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Green Walls and Public Healthcare Facilities in Port Harcourt
Metropolis, Nigeria

Tobi, Derebebeapade Stanisslous1, Amakiri –Whyte, Belema Henry2, Neebee Bonny3
1 &2 Department of Architecture, Ken Saro- Wiwa Polytechnic Bori, Rivers state, Nigeria

3Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Ken Saro- Wiwa Polytechnic Bori, Nigeria

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2023.12804

Received: 21 July 2023; Accepted: 10 August 2023; Published: 13 September 2023

Abstract: Generally, the architectural design and physical development of green walls in urban hemisphere has gone beyond
aesthetics and traditional values. However, the multifunctional approach and quality healthcare contributions of green infrastructure
are perhaps the contemporary trend urban dwellers value most. The economic, social, environmental and healthcare understanding
of urban green spaces is on increase, as many environmental advocates affirmed that urban green spaces enhance sustainable city
development. Conversely, this article concentrated more on public healthcare services or provision of green spaces in Nigeria urban
environment, using Port Harcourt as a situation study. The healthcare benefit, environmental protection and sustainable city
ideology of greens are imperative, but many have hardly been given any significant attention for smart city growth or development.
Distribution of questionnaire for field survey constitute the study instrument while Statistical Package for Social Scientist (SPSS)
served as the data analytical method and 5% of The sample was also derived from onscreen digitization of the neighbourhoods
under investigation and the findings showed that green space sustain biodiversity, densification, environmental degradation, human
health/wellbeing and mitigation against climate change are the healthcare services green spaces provide to the urban environment.
However, population increase, urbanisation, poor physical planning/ zoning and government policy are the major determinants for
the damages urban green spaces recorded as a healthcare facility. The analysis maintained that absences of green spaces in urban
environment are responsible for poor urban morphology, loss of resilience/smart city, quality air, depreciation of property and
neighbourhood value etc. As usage understanding, budget constraint and inappropriate cost benefit analysis are the challenges of
urban green spaces in developing cities. The recommendations made by the research include the adoption of green space creation
exercise. The minimum of two green spaces should be created and maintained per urban street schemes, participation of urban
residents, corporate and non-government organisations in urban green spaces planning, development and the inspiration of mini
green space for individual building plans among others. This will enhance sustainable urban healthcare facilities and development
in Nigeria.

Keywords: Green Wall, Public Healthcare, Facilities, Port Harcourt, Metropolis and Nigeria

I. Introduction

Globally, the architectural design and physical development of urban green walls in form of public parks, urban gardens and related
activities delivers sustenance, aesthetics, and quality air, subtraction of noise and air pollution, calming of environmental heats,
subversion of storm water, groundwater regeneration and allied services to the urban environment(research work 2022).The
strategic opportunities and overall framework that prescribes how green walls should be handled globally have undergone series of
evolutionary stages. Today, many policy frameworks exist to attest to the fact that government have made concerted efforts to
reduce the challenges and injustice of green walls melted on neighbourhoods. In some of the emerging countries of world, urban
green areas has recorded many challenges in terms of number, scale and trend especially in the last three decades. But in reaction
to these problems, the global community developed a number of policies and framework for challenges reduction to encourage
green space management and its trend that benefits resident’s wellbeing. Being a member of the global community and a signatory
to these frameworks, Nigeria developed series of mechanisms for urban green space injustice including the review of national urban
development policy periodically to incorporate and domesticated whatever fresh methodology and tools that are introduced at the
global level (survey 2012). This is to place the nation on the same podium with the rest of the global community and ensure smart
and resilience urban development. According to Matthias, Braubach, Egorov, Mudu Wolf, Thompson, and Marco (2019), the recent
urban life expectancy is connected with protracted pressure, unsatisfactory physical actions and contact to anthropogenic ecological
dangers. The usage of urban green spaces such as parks, playgrounds, and residential greenery may enhance mental and physical
health as well decrease illness and death in urban environment the provision of psycho- logical easing and stress mitigation, social
consistency inspiration, substance of physical activity, and diminishing contact to air contaminants, noise and extreme temperature
etc,

