INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
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ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue I, January 2025
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Automated Solar Charging Station: An Instructional Mock-Up
Victorino H. Patindol
Cebu Technological University, Main Campus
DOI : https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2025.140109
Received: 13 January 2025; Accepted: 24 January 2025; Published: 04 February 2025
Abstract: The Automated Solar Powered Charging System Device can be charged and located outside of the building and it is
environmentally friendly setup. This research developed and designed an automated solar charging station in teaching Elex Tech
111
–
Electronic Devices, Instrument and Circuits and the acceptability was evaluated through an instructional mock-up. Quasi-
experiment method particularly survey research was employed involving 25 students, 5 instructors of CTU Tuburan Campus, and
10 experts in the said municipality for evaluation. Data were gathered and treated using weighted mean and t-test. From the
findings, a conclusion is drawn despite the limitations of the study that included sample size and generalizability. Firstly, the
requirements in the construction of the Automated Solar Charging Station included the preparation of the different parts, namely,
the right solar panel, charge controller, photovoltaic battery, inverter, electrical load, and solar panel casing safety. These
components were assembled following the different processes involved in making electronic products. Secondly, the
Effectiveness of the Design and Installation of An Automated Solar Charging Station as an Instructional Mock-up for the
respondents was “Moderately Effective” as perceived by the respondent groups. It was a helpful innovation, especially during
this time of high electricity rates among the consumers of charging stations. Lastly, the output is very economical and practical.
Therefore, it is concluded that it meets the standards and is precise functional in performing each functions to be used in
instructions and is recommended to be adopted and produced for the utilization of the campus-wide.
Keywords: Technician Education, Automated Solar Charging Station, Instructional Mock-up, Design and Installation, User’s
Manual, Tuburan, Cebu, Philippines
I. The Problem and Its Scope Introduction
Rationale of the Study
All over the world, people use different electronic gadgets. Technology innovations have put devices in our pockets that we could
not have imagined a few years ago. However, these devices often have drawbacks-one of the most pressing issues is with phones,
tablets, and laptop PCs to power up. Until now, scientists have built energy sources that are as efficient as our devices.
The current problem is that students on the Cebu Technological University campus when they're doing their research using
individual gadgets, and even campus visitors can't charge their own devices.
The automated Solar Powered Charging System Device can be charged and located outside the building and is environmentally
friendly. The device stores energy in the photovoltaic battery and converts electricity to the gadgets. It can control overcharged
using a microcontroller to prevent explosion (Kondracki, Ryan; Collins, Courtney; Habbab, Khalid, 2014). A microcontroller in
the system has the advantage of allowing the system to incorporate a range of functionalities. The system's battery level will be
monitored and shown using the microcontroller. Placing the voltage on a seven-segment LCD will ensure enough power to charge
the device. Insufficient electricity will prevent the system from being utilized until more power is available. As previously
noted, the micro-controller will enable solar efficiency by regulating the solar panel when charging at a time.
The aim of this study is to build an instructional mock-up of a solar charging station that would contribute to the United Nations
Sustainable Development Goal Number 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy). This study serves as a stepping stones in creating
innovative ways to power up our gadgets instead of relying to electrical based charging system. This will bridge the gap in
providing users the best experience, which is user-friendly and accessible for all.
This research will partially answer the problems by developing a Solar Power Charging System device to serve the purpose of
electronic gadgets to the students of Cebu Technological University-Tuburan Campus, Tuburan Cebu, Philippines.
II. Theoretical Conceptual Background
The world of making Solar Power Technology from the 7
th
Century Before Christ to the present is not new. Solar technology
started focusing the sun's heat with glass and mirrors to light fires. Today, everything from solar-powered housing to solar-
powered cars. The development of solar power technology is speedy, unlike before, was century by century and year by year—
the historical development of Solar Power Technology from the 7
th
Century Before Christ to the 1200s After Death. During the
6
th
century, the Roman Period, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem built famous large bath houses facing south at the south
windows to let the sun's warmth. Sun chambers were so widespread in dwellings and public structures that the Justinian Code
established "sun rights" to guarantee each person's access to the sun. By attaching two metal electrodes during his experiment,
French scientist Edmond Becquerel found the photovoltaic effect, which generates energy when exposed to light. The University
of Delaware researches and develops power using thin-film photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal systems.
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Figure 1 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework of the Study
The University built the so-called" Solar One". It was the world's first photovoltaic (PV) power system for residential. Another
study from the US Department of Energy launches the "National Renewable Energy Laboratory" Solar Energy Research
Institute". It was the facility dedicated to harnessing power from the sun. In 1983, the total photovoltaic (PV) system produced
more than 500 kilowatts. It also used the PV system to provide water pumping and residential electricity in 15 homes when grid
power reached the village. Paul Mac Cready invented the solar-powered aircraft and flew it from France to England across the
English Channel. The plane had over 16,000 solar cells mounted on its wings, producing 3,000 watts of power.
