VOLUME V ISSUE III

Groundwater is one of the most important natural resources in the world, which is threatenedon its quantity and quality. pH of water is a basic quality parameter and it determines the solubility and biological availability of chemical constituents such as nutrients and heavy metals. Excessively high and low pH can be detrimental in the use of water. Mapping the current situation of groundwater quality providesfor better management of resources. Interpolation methods facilitate to estimate the values for unsampled points and create a continuous dataset to study the spatial distributions. In this study the geostatistical analyst and spatial analyst tools were used to compare the accuracy of different interpolation methods by interpolatingbased on the spatial pattern of groundwater pH in Malwathu Oya cascade-I in Anuradhapura District, using Arc GIS 10.2. The total area of the cascade was divided into 1 km2 grids and forty wells were purposely selected to include two wells per grid,in assessing the groundwater pH during the dry period. Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), Radial Basis Function (RBF), which are deterministic interpolation methods and kriging which is a geostatistical interpolation method were used with different parameters in both spatial and geostatistical analyst. Empirical Bayesian Kriging was used additionally for geostatistical analyst. The method which shows least root mean square error (RMSE) was selected as the best method to interpolate the spatial variation of groundwater pH. As a spatial analyst tool, Universal Kriging method was given the least RMSE value.As a geostatistical analyst tool, Empirical Bayesian Kriging with linear semivariogram model recordedthe least RMSE value.It can be concluded that geostatistical interpolation method performs better than deterministic interpolation methods for mapping groundwater pH in the study area.

This research paper elucidates a power (or load) flow analysis of the Nigerian 28-bus 330kV transmission network. This expressly reveals the steady state operation of the power system under consideration, which by extension may be applied to other similar networks. The load flow solution would reveal the affected lines whose power flow fall below the values expected, and buses whose voltage magnitude is outside the required range of 0.9 ≤ V ≤ 1.1pu. The Static Synchronous Series Compensator, SSSC, is incorporated into the affected lines to control the flow of power in the network. The performance characteristics of SSSC, a member of the Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, in controlling the power (active and reactive) flow, reducing the transmission losses and improving the voltage profile of the network is the objective of this research. The Newton-Raphson technique is used in analyzing the load flow problem without and with the FACTS device (i.e. SSSC) incorporated. The results obtained are compared to observe the performance of SSSC in the network. The SSSC model is validated and tested using the IEEE 14-bus test system. The analysis and simulation is done using the MATLAB R2007b software.

It is known fact that the structural design of asphalt pavements process is more empirical in nature than the mechanics. Empirical correlation / factors involves in error estimate. Further, while adopting such transfer function, many input parameters are used which are very uncertain and random in nature. Therefore, it is essential to incorporate such uncertainty and considers the probability in the pavement design process. Probabilistically, a pavement is safe when the estimated failure probability or reliability is equal to or higher than the design reliability level. Thus, the consideration of reliability based design of pavement becomes important. Estimated reliability value may be justified provided the proper distributions of pavement performance parameters are adopted including their level of confidence or acceptability. This paper presents the issues related to probability calculation in asphalt pavements. The issues of fatigue and rutting distresses evaluation that involved with many complexities due to materials, structural and loadings conditions, including uncertainty associated with various input parameters are discussed. The resent work also aims to obtain the distributions of performance evaluation parameters and establishes the acceptability of the distributions.

Precious stones Hiraka (Diamond) is used for the treatment of several ailments. To achieve the desired therapeutics benefit from these stones, it is essential to use good quality of stones and then to process them classically by shodhana and marana procedures.There are several methods described in Ayurveda classics to prepare Hiraka Bhasma. Here the research work is aimed to find out the most easy, economicaly, qualitatively and least time consuming method for preparing Hiraka Bhasma.

Power flow tracing is used to find the allocation of generators and loads in the line flows and generator contribution in loads and load contribution in generators. Due to multiplicity of solutions, recently optimal power flow tracing methods have been proposed. However, the size of optimization problem increases drastically with size of the system. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a symbolic reduction step wherein variables which will be set to zero at optimal are identified a priori by a graph theoretic analysis. This leads to reduce number of variables in the LP problem. Further, the reduced problem can be solved efficiently by sparse LP method. Results on large 488 node Indian utility system illustrate the necessity of proposed approach.

