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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJLTEMAS</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management &amp; Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">IJLTEMAS</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2278-2540</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>IJLTEMAS</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>

    <article-meta>
      <!-- IDs -->
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">500</article-id>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150900149</article-id>
      
      <!-- Categories -->
            <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Education</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      
      <!-- Title -->
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Design Thinking-Based Chemistry Instruction for Concept Application and Problem-Solving Skills Among Secondary School Students: A Quasi-Experimental Study Protocol</article-title>
      </title-group>

      <!-- Authors -->
      <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
            <surname>SHABANA, M.Sc., M.Ed., Ph.D.</surname>
            <given-names>M.</given-names>
          </name>
                              <aff>
            Research Scholar,  School of Education, VELS (VISTAS) University, Chennai                        <country>India</country>
                      </aff>
                    
        </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
            <surname>R. Meenakshi, Ph.D.</surname>
            <given-names>Dr.</given-names>
          </name>
                              <aff>
            Research Supervisor, School of Education, VELS (VISTAS) University, Chennai                        <country>India</country>
                      </aff>
                    
        </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <name>
            <surname>S. Poonguzhali, Ph.D.</surname>
            <given-names>Dr.</given-names>
          </name>
                              <aff>
            Co-Research Supervisor, School of Education, VELS (VISTAS) University, Chennai                        <country>India</country>
                      </aff>
                    
        </contrib>
              </contrib-group>

      <!-- Volume / Issue / Pages -->
            <volume>15</volume>
                  <issue>9</issue>
                        <fpage>2974</fpage>
            <lpage>2981</lpage>
            
      <!-- Dates -->
      <history>
                <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
                        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
              </history>

            <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      
      <!-- DOI Self-URI -->
            <self-uri xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150900149"/>
      
      <!-- Keywords -->
            <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
                <kwd>design thinking; chemistry education; secondary school; concept application; problem-solving; active learning; study protocol</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
      
    </article-meta>
  </front>

  <!-- ============================================================ BODY (Abstract) -->
  <body>
        <sec>
      <title>Abstract</title>
      <p>Background. Secondary chemistry requires students to transfer concepts to unfamiliar situations, interpret evidence and construct explanations. A structured design-thinking process may provide repeated opportunities to practise these behaviours.
Aim. To evaluate, in a prospective school-based study, whether a six-week design thinking-based chemistry programme improves concept application and problem-solving skills compared with conventional chemistry instruction.
Methods. This protocol describes a quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test comparison-group study among secondary school students. The intervention consists of six weekly cycles involving understanding a context, defining a chemistry problem, generating alternatives, developing a solution, testing evidence and revising the solution. The primary outcomes will be scores on a Concept Application Test (CAT) and a Problem-Solving Skills Test (PSST). The instruments will undergo expert review, pilot testing, reliability assessment and rubric-based scorer training before the main study. The sample size will be determined a priori using a formal power calculation. Baseline-adjusted post-test comparisons will account for clustering by class or teacher where applicable.
Expected contribution. The study is designed to provide empirical evidence on a clearly specified, chemistry-specific design-thinking intervention. No synthetic or simulated observations are presented as study findings in this protocol</p>
    </sec>
      </body>

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    <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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