According to Fojt, the general view about new product development (NPD) is that it brings considerable profits to
businesses if the other product is introduced to the market at the right time, is priced at a suitable amount, and targets
an appropriate customer group. Fojt questioned the accuracy of this view.
It was stated that NPD could result in net profit or loss. It is advised that the managers should answer various questions before
new product decisions to determine whether NPD will bring profit or loss to the business.
Figure 1 illustrates how the Solar Powered Charging System Device was implemented. From the product design that included
physical attribution, confidence, product services, psychological benefits, product images, and special features that led to the
fabrication of charging station and performance evaluation of the Solar Charging System Device. According to a study conducted
by Zhang et al. (2022) that examined the adoption barriers and user experiences of solar- powered electric vehicle (EV)
charging stations. Their study found that user acceptance was positively influenced by factors such as system reliability, ease
of use, and clear information on energy savings. The research further emphasized the importance of integrating smart
technologies, such as IoT, to enhance the charging process's efficiency and user engagement. This study supports the integration
of automated systems and smart technologies into solar charging stations to improve adoption rates and user satisfaction.
Furthermore, Kumar and Singh (2023) focused on the design and implementation of an automated solar EV charging system
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integrated with a smart grid. Their findings showed that automation not only enhanced operational efficiency but also optimized
energy distribution by dynamically adjusting power flows based on solar availability and grid demand. The study highlighted the
crucial role of energy management systems in maximizing the use of solar power and minimizing energy waste, supporting the
development of automated systems for solar charging stations in urban environments.
Benefits of Developing the Solar Powered Charging System Device. This device was developed and used for all students on
the campus during the study period by charging electronic gadgets while searching for topics and making assignments.
Theory of Product Development. The idea emphasized changing the product quality at less price by adjusting the labor cost,
material cost, and improved product quality.
Product Design. The product design introduced the necessary details by reviewing the characteristics of the products, updating
the available materials in the market, and other design specifications.
Fabrication of Charging Station. The construction processes of the charging station mixed electronics materials and accessories
with an innovative material casing to resist the weather conditions outside of the building area.
Performance Evaluation. The device's performance was highly influential during the product demonstrations by the end users.
Recommendation of the Development of the Solar Charging System Device. Commendation of the device to produce and
extend the production to the community and the other universities.
The Problem
Statement of the Problem
This research developed and designed an automated solar charging station in teaching Elex 111
–
Electronic Devices,
Instrument, and Circuits at Cebu Technological University, Tuburan Campus during Academic Year 2019- 2020 that could be an
instructional mock-up.
Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:
What are the requirements in the construction of the Automated Solar Charging Station: An instructional mock-up to:
1.1.
appropriate solar panel;
1.2.
charge controller;
1.3.
photovoltaic battery;
1.4.
inverter;
1.5.
electrical load; and
1.6.
solar panel casing safety?
What is the performance of the developed instructional mock-up for Elex 111
–
Electronic devices, Instrument, and Circuit, as
rated by the students, instructors, and experts in terms of the following competencies:
1.7.
Identifying the parts and components;
1.8.
Assembling the electronic products; and
1.9.
Interfacing the circuit connections based on diagrams?
Based on the findings, what instructional guide can be formulated?
Significance of the Study
This study aimed to develop an automated solar charging system: An Instructional Mock-up and determined its effectiveness at
Cebu Technological University-Main Campus during the Academic Year 2020-2021. Consequently, the findings of the study will
be beneficial to the following:
Instructors. This instructional Mock-up will help them teach the subject Elex 111- Electronic Devices, Instrument, and Circuits
in a simplified and innovative way.
Students. By fabricating the device, the students can acquire competencies in using it, enhancing their innovative works.
University. The University benefits from the utilization of the maintenance of the campus.
Industries. This device is viable for industrial use in demonstrating energy saving and consumption efficiency.
The Future Researchers. This study will help other researchers in their future projects for possible collaborations.
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III. Research Methodology
Design of the Study
This study used a Quasi-method of research to gather facts relevant to achieving the discussion details in planning, designing, and
fabricating of Design of An Automated Solar Charging Station: An Instructional Mock-up. According to Scribbr, a quasi-
experimental method is a design that aims to establish a cause- and-effect relationship between an independent and dependent
variable. The normative survey was the mode of acquiring data that used the questionnaire as the main instrument.
Quasi-experimental methods and survey research are the approaches used in the study. The survey questionnaires were given to 5
instructors and 25 students, and ten experts from small-scale Industries for evaluation. Gathered data were treated using total
weighted points, weighted mean, and t-test.
Flow of the Study
As shown in Figure 2, this research focused on developing and designing an automated solar charging station that would serve as
an instructional mock- up. This study adopted the Input, Process, and Output (IPO) paradigm.
