization, and channel estimation methods. It has also very low complexity. Page(s): 06-09

The heat extraction from the lower convective zone or storage zone of salinity gradient solar pond with corrugated bottom is investigated with the aim of increasing the overall efficiency of collecting solar radiation, storing heat and delivering this heat to different applications. The energy balance equations for each zone have been used to develop the expression of temperature distribution in the solar pond. Then this equation has been used to develop the equation for efficiency of the solar pond. The analysis is based on the boundary conditions at the interface between the zones and the matching conditions. In this method, heat is extracted from the storage zone of the solar pond. A theoretical analysis is conducted to obtain expression for the variation of temperature with depth of solar pond. The dependence of the energy efficiency of the solar pond on the thickness of storage zone, temperature of delivered heat, variation combinations of the pond and storage zone heat extraction only explored. The theoretical analysis suggests that heat extraction from the storage zone has the potential to increase the overall efficiency of a solar pond delivering heat at a relatively high temperature by up to 50 %, compared with the conventional solar pond method of heat extraction solely from the storage zone. The potential gain in efficiency using storage zone heat extraction is attributed to the storage zone that can be achieved with this method. The results are then obtained by computer simulation. The effects of system and operating parameters of the solar pond like area enhancement factor (β), heat extraction rate, heat capacity rate and depth of the pond on the temperature distribution and efficiency have been developed. It has been found that the temperature distribution in the solar pond is a strong function of system and operating parameters. Page(s): 10-21

Advances in information and communications technology have enabled the adoption of wireless communication techniques in all sectors for the transmission of information in all forms between any two points. Wireless communications and distributed computing have promoted the development of vehicle health monitoring (VHM) systems. These have the potential for use in the monitoring of railway signalling systems and rail tracks. This paper surveys existing wireless techniques used in the railway industry for both communications and monitoring purposes. This paper proposes different railway monitoring applications and new protocol, named E-BMA, which achieves even better energy efficiency for low and medium traffic by minimizing the idle time during the contention period. Page(s): 22-25

TGSxP1-x binary mixed crystals were grown from an aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals were characterized structurally and chemically by taking XRD, EDAX, FTIR and measuring the density. The XRD data shown that the mixed crystals belong to monoclinic structure. The lattice parameter calculated obeys both Vegard’s law and Retger’s rule. The FTIR spectra confirms the functional groups. Page(s): 26-29

Mixed crystals of alkali halides find their applications in optical, opto electronics and electronic devices. Binary mixed crystals of NaBr and KBr were grown by the slow evaporation method. Densities and refractive indices of all the grown crystals were determined and also used for the estimation of the bulk composition in crystal lattice parameters and hardness values were determined by XRD and Vicker’s micro hardness measurements respectively. The detailed results are reported in this paper. Page(s): 30-33

Public key cryptosystem or the asymmetric crypto system is more secure than secret key method because a pair of related key is being used by both sender and receiver. The problem occurring in most of the cryptosystem is plain text being considered as an integer number that leads to poor security. In this paper we propose an efficient polynomial based public key cryptography technique over Galois field GF(p) and extended to GF(2m), which considers plaint text as a (x,y) coordinate elements derived from the polynomial. Page(s): 34-38

In the present study, adsorption of phenol from synthetic wastewater was investigated on metal impregnated activated carbon derived from coconut shell. Carbonized coconut shell mixed with appropriate metal salts was pyrolyzed at 850°C under inert N2 atmosphere to develop metal impregnated activated carbon. In order to evaluate the performance of activated carbon thus prepared batch adsorption experiments were conducted at a fixed temperature (27°C) and pH (6.0) for different initial phenol concentration ranging from 100 to 500 mg.l-1, with adsorbent loading of 0.2 gm in 200 ml adsorbate solution. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be highest for 1% Zn-2% Fe-AC which was as high as 402 mg.g-1. The adsorption isotherms were in conformation to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model. Kinetic evaluation indicated that phenol adsorption on developed activated carbon followed pseudo-second-order rate reaction. Diffusion controlled kinetic model on the system showed that removal rate was controlled not only by intra-particle diffusion but also film diffusion. Page(s): 39-46