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Statement of Problem

In Nigeria, more than 50% of the population dwell in urban land uses and neighbourhoods with the expectation of quality greens
for mental and health benefits. But these urban neighbourhoods experience injustice and stresses on the available greens. The
injustice or deprivation of green spaces occur as a result of non-provision, conversion, encroachment with physical, social, and
environ- health implications. With the current challenges of climate change and chronic disease, many cities are experiencing poor
mitigation, aesthetics and health benefit obtainable from green infrastructure, and this has given reasons for urban green justice and
resilience. It is therefore compulsory for Nigeria urban areas to be resilient and to develop sustainably to accommodate the
forthcoming population growth and green infrastructure. Many research works showed the importance of land use planning as tool
for urban green space justice and resilience enhancement (Marianne, 2019; Pilar and Tomas, 2016). Some studies were done on
African cities (Abdullah, Celestina and Kerry 2016) and they delivered awareness onjust how urban planning can lead to urban
green space justice. This article therefore, highlights the role of urban planning and architecture in the Neighbourhoods justice of
green spaces in Nigeria. It discovers the influential framework in physical planning for urban green injustice, challenges and
planning measures that have been undertaken to reduce the injustice and possible ways to enhance the application of physical
planning in urban green space management and fairness.

Relevant Literature Reviewed on Global Basis

A good number of studies have been carried out in the urban and suburb areas in Nigeria and they connected the green spaces
problems to include poor or lnadequate physical planning. The empirical work of Matthias, Egorov, Mudu, Wolf, Ward and Marco
(2017) gave distinct consideration to advantages of urban green space for deprived population and the effect on health fairness.
They extended the investigation to Probable health dangers connected with urban green spaces and strategies for declining the
dangers through appropriate scheme and upkeep of green spaces. The work connect green spaces to health and well- being,
confirmed the superior advantageous impacts of green spaces like better mental health, abridged risks of cardiac sickness, obesity,
diabetes, death and improved pregnancy outcomes. Matthias, Andrey, Pierpaolo, Tanja, Catharine, and Marco (2017) noted that
Current system of life in urban centre gave birth to chronic stress, insufficient physical actions and contact to anthropogenic
environmental dangers. But explained that town green space which could be parks, playgrounds and residential greenery which
enhance mental and physical health and lessen sickness and death in the urban hemisphere by producing emotional slackening and
stress mitigation, motivating social unity, sustains physical activity, and dropped contact to air pollutants, noise and extreme heat.
Their work concluded about the ways that connects green spaces to health and comfort, and deliberates about the obtainable
indication of exact beneficial properties which might be improved mental health, abridged danger of circulatory disease, obesity,
diabetes and death, and improved pregnancy result. The study recommended that particular consideration should be given to
advantages of urban green space for deprived population and similar effect on health fairness. While Probable health dangers related
with urban green spaces should be debated together with methods of decreasing or eradicating the dangers through appropriate
strategy and preservation of green areas. With the application of qualitative descriptive in determination of urban and regional
planning situation that linked to knowledge viewpoint, literature and model. Filsafat, Terkait, Perencanaan, and Dan (2017)
evaluated green urban open space across numerous urban centres of Indonesia such as Surabaya and Bandung and settles that green
urban open space and living standard remains experiential exploration, sense which could be determined. Accordingly, the analysis
pinpointed that theories are portions of inferential investigation and likeness that physical planning means rational information and
a skill portion. As many urban areas of Indonesia bagged honour as a result of their positivity in developing green urban open space,
the development of green urban open space were seem as a direction for enlightening urban population and their life quality that
linked to urban and regional planning as complete component of planning whereas skill viewpoint shows the basis to comprehend
investigation spot. Mensah, Andres, Perera and Roji, (2016) pursued a knowledge crack by outlining the connection among urban
green spaces and value of life, and ways such acquaintances may update strategy expansion in manners that contributes to
governments affirmative attainment result for quality of life. Hereupon, the article applied a theoretic method which employed
methodical appraisal direction including 452 global publications and severe contented examination integrated to retrieve relevant
data. Green spaces were found to provide various social, economic, and environmental benefits, which in turn improve physical,
psychological, emotional, social, and material wellbeing of individuals and thus enhance quality of life. Therefore, strongly
recommendations that conservation of green spaces should be integrated into national health, environmental and socio-economic
policies in order to promote effective utilisation of green spaces to enhance population overall life quality, as improved citizens’
quality of existence is a stated priority of many governments in both the global north and south.