The study began with gathering the requirements for constructing the automated solar charging station, which includes a solar
panel, charge controller, photovoltaic battery, inverter, and electrical load. After gathering the construction, the instructor and the
students tested the output. The students who received the surveys were interviewed. The student's performance was also studied
as one of the inputs of the study.
Figure 2 the Flow of the Study
Then, the researcher conducted the tabulation of the gathered data, interpretation and analysis of data or statistical treatment using
percentage and ranking as well as a weighted mean to categorize the levels of students' performance.
The process results were the basis for determining the possible output of an Instructional Mock-up.
Environment
The study was conducted at Cebu Technological University Tuburan Campus, Tuburan Cebu. It is one of the ten external
campuses of CTU, manned by the newly installed Campus Director, Dr. Ma. Carla Y. Abaquita. This campus is home to more
than a thousand students under the Bachelor of Industrial Technology (BIT) taking different majors, namely: automotive
technology, computer technology, drafting technology, electrical technology, electronics technology, food preparations and
services technology, furniture and cabinet making technology, garments technology, machine shop technology, and welding and
fabrication technology.
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The study was conducted specifically on electronics technology. Both the instructors and the students were the respondents to the
survey.
Figure 3
The Research Environment
The researcher has chosen to conduct a study to enhance and ensure continuous improvement of the program and for a possible
output that can be useful both in instructions and innovations.
Respondents
The study's respondents were determined by a randomly selected method as a requirement for the intended research.
Specifically, it included 25 first-year students in Bachelor of Industrial Technology major in Electronics Technology,
five selected Technology faculty of Cebu Technological University
–
Tuburan Campus, and ten experts from Small Scales
Industry to validate the device's effectiveness.
Table 1 Distribution of Respondents N = 40
Respondents
N
Percentage %
Selected Electronics Students
25
63.00
Selected Technology Faculty
5
12.00
Selected Experts from Small Scales Industry
10
25.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
Instruments
The study utilized a researcher-made questionnaire which was constructed and rated using a five-point Likert scale. The
questionnaire was validated using the standard validity instrument with a rating of 4.53, which means the tool is Very High and
Valid. The questionnaire was pilot tested on electronics students, instructors, and experts in the Municipality of Tuburan to check
its reliability, and it got a rating of 0.879, 0.725, and 0.740 (Cronbach's Alpha), respectively, which means that the items have
relatively high internal consistency which implies the instrument is acceptable. The questionnaire has three parts; Part I includes
the attributes in terms of identifying features and components; Part II consists of the characteristics of assembling the electronic
products; Part III contains the details of Interfacing the Circuit Connections. Users rated how much they agreed with the
statements on a scale. It ranges from 1 to 5, wherein five is the highest with a rating of Very Highly effective, four is Highly
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effective, three is Moderately Effective, two is Effective, and one is Not effective. Users' views toward several consumer products
were evaluated through the questionnaire. The three respondent groups rated the questionnaire: the students, the instructors, and
the experts.
Research Procedures
The research procedure was done according to the following schemes: Preliminary preparation, administration of tests, the
gathering of data, and scoring of the test result.
Gathering of data
Preliminary Preparation. The researcher prepared and secured a letter of approval from the University Campus
Director of Cebu Technological University. Together with the letter is the researcher-made questionnaire.
Distribution of Questionnaire. The researcher distributed the questionnaire personally to the students, instructors
/professors, and experts upon approval. Before filling up the survey questionnaires, an explanation of the purpose of the
study and the function of the Design of An Automated Solar Charging Station: An Instructional Mock-up was discussed by
the researcher to the end users. After the respondents answered the questionnaires, there were collected by the researcher
proximately.
Treatment of data
The data gathered from the survey questionnaire were tallied, collated, tabulated, and subjected to the following statistical
treatments.
Weighted Mean. This was used to determine the respondents' perception of the applicability level and the
effectiveness of the Design of An Automated Solar Charging Station System: An Instructional Mock-up. A weighted mean is
a type of mean that is calculated by multiplying the weight (or probability) associated with a particular event or outcome with its
associated quantitative outcome and then summing all the products together (Taylor, 2023).
T-test. This was used to determine the significance of the mean validation on using An
Automated
Solar
Charging
Station
System:
An Instructional Mock-upand its performance, functions, safety, and operations. According to Hayes (2024), a
t-test is an inferential statistic used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups and how they
are related.