This research paper presents decentralized control scheme for Load Frequency Control in a multi-area Power System by appreciating the performance of the methods in a single area power system. A number of modern control techniques as well as the classical methods and optimization algorithm are adopted to implement a reliable stabilizing controller. A serious attempt has been undertaken aiming at investigating the load frequency control problem in a power system consisting of two power generation unit and multiple variable load units. The robustness and reliability of the various control schemes is examined through simulations and Mat-Lab programming. The design is determined an optimization problem and a novel cost function is derived for increasing the performance of convergence to the solution. To optimize the parameters of the cost functions and the PID-controller, the Ziegler-Nichols method of PID tuning also used here. The results show that the proposed control method is provided better performance for dynamic responses of the power system. Page(s): 47-50

Dwelling is an encompassing one in the series of three essential commodities of human lives. In which food is consuming and changeable according to the requirement of health and taste. Clothing is also changeable with our thoughts and appearance at very low cost, Whereas the Dwellings requires a huge amount of investment and a permanent place and such type of investment is possible once in a life time of an ordinary person. It is common to all except the technical persons and experts, that constructing the shelters by keeping the requirement of living space and final appearance in mind, and with absence of quality, workmanship, and stability of the building. All these lead the age of the building and protects from natural calamities. Most probably major part in the shelter constructions are dependent of financial institution and these institutions are granting the loans based on the valuation certificate given by the practicing valuers. It is possible to bring the stable construction practice in the society using the valuers and their valuation report as a tool by giving certain weightage for the Earth quake resistant designs in the construction and the structure becomes suitable for long life and safe against other natural calamities too. Hence in a view to insist the valuers and the bankers to give their contribution in making stable structures and safe to the society, this article is prepared with descriptive effects of earth quake and its consequences and put forth for publication. Page(s): 51-54

The kinetics of oxidative decolorization of disperse orange 13 (DO13) by chloramine-T (CAT) and bromamine-T (BAT) in acid medium has been investigated spectrophotometrically (λmax = 427 nm) at 298 K. UV-visible spectrophotometry was used as a basic analytical approach in the present kinetic study. Kinetic runs were performed under pseudo first-order conditions of [oxidant]o >> [DO13]o. Under identical experimental conditions, reactions with both the oxidants follow identical kinetics with a first-order dependence on each [oxidant]o and [DO13] and a fractional-order dependence on [HClO4]. Stoichiometry of the reaction was found to be 1:4 and the oxidation products were identified. The reaction was studied at different temperatures and various activation parameters have been computed. Effects of p-toluenesulfonamide, halide ions, ionic strength and dielectric constant of the medium have been investigated. Reaction mixture fails to induce polymerization of acrylonitrile. The rate of oxidation of DO13 is about 2 times faster with BAT as compared to CAT. This may be attributed to the difference in electrophilicities of Cl+ and Br+ ions and also the van der Waal’s radii of chlorine and bromine. Plausible mechanism and related rate law have been deliberated for the observed kinetics. Page(s): 55-62

In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the possibilities to make the transmission line more cost effective by changing the bracings, configuration and type of transmission line structure for optimizing the weight of transmission tower. Due to the increasing demand of electrical energy, the tower should be made economical by developing different light weight structures. The present literature study has been carried out for optimizing the geometry for different sections; type of bracings, different configurations and for different supply of voltage and necessary conclusions for optimizing the geometry has been drawn out. Page(s): 63-64