In the city of Nezami Ganjayi, Akbari, Seyedan, and Radfa,(2016) conducted assessment with a list that contained park survey,
interview and green space professionals to research urban green spaces approach to health, safety and environment. The findings
revealed that utility of health indicators were the highest followed by environment and safety. Their SWOT examination confirmed
that many Parks exist with vital materials which include fire extinguishers, first aid box, annual testing of drinking water and the
ability of children and parents to spend free times. They maintained that green parks dipping stress, decreases air pollution and

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production of oxygen, gives individuals the chances to contribute in physical activities, ideal environment for children and decline
of noise pollution as a display of urban development. However, they pointed that the most imperative danger is inappropriate park
facilities for disabled. Therefore, the proposal and upkeep of urban green spaces necessitates combined administrative scheme built
on global ideals of health, safety and the environment. Also led to credence is the work of Jinguang, Zhaowu, Bing, Ranhao and
Henrik (2020), who Acquired 18961 green health investigation journals within the environment of core Web in pure science
gathering as of 1901 to 2019 for global investigation position, direction and potential predictions in the areas of green spaces and
health research in the previous proposed agenda for the causal instruments and ways that connect green space all over the communal
health. Their analysis focused on features of journal productions, prominent methodical chastisements, and alterations in
presentation among nations and institutes. As well, gratified examinations were held conducted for the major issues together with
other incidence studies and main term bunching scrutiny. The study found (a) constant measurable growth in the journals, vigorous
publications and inclusive nations and institutes as far 1990s; (b) important growth and dynamics in green health connected put in
the ground corrective classes and atmosphere connected tweaks flattering of the normal. (c) exploration concerned and tendencies
well-known constructed from the breakdown of greater occurrence other happening and major issue (d) the prominent area such as
green spaces and physical health, mental health, and bionetwork health discovered and envisaged built on major bunching studies
(e) the structure of original devices and alleyways connecting green space to environmental health planned on conception of the
three prominent acquaintance areas. They summarised that the key problem of green health inquiry should additional illuminate
painstaking the original devices and conduits from numerous standpoints together with manifold countries, corrections besides the
investigation schemes. Oradini-Alacreu, Rebecchi, Mezzoiuso, Croci, Buffoli, Odone, and Signorelli, and Capolongo (2020)
examined 2015 PRISMA declaration, Medline and Embrace for measurable health outcomes deemed suitable for analysis. In line
with the key appraisal deductions, a public-concerned review aiming at people of Milan and its outlying villages to comprehend
healthier and the way people gain within the domain of the city green environs. the study classify health result into cardiovascular,
obesity, respiratory, neoplastic and mental fitness but discovered that undesirable connotations exist among ailment occurrence and
city green environs general amount. They maintained that size, apparent superiority and convenience were strongly descriptive
problems. The conclusion highlighted that urban areas are gradually turning to dangerous topics for numerous developing municipal
strength tests and recommended that town planners, prominent participants, representatives and groups were required to reserve
and intensification prevailing green areas, and to advance Public Health across the cities.

The analytical work of Gianfredi, Buffoli, Rebecchi, Croci, Oradini-Alacreu, Stirparo, Marino, Odone, Capolongo, and
Signorelli (2021) examined the connotation of publicly accessible urban green spaces contact, and mental health result using review
carried in 2000/01/01 to 2020/09/30 through PubMed/Medline and Excerpta Medicadata BASE (EMBASE). The findings submitted
that non-effect or adverse impact on mental health foodstuffs, while the remaining factors on positive impact of urban green space
contained both MH and PA. Though, their findings harassed not the solitary position of green space available, then again the
standing of care, makeover, and familiarity to residential districts with the attendance of collaborating actions, and apparent safety
facets. The investigation decided that little procedural confines of the involved analysis and domino effect were agreed on signifying
that greens zones of the city proved possibly valuable impacts about mental health and physical actions. Therefore, suggest
importance for community health specialists and officials inclusive in spatial arrangement of cities, public health elevation, and
development of wellbeing and common fairness.