Scoring Procedure
The average weighted point of the weighted categories was used as the mean of the evaluated item. Thus, the following
scoring procedures would provide equal chances for each response category. For the effectiveness of An Automated Solar
Charging Station System: An Instructional Mock-up, the following rating scale was used:
Range
Scale
Interpretation
Verbal Description
4.21 – 5.00
5
Very Highly Effective
100% of the performance exceeds the maximum
expectations
3.41 – 4.20
4
Highly Effective
95-95% of the performance reaches the maximum
expectations
2.61 – 3.40
3
Moderately Effective
85-94% of the performance reaches the average
expectations
1.81 – 2.60
2
Effective
75-84% of the performance shows fair expectations
1.00 – 1.80
1
Less Effective
Less than 74% of the performance doesn‘t meet the
expectations
Definition of Terms
The following terms used would have a convenient and better understanding of the study:
Approaches. These refer to the strategies and methods of teaching employed by the electrical technology instructors in their
respective shop classes.
Attributes. A quality or feature is regarded as a characteristic or inherent part of the output produced in this study.
Benefits. The good points are that the outcomes were beneficial to the recipients of the study.
Characteristics. The salient property of the product, such as efficiency, power, energy-saving feature, and other attributes, serve
to identify it.
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Design. The specific layout of the innovative product was the output of this study.
Effectiveness. The degree of acceptance of the recipients is based on their efficiency and use.
Electronics. One of the majors offered by the BIT program specializes in the design, production, installation, testing, service,
utilization, and control of electrical and electronic parts, equipment, and systems.
Experts. They are the working professionals in the field of electronics in the Municipality of Tuburan.
Fabrication. Measuring, cutting, bending, and assembling metal to create structures.
Installation. The process of producing the parts and putting them together to form a single output.
Methods. A specific way of doing something or approaching it, especially one that is systematic or established.
Product. Refers to the Instructional Mock-up, which is the output of the study.
Solar Charging Station. An electronics device stores power from the sun and give power to electronic gadgets.
Ethical Considerations
To ensure the greatest degree of professionalism, a letter requesting clearance from the campus president will be processed. An
authorized letter will be given to those involved in the study’s execution. Informed consent will be given to secure their
willingness to participate. The identities of participants will be kept secret at all costs. The obtained records and results will be
treated properly, presented, and analyzed. These will only be used to address the issue raised in the study. All information will be
kept private. Citations will be used to properly acknowledge and credit sources.
Individual names will be kept hidden from any part of the book to protect the identities of the participants. Individual names will
not be required or retained on file during the collection of demographic information. Pseudonyms will be used to identify
participants.
Presentation Data, Analysis, and Interpretation
The facts and information collected are presented in this chapter, together with their analysis and interpretation. The study shows
the technical requirements of the designed and installed Automated Solar Charging System at Cebu Technological University-
Tuburan Campus, Tuburan Cebu, during Academic Year 2019-2020 as the basis for Technology Innovation, particularly in its
design, ergonomics, functions, and operation. The perception of the respondent groups towards the performance of the fabricated
solar charging station as evaluated by the selected respondent groups as to supply power from the solar system.
The Requirements in the Construction of the Automated Solar Charging Station Instructional Mock-Up
Solar technologies have used photovoltaic (PV) panels or mirrors that focus solar radiation on turning sunlight into electrical
energy.
This energy can be used to create electricity or be stored thermally or in batteries
Appropriate Solar Panel
Solar Panels make electricity by enhancing the following steps: STEP 1: Sunlight activates the panels. A rack-and-panel solar
system, STEP 2: The cells produce electrical current. A silicon ingot and wafer, STEP 3: The electrical energy is converted,
STEP 4: The converted electricity powers your device and gadgets, and STEP 5: A net meter measures usage.
Solar Panel
Figure 4 Solar Panel
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Figure 4 illustrates a solar panel which serves as an integral part of this study. The PV array in the charging station has been
designed to facilitate change in tilt angle following the changing seasons, thus facilitating higher irradiation power harnessing.
From March till August (our last month of the project), the array was tilted at 10° with the ground and at 40° from October to
February.
Charge Controller
Figure 5 Charge Controller
Figure 5 shows the charge controller's which task is to maintain that the system battery is charged while producing electricity to
the load.PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) helps regulate the often-inconsistent voltage output by solar panels to protect the system
batteries from overcharging. The charge controller is in charge of battery charging, continuously checking the current condition of
the storm and self- adjusting to send only the appropriate amount of control to it.
Photovoltaic Cells
The energy produced by the panels that are not immediately required by the load is stored in the battery. This stored energy can
either be used during the time of low solar irradiance where the current from the panel is not enough to drive the loads or
during the night when solar power is Fig 4: The Solar PV Panels unavailable. The standard type of batteries used here is
maintenance- free lead-acid batteries. They are 12V, 20Ah sealed, deep cycle lead-acid rechargeable batteries that are popular for
multiple purposes. The batteries use AB plastic shell and valve technology for their protection. It also complies with
environmentally friendly requirements. They also usually have a long service life cycle. This type of battery serves two essential
purposes in the photovoltaic system: to provide electrical energy generated by the panels whenever the solar panels do not supply
the power and to store excess energy generated but the panels whenever the energy exceeds the load. The memory effect is absent
from these batteries, meaning there is no need to discharge for the recharging of the batteries. The batteries in the PV system
experience a cyclical process of charging and discharging, depending on the presence, absence, or adequacy of sunlight. When
the power generated by the panels falls short of the energy required to support the load, charging and discharging cycles occur.