Nano crystalline ZnO particles were synthesized using a wet chemical synthesis route. The synthesized particles were pressed and sintered at higher temperature (at 700oC for 2 h) in order to study the effect of sintering on grain growth in these nano particles. The as dried and the sintered particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction and FESEM. A noticeable change in the structural and morphological parameters was observed between as dried and sintered particles. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed highly intense peaks for sintered particles as compared with the as dried ones showing increase in crystallite size after sintering. FESEM images also confirmed the grain growth due to sintering. So it can be said that ZnO nano particles of varying size as desired can be synthesized using this low cost wet chemical synthesis technique for its potential application in various fields. Page(s): 65-67

Due to the rising trends of technologies which are highly inclined towards the low voltage & low power consumption of silicon chip devices which are being developing exponentially due to the rising demand of smaller sized devices which are needed to be operated at lower voltage so that it can support longer battery life which can be used in portable applications such as in marketing segments including telecommunications, biomedical, computers and consumer electronics. It has become major concern that while designing any chip, power consumption is required to be kept in mind especially when it is concerned to biomedical devices. The supply voltage is being scaled down to reduce overall power consumption of the system. The objective of this project is to design ultra low powered operational amplifier which is operated at lower voltage 1.8V. As the voltage is lowered some of the parameters are sacrificed but still it is tried to satisfy the major parameters .It is also not possible to reduce the size of battery upto certain extent due to some chemical limitations, so a pathway is proposed to make the architectural changes. This project showcase the operational amplifier schematic implementation, simulation results with the 0.18μm technology designed in Tanner EDA 14.1. The operational amplifier is used to implement the ADC circuit. The op-amp specially designed for biomedical application (Pacemaker) on an account to improve the battery life of pacemaker. The Project will briefly showcase the performance parameter of OPAMP with compensation at input. Page(s): 68-71

Hard candies with natural colorant and high medicinal property are rare to be found. C. ternatea is a well known ayur-vedic plant with high health benefits. These are commonly found ornamental plants with flowers in blue and white color. C. ternatea was a blue colored -flower with high amount of polyphenol compound. These compounds act as source of free radical sca-venging. Quantitative analysis shows the presence of phytocons-tituents such as flavanoids, phlobatannins, reducing sugars, pro-teins and carbohydrates. The free radical scavenging property of C. ternatea flower extract showed the highest level of 59.3 % .The microbial activity of C. ternatea extract was carried out against common food pathogens which include E.coli, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella species by measuring their ZOI (zone of inhibi-tion).Blue colored-hard candies were prepared using the C. ternatea extract with and without preservative for shelf life study. The physicochemical characteristics of the extract and extract based candies were carried which includes analysis of carbohy-drates, proteins, fats and moisture contents. Sensory evaluation of the extract based candy was based on taste, color, flavor and appearance of the product. The shelf life of the candy with pre-servative was carried on till the 57th day while the shelf life of candy without preservative was carried on till the 30th day. Stu-dies based on shelf life were evaluated based on room tempera-ture. All the parameters of candy were compared with the level of C. ternatea extract. Page(s): 72-76

The work is carried out to determine the feasibility of extents of using the ternary mixtures of ethanol-biodiesel-diesel(EBD) with maximum reduction of the fossil fuel(diesel) without sacrificing much of the advantages of unblended fossil fuel. Experiments are done to list off the beneficial properties that can be expected in blending the three fuels(EBD) keeping the biodiesel parameter constant at 50% and varying other components.The physical properties like Viscosity, density, Calorific Value, Flash Point, Fire Point, Cloud, Point, Pour Point are determined so as to compare with the diesel. The engine performance such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), mechanical efficiency (ME), etc. of the blends are tested with the increase in ethanol content in the blended fuel at overall operating conditions .The emissions such as CO, HC,NOx, etc.are tested for detecting the influence of increasing ethanol andits suitability to the environmental standards without any modifications in the existing Compression ignition engines. Page(s): 77-81

We present an approach that applies document clustering algorithm to forensic analysis of computer seized in police investigations. We also present a better approach in the field of forensic computing using automatic labeling and avoiding overlapping of clusters to improve response time of the search. Page(s): 82-83