The Herbs (medicinal plants) are widely used by the traditional medical practitioners for curing various diseases in their day-to-day practice. These herbal plants are easily available in our surrounding area. Generally it is found, Gold fishes are frequently effected from microbes, bacterial, fungal, parasite etc. Disease fish were collected from ornamental Fish Farm. Collected fishes were feed with garlic supplemented feed and normal feed. Separately Garlic (*Allium sativum*) paste was added to normal feed and prepared feed was applied the aquarium containing disease-affected Gold fishes (*Carassius auratus* L.). Experimental trial was continued for 8 weeks consecutively to observe the development of immunity against the common pathogens. Result shows that the after treatment fish were healthy and energetic..

In this paper, Adomian Decomposition Method is applied to solve various forms of Highly Nonlinear Initial Boundary Value Problem .Even this method is a non-numeric method , it can be adapted for solving nonlinear partial differential equations.The nonlinear parameters can be obtained by using Adomian polynomials.It follows that non-linearities in the equation can be handled easily and accurate solution may be obtained for any physical problem.We illustrate this technique with the help of example and represent solutions graphically by Mathematica software.

In this paper, design of multi-band microstrip antenna with a U-shaped slot and two linear slots with a copper post at the center has been presented. It is observed that frequency bands and gain of the antenna with copper post are increased as compared to the corresponding antenna without copper post. The proposed antenna has been designed for use in wireless devices in the frequency range between 5 GHz to 9 GHz.

We investigated the MHD peristaltic flow of a Newtonian fluid with variable viscosity in an asymmetric channel under the assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number assumptions. The expressions for the velocity, pressure gradient, pressure rise and friction force at the upper and lower wall per one wavelength are obtained by a regular perturbation technique. The effects of viscosity parameter(alpha) , Hartmann number M , wave amplitudes a,b and phase shift (theta) on the above physical quantities are discussed in detail.

According to recent Human Development Index released by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), India ranked at 130th position out of 188 countries. When compared to last year data India's rank was 135 according to the 2014 report. For this Sliding Up there are many reasons, along with consideration of Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and Below Poverty Line (BPPL) Segment by the Central Government and Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Priority Sector lending has become an important component of national agenda for RBI after nationalization of Banks to develop the EWS and BPL segments. Over the years there are many changes undergone through this concept with several new areas and sectors being brought within the purview of this sector. Priority Sector Lending is an important role given by the RBI to the banks for providing a specified portion of the bank lending to few specific sectors like Agriculture, Allied activities, Micro and Small Enterprises , Rural housing, Students for Education, Women Development, Pavement Dwellers, Small Scale Sectors and other Low income Groups. Along with this category RBI recently attached some other Categories like: Medium Enterprises, Social Infrastructure and Renewable Energy will form part of the Priority Sector, in addition to the existing categories, with a cap of 15% to total outstanding. This study of this paper is to evaluate the Priory Sector Advances and its Share in total credit by Indian Banks for better understand of banks role in economy growth along with ground level sectors development. Keywords: priori.

Milk is very valuable food, readily digested and absorbed. It consists of nutrients, which are needed for proper growth and maintenance of body. Milk and milk products form a significant part of the diet and a substantial amount of our food expenditures goes on milk and other dairy products. In Pakistan, milk is transported from the point of production to consumers and processing plants by middlemen called "Gawalas". They don't maintain proper hygienic conditions during this transport, which leads to increase the total viable bacterial count. They also adulterate milk to increase their profit margin by several chemicals like urea, starch, flour, cane sugar, vegetable oils, detergents etc. Various preservatives like formalin and some antibiotics are also added in milk to increase its shelf life. This addition decreases the nutritive value of milk. These adulterants, preservatives and drugs in milk cause very serious health related problems. This paper detects various types of adulteration present in the milk.

Cement is the main component of any construction. Due to rapid usage of natural resources such as lime stones, clay etc. during the production of cement causes larger depletion in our natural reserves. There is a need to think ahead to make arrival of new material which best suites to replace the cement. Every industry produces wastage. All the wastages cannot be replaced. The chemical, physical properties should be characterized before replacing. Paper making generally produces a large amount of solid wastes which are spread over the cropland and contaminants builds up over it. The disposal is the major problem in paper industry. They cause severe air pollution when it is burnt. Paper sludge consists of minimum amount of silica, magnesium and considerable amount of lime, which is the main property of cement. So the disposal and pollution problems can be reduced to greater extent by partially replacing the cement using paper sludge from paper industries. This study investigates the use of waste paper sludge in concrete mix of M30 with 4%, 8%, 12% and 16% as partial replacement of cement. Cube of size 150 x 150 x 150mm, prism bars of 500 x 100 x 100mm, cylinders of 100 x 200mm are casted for both conventional M30 grade concrete and partially replaced concrete. The curing period of 3, 7, and 28days were allowed and test was conducted to determine its compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength. The results obtained through this investigation were found to be satisfactory for the compressive strengths.