A perception study by Marianne, and Eco (2019) investigated the co-advantages of green spaces using multi-sectorial alliances and
donation of model for communal association that discourse multifaceted factors such as temperature alteration and lingering
sicknesses, by the communal involvement of green spaces. In connection to the co-value green spaces offers to human health and
the atmosphere. The decrease of many long-lasting sickness and allied indications, comprising anxiety, obesity and cardiovascular
ill health, has remained connected with the attendance and admittance to green space. According to the authors, Green spaces too
donate quantity of ecological health aids and proved the decrease the probability of flooding, advance air quality and deliver of
cooling and shadow. Slater, Christiana and Gustat (2020) opined that everything about nature or green space contained positive
physical and mental health aids as propinquity to parks and green spaces in the era of COVID-19 epidemic reduces the choices of
physical motion which could affect susceptible inhabitants further than others. They maintained both small -term and extended term
endorsements to inspire access to green space for individuals while permitting for physical isolation. The significance of attractive
in several kind of morphological bustle habitually, between physical and mental health, when established very well, which could
be chiefly helpful in safeguarding the body and restraining the impairment produced through the deadly coronavirus virus 2019
(COVID-19). In consideration of 5,148 populations from the Behavioral Danger Factor Surveillance System held in 2006 at
Washington State and across 98 zip-codes comprising urban and rural zip-codes, Abdullah, Celestina and Kerry (2016) compare
overall description or precise sorts of green spaces related to mental and general health and percentage of green spaces were
derivative of the National Land Cover Dataset. The analysis of Bivariate correlations and multilevel regression analysis regulating
the age, sex, race, income, education level, size of green space, and zip-code populace and socio-economic condition designated
‘combined green space’ were not allied with mental and total health. Outside that, sampled personnel in the areas with higher forests

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information less days of mental health grievances in entire sample. The outcome further pointed that additional urban green space
was linked to lesser days of mental health criticisms in urban zip-codes. Furthermore, extent of forest within the urban zones was
related to fewer days of mental health grumbles. Their result recommend that kinds of green space must be put in place separately
instead of combined as ‘just green’ and ‘size’ of woodland in cities observed to be significant issues that may affect the association
between green space and cerebral health.

Health And Environmental Implications of Greens Walls

Pressure and violence reduction may be benefited from parks, garden spaces, street trees, and landscaped traffic islands that provides
more than a pretty view and effectively reducing the stress of our daily lives by invoking a feeling of equanimity, as stressed
individuals feel better after exposure to natural scenes. Accordingly, green spaces also reduce instances aggression and violence by
increasing good health for human existence. Areas with high scientific spread of trees and recreational places like parks combat
heaviness and diabetes. For example, developed environment of word particularly theUnited States of America recorded individuals
that regain their health and became stress-free when they contacted green areas that lowered blood pressure and mortality rates than
sick groups whose environment are stressful and contact to quality green is impossible. Environmentally, urban green spaces wipes
and refreshes the air for better and quality environment, by trees filtering pollutants and cleansed the air by distancing nitrogen
dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Moreover, vegetated environs similarly offer assistance to combat the “heat island
consequence” instigated by the heat-trapping eminence of asphalt, concrete, and building materials, as air under a tree’s canopy is
better to human health. On social dimension, crime reduction is recorded in low income neighbourhood of developing nations,
urban green spaces increased increase crime rate by serving as hide out for criminals and their tendencies. But in medium and higher
density areas, urban open green spaces are usually measured harmless. In view of this, green spaces usually lessen crime in most
districts (lower and medium density) of urban centres and expurgated it little in higher density as a result of population
intensification. However, the green spaces mitigate mental pressure to violence by declining worry. Also greened pavements may
enhance social benefit (Harmless driving) by reducing the driver’s tiredness, anger, aggression, fear and stress of automobile drivers.
A study that applied videotapes to simulate differing levels of vegetation along roadside suggests that parkway design and roadside
vegetation reduces frustration among drivers. (For information about Delaware’s roadside vegetation program, consult the
document “Enhancing Delaware Highways: Roadside Vegetation Concept and Planning Manual,” available at
http://www.deldot.gov/information/pubs_forms/manuals/edh/index.shtml. Accordingly, trade and industry may be stimulation or
encouraged when the redesigned shopping environment or green boulevard is beautified with trees and other street landscapes in
the inner city shopping or commercial neighbourhood was ranked very high and preferable by the assessments held by the city
population as green trees foster not only communities sense of location, but well-managed streetscapes increases population opinion
concerning the quality of goods and services obtainable.