The system will be drained and unavailable for use if the battery does not store enough energy to sustain demand during periods
without sunlight. If, however, the system is oversized, that is by adding too many battery units and panels, this will be inefficient
and expensive at the same time since there will not be enough loads to consume that energy.
Battery
Figure 6 Photovoltaic Battery
Figure 6 shows a photovoltaic battery which is useful in this study. There are three stages to recharging lead acid batteries: 1)
charge with a steady current, 2) a bonus charge, and 3). the float charge The constant-current charge applies most of the charge
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and takes about half of the required charge time; the topping charge offers saturation at a reduced charge current, and the float
charge compensates for self-discharge loss. The battery is charged to 70% during the constant-current charge, with the remaining
30% filled with the slower topping charge. The topping charge is required for the battery's condition and might be compared to a
little break after a satisfying meal. Due to sulphation, the battery will eventually lose its ability to receive a full charge, and its
performance will drop. The third stage's float charge keeps the battery fully charged.
Solar Inverter
Figure 7 Inverter
Figure 7 is a solar inverter which converts the variable direct current ('DC') output from your solar panels into alternating
120V/240V current ('AC').
Considering your home's appliances run on AC rather than DC, the solar inverter must convert the DC output gathered by your
solar panels.
Electrical Load
Figure 8 Electrical Load
Figure 8 illustrates an electrical load which serves an integral part of this study. Checking the wattage of your air loads and
furnace is imperative. Add only the larger wattage rating to your equation unless you only utilize one at a time. To calculate the
number of amps, or the electrical load, divide the corresponding number of watts by volts 220.
Solar Panel Casing Safety
Figure 9 Solar Panel Casing Safety
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Figure 9 illustrates a solar panel casing safety which ensures that all the devices needed for the automated solar charging
station mock-up are secure. And it is maintained in good condition by providing a safety tour case that is suitable and
movable in any place where the end users are comfortable utilizing the mock -up to achieve competence for the users. The solar
panel converts sunlight into DC. A solar regulator supplies this DC to the battery, ensuring it is correctly charged and not
destroyed. A solar battery charger can charge batteries without an external power source. You can put this charger in a
secure location with plenty of sunlight. Choosing the best charger for needs is advice.
Main Board
Figure 10 Main Board of Solar Charge Controller
Figure 10 shows the main board of the solar charge controller which is a printed circuit board that all circuits and stages of the
charge controller are a system that regulates the charging of solar panels and batteries to ensure efficiency in charging, which is to
avoid an overcharge of the devices.
Schematic Diagram
A schematic diagram shows the interconnection of circuits and stages to guide and interpret the wiring connection of each
electronic component and device of the power inverter. It helps identify the symbols of active and passive members in a circuit.
Figure 11 shows a power inverter which is a critical component in a solar charging system, especially when the system is designed
to power AC devices or vehicles.
Wiring Diagram
Figure 12 Wiring Diagram
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Figure 12 shows a wiring diagram which is used for an automated solar charging station would illustrate how the
various components (solar panels, batteries, charge controllers, inverters, automated charging system, and user interfaces) are
connected to work together. The Basics of Solar-Powered Phone Chargers Solar phone chargers produce electricity using small
solar panels, which charge your phone's battery, either directly or through your phone, depending on the model.
Micro Controller Block Diagram
Figure 13 Micro Controller Block Diagram
Figure 13 shows a microcontroller which is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded
system. A typical microcontroller includes a single chip's processor, memory, and input/output (I/O) peripherals
Triac
Figure 14 Triac
Figure 14 illustrates a TRIAC (Triode for AC) which is a semiconductor device widely used in power control and switching
applications. It finds applications in switching, phase control, chopper designs, brilliance control in lamps, fans' speed control,
etc.
Performance of the Instructional Mock-Up in the Following Attributes
The performance of the developed instructional mock-up for the solar charging system was based on the competencies based
on the program goals. Identifying the Parts and Components
Table 2 presents the performance of the developed instructional mock-up in terms of Identifying the Parts and Components.