An Experimental study was conducted to investigate the compressive strength of lightweight polystyrene sandwich blocks since the weight of common building bricks is more or less same weight of concrete blocks. Eight specimen blocks of size 400mm X 200mm X 100mm were prepared using combination of cement, sand, wire mesh and thermocol with and without different shear connectors. They are Single mesh thermocol (SM),Single mesh thermocol with M pin (SMM), Single mesh thermocol with V pin (SMV), Single mesh thermocol with U pin (SMU), Three web mesh (individually and collectively enclosed with wire mesh) (WM), Three web mesh with M pin (WMM), Three web mesh with V pin (WMV) and Three web mesh with U pin (WMU) and subjected to compressive strength after 28 days of curing The test results are compared with each other and found that the lightweight polystyrene sandwich concrete blocks offered higher compressive strength of 4.12 MPa at 28 days. The density is found 1200 kg/m3. Hence there is a reduction of dead load, faster building rates in construction and lower haulage and handling costs.

Emerging Internet of Things (IoT) technology has given new tools and means for developing Home Automation Systems to create smart homes [1]. Functions which are handled smartly are climate control, home electronics, security systems, lighting and much more to come. Malwares can cause abnormal behaviour in the connected smart devices. So to monitor, detect and take corrective measures, a monitoring system is proposed.

Milk is very valuable food, readily digested and absorbed. It consists of nutrients, which are needed for proper growth and maintenance of body. Milk and milk products form a significant part of the diet and a substantial amount of our food expenditures goes on milk and other dairy products. In Pakistan, milk is transported from the point of production to consumers and processing plants by middlemen called "Gawalas". They don't maintain proper hygienic conditions during this transport, which leads to increase the total viable bacterial count. They also adulterate milk to increase their profit margin by several chemicals like urea, starch, flour, cane sugar, vegetable oils, detergents etc. Various preservatives like formalin and some antibiotics are also added in milk to increase its shelf life. This addition decreases the nutritive value of milk. These adulterants, preservatives and drugs in milk cause very serious health related problems. This paper detects various types of adulteration present in the Buffalo and Cow milk samples.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in India play a very important role in enhancing the potential and opportunities of entrepreneurs in India. But funding creates various hurdles in its path for the growth. Banks are reluctant to provide loans to them because of the various reasons like information asymmetry, moral hazard or adverse selection effects which create various challenges in front of SMEs to generate funds. To overcome this problem, government of India, with the help of SEBI, launched two platforms, BSE SME platform and NSE EMERGE platform for the listing of SMEs. But after more than three and a half years of their launch, there is a need to compare their various characteristics. In this study, the various characteristics are compared between both the SME platforms. The SMEs and ITP companies of both the boards are compared which would help to find out where and by which characteristic a board is lagging behind. The various characteristics include the share prices, market capitalization, market turnover, PE ratios and proportion of companies reporting losses. In this study, we will study about both the SME platforms with their listing requirements, benefits of listing various challenges existing for the entry in exchange and also to provide some suggestions to overcome those challenges. The data structure for the study is based on the official publication of annual reports, and other reports like daily trading reports, ITP bhavcopy, financial reports of the companies listed on the exchanges and the share prices of the listed companies from the official websites of both the platforms. For the data collection the census method has been adopted where all the SMEs and ITPs are considered. Simple tabular approach has been used for the analysis of the data. The findings indicate that BSE SME exchange has well diversified companies on the basis of market cap and most of the companies listed on it are healthier in general. Whereas, most of the companies on the EMERGE platform are reporting losses. But even after that its market turnover has improved in the recent year than that of its rival exchange. Moreover, the BSE SME companies have lower share prices in general. This research has focused on the Indian SME Exchange platforms and analyzed the various dimension on these platforms both quantitatively and qualitatively and on different levels. It will create awareness among the entrepreneurs, SMEs and investors and will help them to choose the best platform according to their needs.

Similarity measurement is the important process in text processing. It measures the similarities between the two documents. Unlabeled document collections are becoming increasingly large and common and available; mining such data sets is a major contemporary challenge. Words are used as features. Text documents are often represented as high-dimensional and sparse vectors. Measuring the similarity between words, sentences, paragraphs and documents is an important component in various tasks such as retrieval of information, document clustering, word-sense disambiguation, automatic essay scoring, short answer grading, and text summarization. This paper shows the survey of the document clustering.