II. Method and Procedures

The study in cooperated both ancillary and first-hand data usage. The ancillary sources of data considered in this analytical research
comprise those from preceding studies concerning urban green spaces and environmental injustice on neighbourhoods and
correlated parts from available and unavailable research materials. The available or published sources of ancillary data were
obtained from numerous references involving books, investigation studies, meeting/seminar and working articles, administration
records and professional reports etc.

Primary Source: Questionnaire: A questionnaire survey was design for the research to produce feedback from the residents of
various neighbourhoods to identify with issues such as the green and blue spaces impacts of the environment, aesthetics and health
implications for residents and districts of the areas under study, and factors considered most when mapping out areas for buffer and
greenery.

Sampling

The research shared the neighbourhoods on the basis or grounds of numerical densities/strength after which eight urban villages or
localities’ were designated for searching. An overall of 350 photocopies of questionnaires survey were dispersed to the general
public in eight decided neighbourhoods of dissimilar densities (low, medium and high density) 215, demonstrating 82.1percent
were returned to the study area(Port Harcourt metropolis). The high density consumed the maximum quantity of questionnaire with
150 representing (71. %), middle density secured 25 questionnaire in lieu of (12. %) and low density 40 questionnaire in place of
(17. %) of the sample scope. See the table 1 below).

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Table 1: selected and sampled neighbourhoods populations for the study Area

S/N Region Density Projected Residents Household Residents Sampled Size Percent

1 Abloma Low 25,891 5,905 15 07.00

2 FimieAma ‘’ ;; 12, 863 3, 756 10 05.00

3 Nkpogu High 49,176 16, 459 70 31.00

4 Orominieke ‘’ 35,431 12, 804 35 15.00

5 Bundu ‘’ 38,229 14,109 45 25.00

6 PH Town Medium 27,103 7,231 0 7 3.00

7 Rumuoparali ‘’ ‘’ 29,459 9,645 0 8 4.00

8 Ogbunabali ’’ ‘’ 31,821 10, 908 10 5.00

TOTAL 249,973 80,817 215 100.00

Source: Researchers Discovering 2022

III. Result and Discussion

Health implication of Green Infrastructure in Port Harcourt Urban of Nigeria

The findings of the research through regression table below showed joint benefits of urban green spaces (Promotes mental and
physical health, reduces morbidity and mortality, enhance psychological relaxation, stress alleviation, and reduces exposure to ill
health, air pollutants, heat and noise) significantly predicts good and quality health condition of human population. The R value at
0.857 showed that there is a higher degree and positive relationship between joint benefits of urban green spaces and quality of
health for human existence thus implying that improvement or developing of urban green spaces will enhance quality of human life
and urban environment in Nigeria. In the same vain, the R2Adj. at 0.729 showed 72.9% of the variance observed in advantages of
green space among the respondents is due to the joint benefits of the independent variable or operational variables. Findings showed
that the joint benefits yielded an F (5, 490) value of 266.224 and a p value of 0.000<0.05. Therefore enhancement of human health in
the urban environment is connected to build and developed green infrastructure or spaces.

Table 2: Joint Benefits of Independent Variable on Residents Health in Port Harcourt

Model Summary

Adjusted R Square Std. Error

R R Square Square Estimate

.854 .733 .729 1.54317

ANOVA

Sum Square Df Mean square F Significant Level

Regression 2844.786 5 548.7572 266.224 .000

Residual 1011.018 490 2.061

Total 3753.804 495

A. (Constant –Urban Greenery) Promotes Mental and Physical Health, Reduces Morbidity and Mortality,
Enhance Psychological Relaxation, Stress Alleviation, And Reduces Exposure To Ill Health, Air
Pollutants, Heat And Noise

B. Dependent Variable: QUALITY ENVIRONMENTAL &HUMAN HEALTH

Source: Survey 2022

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Effect ofGreen Infrastructure Scarcity on Public Health of Nigeria Cities Dwellers