Table 2 Identifying the Parts and Components N=40
X
VD
Attributes
𝑥
VD
𝑥
VD
𝑥
VD
Solar Panel
3.92
HE
3.36
ME
2.04
E
3.11
ME
Solar Charge Controller
3.96
HE
3.60
HE
2.04
E
3.20
ME
Photovoltaic Battery
2.96
ME
3.40
ME
3.42
ME
3.26
ME
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Power inverter
3.92
HE
3.84
HE
2.80
ME
3.52
HE
Auto night light switch
3.92
HE
3.84
HE
3.50
HE
3.75
HE
Led bulb
4.00
HE
3.00
ME
2.10
E
3.03
ME
Digital dc voltmeter
4.40
VHE
3.72
HE
4.00
HE
4.04
HE
Banana Plug
4.16
HE
3.72
HE
2.10
E
3.33
ME
Banana connectors
3.88
HE
3.80
HE
2.10
E
3.26
ME
Digital ac voltmeter
3.84
HE
3.84
HE
2.75
ME
3.48
HE
Rocker switch
4.04
VHE
3.08
ME
2.75
ME
3.29
ME
Light-dependent resistor
3.88
HE
3.32
ME
4.00
HE
3.73
HE
Fixed resistor
4.08
VHE
3.32
ME
2.67
ME
3.36
ME
Polarized capacitor
3.92
HE
3.84
HE
1.84
E
3.20
ME
Trimmer
3.96
HE
3.80
HE
3.66
HE
3.81
HE
Triac
4.08
HE
3.80
HE
1.92
E
3.27
ME
Bridge diode
4.08
HE
3.00
ME
3.50
HE
3.53
HE
Ceramic
3.88
HE
3.72
HE
2.67
ME
3.42
HE
Signal diode
3.92
HE
3.64
HE
2.10
E
3.22
ME
Switching transistor
3.92
HE
3.92
HE
1.94
E
3.26
ME
Printed circuit board
4.00
HE
3.64
HE
3.66
HE
3.77
HE
Total weighted mean:
3.94
HE
3.58
HE
2.74
ME
3.42
HE
Legends: 4.21 – 5.00 Very Highly Effective (VHE)
3.41 – 4.20 Highly Effective (HE)
2.61 – 3.40 Moderately Effective
1.81 – 2.60 Effective (E)
1.00 – 1.80 Less Effective (LE)
It shows that twenty-one electronic components of the device were used for the study's development. Based on the results rated
by the students after the demonstration, the majority or seventeen (17) parts and components were “Highly Effective”;
three (3) were rated as “Very Highly Effective”; and only one was rated as “Moderately Effective”. Hence, the total weighted
mean is 3.94 with the verbal description of “Highly Effective”. Some received lower rating like Banana Plug due to its
compatibility measures that made it less effective compared to other components.
The responses of instructor respondents teaching the major field of specialization disclosed that none of those mentioned above
was rated as "Highly Effective,"; yet the majority of fourteen (14) of the identified parts and components were rated as "Highly
Effective”. On the other hand, further shown are the ratings of expert respondents, wherein the majority or nine (9) parts and
components were rated as “Effective”; and six (6) were “Highly Effective” and “Moderately Effectively”, respectively.
With this, the overall weighted mean is 3.42 with a verbal description of “Highly Effective”. It means that the electronic
components that comprised the automated solar charging station highly contribute to the overall performance during the
laboratory mock-up. The study was instrumental and adequate for the students and community. However, according to the study
by Kharchenko (2015), there are hidden defects, counterfeit parts, and components with incompatible construction materials
with both internal and external service conditions in electronic components and devices that should be observed through final
testing before installation.
Assembling the Electronic Products
Table 3 presents the effectiveness of assembling the electronic products based on the processes undertaken.
The Table enumerates the twenty (20) processes in sequential order involved in assembling the electronic products with the
corresponding ratings by the respondents on their effectiveness. The majority of seventeen (17) of the
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Table 3 Assembling the Electronic Products N=40
Students
(25)
Instructors
(5)
Experts
(10)
_
X
V
D
Processes
𝑥
VD
𝑥
VD
𝑥
VD
1. Preparing the materials needed for
instructional mock-up
3.76
HE
3.30
ME
3.40
ME
3.49
ME
2. Making a design of the printed circuit board
based on their schematic diagram
3.70
HE
3.64
HE
3.10
ME
3.48
HE
3. Cutting printed circuit board in sizes
according to its dimensions
2.80
ME
3.44
ME
2.75
ME
3.00
ME
4. Making a pattern of the schematic diagram
into PCB design
2.88
HE
3.76
HE
2.75
ME
3.13
ME
5. Printing out in a mirror pattern for exact
design
3.90
HE
3.80
HE
2.61
ME
3.44
HE
6. Putting onto the copper clad of the printed
circuit board
3.95
HE
3.82
HE
3.50
HE
3.76
HE
7. Applying the heat transfer method using an
electric iron to a maximum level of heat
4.10
HE
3.10
ME
3.45
HE
3.55
HE
8. Removing the photo paper after heating the
PCB
4.44
VHE
3.80
HE
3.30
ME
3.85
HE
9. Letting the PCB warm and getting a plastic
basin, then applying a liquid solution
4.10
HE
3.82
HE
3.50
HE
3.81
HE
10. Preparing agua oxide and muriatic acid
with ration 1:1 composition
3.86
HE
3.80
HE
3.65
HE
3.77
HE
11. Monitoring the PCB when etching for a
good result
3.80
HE
3.80
HE
3.90
HE
3.83
HE
12. Washing the PCB with clean water to
avoid corrosion
4.10
HE
3.10
ME
3.00
ME
3.40
ME
13. Cleaning the copper side with lacquer
thinner
3.82
HE
3.30
ME
2.75
ME
3.29
ME
14. Boring the identified holes for mounting
the electric components