Meta analysis of heavy metal contaminated industrial sample has been done by various approaches. viz, Physical, chemical,and sophicated. Results obtained showed the following range of physico-chemical parameters pH (1.32-6.26), TS (40-170 mg/l),TDS (29-168 mg/l), TSS (2-20 mg/l), Acidity(68-154 mg/l) ,DO(1.32 -2.54 mg/l),BOD(9-44 mg/l ), COD( 534-1984 mg/l), Chloride( 2314-8167 mg/l).The samples were subjected to laboratory analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) to assess the levels of heavy metal pollution such as mercury (Hg), Arsinate (As) and Nickel (Ni). The pollution levels from these industries were found to be very high and alarming and hence proper care must be taken for the treatment of these effluents before they are released to the sewage. Page(s): 84-88

Database tampering is one of the big and important role in Database Management system. Database security is very important requirement of today's database application system. The Main Objective of this Paper is to identify different technique and detection of different contents in Database. Here we are using the cryptographic hash algorithm to detect the tampering of a Database. Consequently the Tiled Bitmap Forensic analysis algorithm helps to find at what time and possibly finally why and who had tampered the Database. Here we are using separate audit log validator to observe and inspect the database along with the extra information and state of the data. Audit log play a central role in database. A notarizer is used to create notary id of each hashed value of database transaction. Page(s): 89-91

In this paper, a mathematical model is developed to study significance of various critical factors in the presence of lot size dependent ordering cost for an inventory model. Items in the inventory are subject to time dependent deterioration with associated salvage value. In this model lot size and cycle time are considered decision variables. Our main objective is to minimize total inventory cost to increase profitability for retailer. In this paper Genetic algorithm is used to minimize objective function which works very well with non-linear functions where conventional optimization methods stuck with local optimum. This model is validated with empirical data and sensitivity analysis is also carried out. Page(s): 92-97

In this era of internet, the Online Social Networks (OSNs) are the platform to build social relations among people who share interests, activities, backgrounds or real life connections. OSNs have gained a ubiquitous status and this has led to security issues of posting unwanted messages on user wall. Therefore, in order to make the OSN user wall a secured wall, we are introducing a flexible- rule based system which provides users to control the messages that are posted on their walls and allows user to customise the filtering criteria to be applied on their walls. This system exploits machine learning based soft classifier for automatically labelling messages in support of content based filtering. Page(s): 98-101

Supply chain in automobile sector has four step .First from tier3 to tier 2, tier 2 to tier 1, tier 1 to original equipment manufacturer and similarly demand generated from original equipment manufacturer to tier 1 supplier, tier 1 supplier to tier 2 suppliers, tier 2 suppliers to tier 3 suppliers and so on. Automation helps to minimize risk market demand flucation by fast communication to supplier, free from human error in material schedule planning and quick decision. Automation of complete supply from OE to tier3 cannot be implemented without collective approach called collaborative relationship. This paper focuses on scenario of collaborative relationship in Indian Industry. This research objective is to find out collaborative relationship existence and its evaluation level. This work carried out on supply chain of Gear manufacturing plant through questionnaire techniques. There are 52 suppliers as chain partner and all are included in research. Result of research work is that collaborative relationship exists at moderate level in tier 1 to original equipment manufacturer, but on other stages it is not existing even at preliminary level. Conclusion is that collaborative relationship is an essential ingredient in automation of supply chain. In this approach both (supplier to supplier or supplier to buyer) have common vision and can accomplish more together. Indian industry has to develop this concept of relationship so that loss of natural resources due to failure in supply chain can be avoided. This loss can be in form of energy loss, man hour loss, process loss during unproductive hours. Page(s): 102-104