Adopting the mean score gained from the scale of item, 7 public health and joint physical planning implications were identified
whenever an urban area developed without the physical incorporation of green infrastructure. This is abridged on table 3. The
Promotion of chronic stress emerged as the utmost disadvantage of greenery scarcity in Port Harcourt metropolis, with a mean
account of 3.50.This implies that poor income class or population who do not have greens in their environs are exposed to chronic
stress and un-green environment unlike higher income group who are exposed or highly associated with environments characterised
by green infrastructure. That is why many people in low cadre environment of the society are eager to gain more income or resources
to change their socio economic status and associate themselves with environments whose design component encompasses green
zones and escape environment without green infrastructure and as well associated problems. This effect was carefully trailed
according to ranking by insufficient physical activities (3.22), flooding menace and poor infiltration, given the current nature and
flood vulnerability in the country, households are hunger of green spaces in their neighbourhoods since the infrastructure encourage
human health and expel environmental problems while poor environmental aesthetics and exposure to anthropogenic hazard, non-
exciting social organization in planning ranked (3.20), (3.15) and (3.05) respectively.

Table 3: Joint Effect/Public Health Implications of Greenery Scarcity in Nigeria Cities

S/N OPERATIONAL VARIABLES X SD REMARK

1 Promotion of chronic stress 3.50 1.24 Accepted

2 insufficient physical activities 3.22 1.28 Accepted

3 poor environmental aesthetics 3.20 1.29 Accepted

4 exposure to anthropogenic 3.15 1.34 Accepted

5 non-exciting social organization in planning 3.05 1.42 Accepted

Source: environmental survey 2022

IV. Conclusions

Increasingly, Cities are becoming critical points for many emerging Public Health problems. The reasons why green space is
differentially distributed within the urban landscape are varied, including the philosophy of park design, history of land
development, evolving ideas about leisure and recreation, and histories of class and ethno-racial inequality and state oppression
(Byrne, 2012, Byrne and Wolch, 2009). Urban green space, such as parks, forests, green roofs, streams, and community gardens,
provides critical environmental services. Also green space promotes physical activity, psychological well-being, and the general
public health for urban residents. However, urban greens (UG) are considered as a strong instrument that benefits the health and
wellbeing of urban residents. though there is growing evidence that benefits are not equally distributed, as environmental health
considers the natural, built and social environments significant, implying that a better understanding of the way they impact on
human health, and accepting that the built environment also plays an important role .

The study has revealed that green spaces developed in urban areas can serve as a public facility that treat physical stress, chronic
mental health and as well as development of smart environment Unfortunately, this has not been an area of focus by the green space
policy maker for urban development. However, policy imitators on green space management do not see green infrastructure asa
measure to improve health conditions for man and his environment though the scarcity of green infrastructures in towns and cities
are associated with negative effect (environmental problem and other health challenges). With the reality of urban green and its
impact on the environment and human existence, the need to make these a road map and strong component of physical planning
and institutionalised it has become more imperative.

V. Recommendations

The guaranteed way to make urban greens health therapy for human and physical environment is articulated as part of the
recommendations.

The many facades and disadvantages of urban greenery scarcity has contributed to chronic stress, insufficient physical activities,
poor environmental aesthetics, and inadequate exposure to anthropogenic activities and incomplete land use development that
requires an all-inclusive physical planning attention for quality health and environment of the urban population and residents’. The
first and last significant phase to proceed is the appraisal of the intervening order for development of greens in Port Harcourt. As it
viewpoints the interim growth that stipulated the portion of allotted spaces that green infrastructures must occupied when developing

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urban centres and residents micro plots or parcel of space which must serve as an opportunity for obtaining quality health facilities
if land developers are compared to make provision for greens and its s[paces on a substantial percentage. The appraisals should
also make development of various land uses landscape mandatory and the only way to achieve it is to include tree planting and
greening as a strong measure or condition for land use development. In that way, it will be possible to correlate positively rise
number of landscape and tree surrendered land uses. This calculation is to consolidate other green elements including the conditions
of greenery to be compulsory component of blue print development, making greenery a basic portion for physical development,
preparation and implementing of land use maps containing green space among others. Irrespective of parks and provision of gardens,
guiding the development of green spaces, the plans that contained urban green spaces must ensure that the uniqueness of delicate
environment would be accounted for, just the way natural ideal makes use of such zone like swamp spaces, water ways may be
connected. In furtherance, this will enhance greening encouraged environmental friendly and quality health condition including
urban farms that may be simulated across urban and suburb zone of Port Harcourt and Nigeria.

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