4.08
VHE
3.32
ME
3.50
HE
3.63
HE
15. Applying sandpaper to the copper side
with a required number of 1000
3.88
HE
3.80
HE
4.25
VH
E
3.98
HE
16. Preparing the components for mounting
into the holes
3.90
HE
3.84
HE
3.80
HE
3.85
HE
17. Soldering the components of 30 watts at
the correct melting point
4.10
HE
3.80
HE
3.50
HE
3.80
HE
18. Applying clear varnish to prevent
corrosion of the PCB
4.08
HE
3.10
ME
4.20
HE
3.79
HE
19. Testing the actual output of its
functionalities
3.86
HE
3.68
HE
3.41
HE
3.65
HE
20. Calibrating the trimmer for the sensitivity
of the resistor and load
3.90
HE
3.80
HE
4.20
HE
3.97
HE
Total weighted mean:
3.85
HE
3.59
HE
3.43
HE
3.62
HE
Legends: 4.21 – 5.00 Very Highly Effective (VHE)
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1.81 – 2.60 Effective (E)
3.41 – 4.20 Highly Effective (HE)
1.00 – 1.80 Less Effective (LE)
2.61 – 3.40 Moderately Effective
processes involved had rated by the students as "Highly Effective"; two (2) were rated as "Very Highly Effective"; and only one
(1) was "Moderately Effective". Hence, the total weighted mean is 3.85 with a verbal description of "Highly Effective".
This implies that the tasks involved in assembling the electronic products are executable in the part of the students.
With regards to the instructors' ratings, thirteen (13) of the processes involved were rated as "Highly Effective"; and seven (7)
were rated as "Moderately Effective". Hence, the total weighted mean is 3.59 with a verbal description of “Highly Effective”.
The results suggest that the processes in making the electronic products are still performable by the instructors. It was gleaned in
the study that the instructors had rated “More Moderatley Effective” all the processes in the study compare to the students, this is
due to some of the respondents have individual level of performance in assembling the electronic products.
Similarly, the majority of eleven (11) of the above processes were "Highly Effective" as rated by the experts; eight (8) were rated
as "Moderately Effective"; and one (1) had a “Very Highly Effective” rating. Hence, the total weighted mean is 3.43 with a verbal
description of “Highly Effective”.
This implies that all processes involved in assembling electronic products that were rated by the students and instructors as
“Highly Effective” were thoroughly validated by an experts, since they have similar results in the study as they followed the
processes in assembling the electronic products.
To sum up, the overall weighted mean of the processes involved in assembling the electronic product is 3.62 with a verbal
description of "Highly Effective," wherein the majority or fifteen (15) of the operations were rated by the respondents as "Highly
Effective" and five (5) were "Moderately Effective".
I that automated solar charging station design is assembled effectively following the systematic and standard procedures in
creating the electronic product. It implies that this electronic product is fully functional, which would contribute to its overall
performance. The practical application of following the processes of assembling an electronic product by the students is the most
effective tool for measuring the concept learned in all fields other than Electronics Technology (Diola, 2019). It supports the
theory of "Learning by Doing" by John Dewey that a hands-on approach to learning is essential for the students to adapt and
learn.
Interfacing the Circuit Connections
Table 4 presents the effectiveness of the attributes in Interfacing the Circuit Connections based on the diagram.
Table 4 Interfacing the Circuit Connections N=40
Instructors (5)
Experts (10)
_ X
VD
Attributes
𝑥
VD
𝑥
VD
𝑥
VD
Solar panel to the solar charge
controller
4.16
HE
4.12
HE
4.18
HE
4.15
HE
Solar charge controller to the
battery
3.20
ME
4.12
HE
4.20
HE
3.84
HE
Battery to the power inverter
4.24
VHE
4.24
VHE
3.38
HE
3.95
HE
Power inverter to load.
4.20
HE
4.16
HE
2.12
E
3.49
HE
Power inverter to auto night
light switch
4.24
VHE
4.28
VHE
3.35
ME
3.96
HE
Complete wiring connection
with load ports
4.76
VHE
4.32
VHE
2.14
E
3.74
HE
Testing the loads
4.32
VHE
4.36
VHE
4.15
HE
4.28
VHE
Total weighted mean
4.16
HE
4.23
VHE
3.36
ME
3.92
HE
Legends: 4.21 – 5.00 Very Highly Effective (VHE)
3.41 – 4.20 Highly Effective (HE)
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2.61 – 3.40 Moderately Effective
1.81 – 2.60 Effective (E)
1.00 – 1.80 Less Effective (LE)
The Table above presents seven (7) attributes of Interfacing the Circuit Connections' effectiveness as rated by the students,
instructors, and experts following the diagram after the demonstration. Out of seven (7) attributes, four (4) of them were rated by
the students as "Very Highly Effective"; two (2) were rated as "Highly Effective," and only one (1) attribute was rated as
"Moderately Effective". With this, the overall weighted mean is 4.16 with a verbal description of "Highly Effective".