Milk may contain some harmful microorganisms like bacteria along with some potentially beneficial microbes. Microbiological analysis of milk is carried out to determine the degree of bacterial contamination in milk and to understand the chemical changes brought in milk as a result of microbial action. Pasteurization is done to destroy such harmful bacteria. If pasteurization of milk is not carried out properly there will be presence of larger count of bacteria in the milk. Methylene blue Reduction test is used to detect the presence of bacteria in milk. This test works on the principle that the methylene blue indicator is present in an oxidized form, but in the presence of bacteria, leads to the reduction of this indicator in a comparatively short span of time. The blue color developed on addition of the indicator to the milk will change to white color within a short period indicates the presence of bacteria in the milk and thus denotes improper pasteurization. Milk may contain some harmful microorganisms like bacteria along with some potentially beneficial microbes. Microbiological analysis of milk is carried out to determine the degree of bacterial contamination in milk and to understand the chemical changes brought in milk as a result of microbial action. Pasteurization is done to destroy such harmful bacteria. If pasteurization of milk is not carried out properly there will be presence of larger count of bacteria in the milk. Methylene blue Reduction test is used to detect the presence of bacteria in milk. This test works on the principle that the methylene blue indicator is present in an oxidized form, but in the presence of bacteria, leads to the reduction of this indicator in a comparatively short span of time. The blue color developed on addition of the indicator to the milk will change to white color within a short period indicates the presence of bacteria in the milk and thus denotes improper pasteurization. This paper identifies various types of adulteration present in the milk.

In modern medical applications data mining techniques are very popular and produce accurate results, diagnosing a blood test report is a complicated process that largely depends on the doctor’s knowledge, experience, ability to evaluate the patient’s current test results and analyze risk factors that might be causation of illness. Therefore, a need for system to assist physician in making accurate and fast decision has arisen. The main focus of the present paper is to analyze the performance of “Hierarchical clustering algorithm” for blood reports. The results are compared with the normal values given in the medical books and shown that the hierarchical clustering technique was sufficiently effective to diagnose medical dataset especially, blood test reports and suggested that these results may be used for developing automatic abnormality detection Expert Systems.

Now days in the world of communication, securing the information is Main criteria while communication in the network. Usually users exchange the confidential data and documents during communication. So, that Security is important criteria in Communication. Security and communication are inseparable words. In order to provide security to the data we are using cryptography and Steganography techniques together. This paper proposes Assured Data Communication by Using Cryptography and Steganography together. The combination of these two techniques can provide robust platform for secured data communication System. Here, We Create a Cipher text (Encrypted) of text message Using Cryptography Techniques and then we hide the Cipher text into Multimedia Using Steganography [1] techniques. We used SDES algorithm in Cryptography for data Encryption and Decryption, LSB Method of Steganography to hide Cipher text into image. This Proposed System provides high Assured Communication System. So that Intruders fail to crack data Communication even in Non-Secure channels.

Milk and dairy-based ingredients are used as components of many food products. Their contributions consist of unique flavor, desirable texture, excellent nutritive value, and a widely accepted “natural”image. In many instances, the success of the product in the marketplace is significantly enhanced by incorporation of traditional functional ingredients familiar to the consumer. Thus, dairy ingredients provide a consumer-friendly label on packaged foods. Dairy ingredients contribute a number of characteristics critical to a food product. These include the emulsifying and stabilizing ability of caseinates, the gelling properties of whey protein concentrates and isolates, the water-absorption capacity of high-heat nonfat dry milk, and the browning of lactose during heat processing. Furthermore, the crystallization characteristics of lactose and the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme lactase are important in confectionery and frozen products. In addition, butter flavor carryover can be achieved with enzyme-modified butterfat and various cheese flavors imparted by enzyme-modified cheeses. Therefore, a food developer can select an appropriate dairy-based ingredient to create certain desirable attributes in foods. An understanding of the functional properties of dairy ingredients allows food technologists to utilize their potential contribution to product characteristics to meet consumer expectations. Milk may contain some harmful microorganisms like bacteria along with some potentially beneficial microbes. Microbiological analysis of milk is carried out to determine the degree of bacterial contamination in milk and to understand the chemical changes brought in milk as a result of microbial action. Pasteurization is done to destroy such harmful bacteria. If pasteurization of milk is not carried out properly there will be presence of larger count of bacteria in the milk. Methylene blue Reduction test is used to detect the presence of bacteria in milk. This test works on the principle that the methylene blue indicator is present in an oxidized form, but in the presence of bacteria, leads to the reduction of this indicator in a comparatively short span of time. The blue color developed on addition of the indicator to the milk will change to white color within a short period indicates the presence of bacteria in the milk and thus denotes improper pasteurization. Milk may contain some harmful microorganisms like bacteria along with some potentially beneficial microbes. Microbiological analysis of milk is carried out to determine the degree of bacterial contamination in milk and to understand the chemical changes brought in milk as a result of microbial action. Pasteurization is done to destroy such harmful bacteria. If pasteurization of milk is not carried out properly there will be presence of larger count of bacteria in the milk. Methylene blue Reduction test is used to detect the presence of bacteria in milk. This test works on the principle that the methylene blue indicator is present in an oxidized form, but in the presence of bacteria, leads to the reduction of this indicator in a comparatively short span of time. The blue color developed on addition of the indicator to the milk will change to white color within a short period indicates the presence of bacteria in the milk and thus denotes improper pasteurization. Paper finds various types of adulteration available in the milk.

