IJLTEMAS International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS) IJLTEMAS 2278-2540 IJLTEMAS 474 10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150900124 Physical Sciences Development and Usability of RETEPI: An Augmented Reality Module on Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors for Form 4 Physics Shahrul Nursyahindah Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia Malaysia Roshawaty Mustapa Izan Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia Malaysia Mat Darus Mazlina Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia Malaysia 15 9 2591 2597 29 09 2026 04 10 2026 19 10 2026 Augmented Reality (AR) Physics Education Spherical Mirrors ADDIE Model Conceptual Understanding Abstract

This study focuses on the development and usability study of Realiti Terimbuh Pembentukan Imej Cermin Sfera (RETEPI), an Augmented Reality (AR) learning tool designed to assist Form 4 Physics students in visualizing the complex concepts of Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors. Geometric optics is traditionally challenging due to its reliance on abstract, two-dimensional textbook diagrams that often lead to student misconceptions. To address this, a developmental research design was employed, guided by the ADDIE model, utilizing the MAKAR XR platform to transition static diagrams into interactive 3D learning experiences. The research population comprised 108 Form 4 students, of whom 30 were selected through convenience sampling to participate in the field study, while 15 participated in a preliminary pilot study. Expert validation by two experienced Physics teachers demonstrated a high average validity level of 98%, indicating strong expert agreement on the tool's content accuracy and pedagogical suitability. The pilot study confirmed excellent instrument reliability with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.905. The field study assessed the tool’s usability across three constructs: perceived product usefulness, ease of use, and satisfaction. Quantitative analysis revealed a high overall mean usability score of 4.28 (SD = 0.709), indicating highly positive student feedback. Specifically, the constructs of usefulness (mean = 4.21), ease of use (mean = 4.31), and satisfaction (mean = 4.31) scored exceptionally well. These findings suggest that students perceive RETEPI as an engaging, user-friendly mobile learning tool that effectively supports their conceptual understanding and simplifies complex optical phenomena. Ultimately, RETEPI serves as a highly promising digital intervention that successfully bridges the gap between abstract physics theory and experiential learning.

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