Traditionally, paper-made registers (musters) were used by almost all organizations for employee attendance; eventually some of them started implementing paper-made time cards called punch cards for the purpose. However, more the paper work, more the slaughter of trees. In other terms, more the use of paper, lesser the trees and consequently higher the rate of global warming. In order to save trees and to put an effort towards greener globe, organizations should switch to a technology called biometrics for employee attendance. Biometrics is an advanced technology wherein the employee’s face scan or fingerprint is used for his/her attendance. All he/she has to do is stand in front of a camera or place his/her finger on a reader for signing in and out. Thus attendance can go digital resulting in saving of thousands of trees on earth every year. My attempt through the paper is to explain the concept of biometrics, its main types, their working and finally put forth some instances where some concerned organizations are doing their bit towards a greener globe. Page(s): 105-107

Providing authentication to any system leads to provide more security to that system. There are many authentication techniques available, such as Textual password, Graphical password, etc. but each of this individually having some limitations & drawbacks. To overcome the drawbacks of previously existing authentication technique new improved authentication technique is used, this authentication scheme is called as 3D password. The 3D password is multi-password & multi-factor authentication system as it uses various authentication techniques such As textual password, graphical password etc. Most important part of 3d password scheme is inclusion of 3d virtual environment. 3d virtual environment is virtual environment which is consisting of real time object scenarios. It is not actual real time environment, it is just user interface provided to scheme which looks like same as real environment. 3d password is more secure authentication scheme than any other authentication techniques. Because this authentication scheme is more advanced than any other schemes. Also this scheme is hard to break & easy to use. In this paper we have introduced our contribution towards 3D password to become more secure & more user friendly to users of all categories. This paper also explaining about what is 3D password?, working of 3D password scheme, some mathematical concept related to 3D password, applications of scheme etc. all these concepts are briefly introduced & explained in this paper as per section wise. Page(s): 108-112

Purlins, girts and eave struts are secondary structural members used to support the wall and roof panels. Purlins are used on the roof; girts are used on the walls and eave struts are used at the intersection of the sidewall and the roof. Secondary members have two other functions: they act as struts that help in resisting part of the longitudinal loads that are applied on the building such as wind and earthquake loads, and they provide lateral bracing to the compression flanges of the main frame members thereby increasing frame capacity. The attempt is made to study the comparison of cold formed sections as a secondary members & hot rolled members those which are used in conventional building system. Page(s): 113-116

Vegetable omelette mix is a rich nutritious food with high protein content and less fat content which is highly suita-ble for dietary purposes. The main ingredient moong dal used in this product was proved to have reduced risks of blood pressure and prevent hypertension. Moong dal and gram dal were taken in three different proportions and processed by two methods namely frying and soaking method. Also, the other ingredients used were all rich in nutrional value. The an-ti-microbial property and physiochemical property of the samples were tested. Since there was a very low content of moisture in the product, there was no growth of bacteria and fungi resulting in the extended shelf life of the product. Sample obtained using frying method was found to be devoid of any microbial contamination even after a long period of time be-cause of the low moisture content than that of the sample ob-tained using soaking method. Also, the protein content in the frying method sample was analysed to be higher than the sam-ple obtained using the soaking method. Thus, this study shows that frying method gives better taste, texture and flavour compared to the soaking method. Page(s): 117-121

Path finding algorithms are widely used to find the shortest optimal path from a starting point to a destination point. The complexity of such an algorithm greatly depends on whether the target is in motion while the optimal path is being calculated or if the target is static. Finding the optimal path wherein the hunter and prey are stationary is easy, however pursuing a moving target is difficult as it poses challenges such as search space optimization, limited computational resources, partial knowledge about the environment and real time response. There has been a lot of research in this regard, each following a different approach towards finding the optimal path. In this paper we present an overview of the different approaches. Page(s): 122-124