This paper shows the effects of the feed water heaters on the performance of coal fired power plants. By adding the feed water heaters in power plant cycle, the overall efficiency of the power plant is increased by 2.4 %. Improving the power plant efficiency could alleviate the negative effect of coal consumption on CO2 emission. By means of thermodynamic optimization it is propose to include the feed water heaters in power plant cycle, achieving optimum power plant efficiency. Simulations have been carried out using HMBD software. Results show a feasible improvement of the overall power plant efficiency. This implies a direct reduction of CO2 emission of about 1.3 %. Moreover, the financial analysis confirms the feasibility of proposal analyzed and shows the additional yearly incomes.

In this paper simulating annealing technique is used to minimize the number of solutions from orthogonal projections. Convexity is prior information about the object geometry in the discrete tomography. This information may be useful for reconstruction of binary matrix or binary image from their projections. Boundary point switching is used to find approximate solution. This technique gives better result as compare to general switching.

In a communication system, operation of the transmitter power amplifier is limited to linear range. Input signal with an amplitude more than the transmitter power amplifier linear range results in signal distortion. Hence, the input signal to the transmitter should be with low peak to average power ratio. This paper presents a new method of reducing the peak to average power ratio in OFDM system for energy optimization in wireless sensor network. The proposed method is based on DCT aided successive addition and subtraction of OFDM symbols inside the single OFDM frame. Performance of the proposed method is evaluated and found to be superior to PTS, SLM techniques. High Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is still almost important challenge in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system. We use Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) preceding based SLM technique for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems. This technique is based on pre-coding the constellation symbols with DCT pre-coder after the multiplication of phase rotation factor and before the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) in SLM-OFDM System.

Flat slab system of construction is one in which the beams used in the conventional methods of construction are done away with. The slab rests on the column directly and load from the slab is directly transferred to the columns and then to the foundation. The thickness of slab near the support with the column is increased to support with the columns is increased to support heavy loads, and these are called drops, or columns are generally provided with column heads or column capitals. As per local conditions and availability/ depends on the materials have adopted the different types of methods for design of flat slabs and given their guidelines in their respective codes. The scope of this project is to try and illustrate the methods used for flat slab design using various International Codes like Indian Code, Euro Code, American Code & New Zealand Code. For carrying out this project, a panel of a flat slab with dimensions 9.0 x9.0 m and super imposed load & live load 7.00 KN /m2 was assumed for the analysis & Design.

Reversible logic has become an emerging field for research. The main advantage of reversible logic is power reduction and this advantage have drawn up a significant interest in this field. The aim of the paper is to realize the decoder using Fredkin gate which is basically a reversible gate. There are many reversible logic gates i.e Fredkin gate, Feynman gate, Double Feynman gate, Peres gate, New gate, Toffoli gate and many more. In the reversible logic, reversibility have a special condition which is reversible computing and it is based on the principle of bijection device with a same no of inputs and outputs which means one to one mapping. It finds its application in various fields including quantum computing, optical computing, nanotechnology, computer graphic, cryptography, digital signal processing and many more. Reversible logic is gaining importance in recent years largely due to its property of low power consumption. A comparative study in terms of the number of gates, number of constant inputs, number of garbage outputs and quantum costs is also presented. The circuit has been implemented and simulated in Xilinx.