This is a well-known fact that during a transformer-rectifier combination undesirable harmonic line currents may be generated. The rectification of alternating current power to direct current power itself may produce undesirable current harmonics. The non-linear loads cause the severe current harmonics that can not be tolerated. These harmonic currents can cause either a shutdown of the device or the unacceptable powering of the devices. The non-isolated multi-pulse converters and the Multi-pulse converters in general can be applied to achieve the clean power which is of major priority in higher power rating applications. Generally, by increasing the number of pulses in a multi-pulse converter THD (total harmonic distortion) can be reduced up to the allowable limits. Thepresentwork istoanalyses the differentmulti-pulse AC toDC (18-pulse, 24-pulse, 36-pulse, and 48-pules) converters insolvingthe harmonic problem in athree-phase converter system. The effect of increasing the number of pulses on the performance of ac-dc converters is analyzed. THD is the major factor considered for the performance comparison of various converters. Page(s): 125-130

Theorem 1. Let EN (T, Φ’, Φ’’) denote the average number of real roots of the random trigonometric polynomial T= Tn (θ,ω) = Sum limit-> k-=1 to 0 { ak (ω)coskθ} in the interval (Φ’, Φ’’). Clearly, T can have at most 2n zeros in the interval (0, 2π). Assuming ak(w)s to be mutually independent and identically distributed normal random variables. Dunnage has shown that in the interval 0 n(θw) have (2n / √3) {n(11/13) (log n)(3/13) } zeros when n is large. We consider the same family of trigonometric polynomials and use the Kac-Rice formula for the exception of the number of real roots and obtain that EN( T;0,2π ) ~ (2n/√6)+0(log n). (1) The result is better than that of Dunnage since our constants is (1/√2) times his constant and our error term is smaller. The proof is base on the convergence of an integral of which an asymptotic estimation is obtained. Page(s): 131-133

File manufacturing industry is having a tremendous scope in the market. There is a large variety of files which are manufactured in mass production. Out of 11 nos. of operations, one of the operation is tang forging operation. The raw material is heated and is made undergo through open die forging process. In the present paper a case study of an small scale industry is discussed. For the tang forging operation the source used for heating the raw material was Gas heating. Special Purpose Resistance Heating Furnace was replaced instead of Gas heating. It was found that the cost of tang forging operation was reduced to almost 80%. Also it was found that the operator was put into a comfortable and safe work environment due to replacement of Gas Fired Furnace by Resistance heating Furnace. Page(s): 134-138

MANET is a collection of mobile, decentralized, and self-organized nodes. Securing MANET is a problem which adds more challenges on the research. This is because MANET properties make it harder to be secured than the other types of static networks. It suffers from a variety of security attacks and threats such as: Denial of Service (DoS), flooding attack, impersonation attack, selfish node misbehaving, routing table overflow attack, wormhole attack, blackhole attack etc. MANET is open to vulnerabilities as a result of its basic characteristics like no point of network management; topology changes vigorously, resource restriction, no certificate authority or centralized authority. This paper objective is to summarize different types of attacks over MANET, and concerns with studying sleep deprivation attack. Our objective is to design an artificial immune system to secure from sleep deprivation attack and is based on biological Danger Theory and we imply the concept of using two thresholds on the basis of throughput. In this paper we count on the number of requests sent by a particular node in a given interval of time twice, once for minor threshold and later for major threshold. Page(s): 139-144

As mobile applications become extremely popular composed into our workaday, mobile applications interactions obligation to be quick and sensitive’s unluckily, even the essential backwards of producing a mobile application is unfortunately slothful. In as much as humano -central environment (e.g., close/ open,, driving/walking) have been widely investigated, few acquires have been learn from phones’ appearance (e.g., on table/bed, in pocket/bag/hand). In micro-environment sensor (Sherlock) observe both energy managing and user kindly. In micro-environment sensor on Android operating system and taxonomically examining its execution with data composed. Definitive conclusive results displays that micro-environment sensor achieves low energy capacity, quick system distributions and co-operative sensing exemptions. The investigation and operating system and hardware seller establish the methods of increasing the battery time of smart phones. Page(s): 145-150

In this paper, we will explain about marketing as marketing is a process to sell some product or we can say to convince someone to buy your product. Marketing mix is a concept in marketing as there are four P’s involve in marketing A Product B Price C Place D Promotion Page(s): 151-152