It was found out in the study that the attributes in interfacing circuit connections were rated by the students as "highly effective"
since they were relied based on the suggested given pattern. The results suggest that when interfacing circuit connections was
rated by the students as "highly effective" because some of them have only limited knowledge so that more appreciations they
will rate what has been guided.
Further shown are also the instructors ‘ratings wherein four (4) processes were rated as "Very Highly Effective" and the rest were
"Highly Effective". Therefore, the total weighted mean is 4.23 with a verbal description of "Very Highly Effective".
The same with the instructors, it was revealed in the study that interfacing circuit connections were Highly Effective since. This
implies that most of them were agreeable the attributes encompassing circuit connections interface.
In contrast, the experts‘ responses on the effectiveness of interfacing the circuit connections, reveals that four (4) processes were
rated as "Highly Effective"; one (1) was "Moderately Effective," and only two (2) were "Effective". Therefore, the total weighted
mean is 3.36 with a verbal description of "Moderately Effective".
Although, the three (3) respondents; students, instructors and experts have total rating of "Highly Effective", it was also gleaned
in the study that out of the three respondents, only experts respondents have rated only lesser value because they are more
knowledgeable compare to the students and instructors. This means that the experts may accept or may contribute knowledge in
developing attributes in interfacing circuit connections.
Hence, the data reveal that the overall weighted mean is 3.92 with a verbal description of "Highly Effective," wherein Testing
the Loads was found as a very highly effective process; and the rest processes are highly effective in interfacing the circuit
connections. It means that interfacing the circuit connections is systematic and should be observed correctly in harnessing the
gadgets and equipment. However, there should be a consideration of the polarity to prevent short circuit connection. It implies
that this study was instrumental and influential in interfacing the circuit connections of the device. According to Khamisani
(2018), the off-grid bus shelter project will solely rely on solar energy, with solar photovoltaics generating electricity to power
electronics gadgets.
Summary of the performance in using the Instructional Mock-up
Table 5 presents the summary of the performance in using the constructed mock-up.
Table 5 Summary of the performance in using the Instructional Mock-up N=40
Students (25)
Instructors (5)
Experts (10)
Identifying the parts and components
3.94
HE
3.58
HE
2.74
ME
3.42
ME
Assembling the Electronic Products
3.85
HE
3.59
HE
3.43
HE
3.62
HE
Interfacing the circuit connections
based on diagrams
4.16
HE
4.23
VHE
3.36
ME
3.92
HE
Total Weighted Mean
3.98
HE
3.80
HE
3.18
ME
3.65
HE
Legends: 4.21 – 5.00 Very Highly Effective (VHE)
3.41 – 4.20 Highly Effective (HE)
2.61 – 3.40 Moderately Effective
1.81 – 2.60 Effective (E)
1.00 – 1.80 Less Effective (LE)
The Table discloses the performance summary using the instructional mock-up according to the results revealed in the data
mentioned earlier. All attributes that comprised the developed automated solar charging station were rated as "Highly Effective"
by the students' respondents during the instructional mock-up having a total weighted mean of 3.98 with the verbal description of
"Highly Effective". As to the summary of instructors' responses, Interfacing the circuit connections based on diagrams was "Very
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Highly Effective," and the rest were "Highly Effective", therefore the total weighted mean is 3.80 or "Highly
Effective". On the other hand, according to the experts' summary of responses, Assembling the Electronic Product has the highest
weighted mean with a rating of "Highly Effective," and the rest attributes were "Moderately Effective", therefore the total
weighted mean is 3.18 with a verbal description of "Moderately Effective".
Hence, the overall weighted mean of the performance summary using the Instructional Mock-up is 3.65, with a verbal description
of "Highly Effective". Wherein according to the responses of the group respondents, Interfacing the circuit connections based on
diagrams and Assembling the Electronic Products was "Highly Effective" with an overall weighted mean of 3.92 and 3.62,
respectively, whereas Identifying the parts and components has the overall weighted mean of 3.42 verbally described as
“Moderately Effective”. The developed automated solar charging station is a very effective instructional resource in teaching the
subject Elex 111 (Electronic Circuit, Device, and Instruments) to transfer knowledge and skills to the Electronics Technology
students successfully. It implies that this electronic product is a big help to the end users to adopt and practice fabrication and to
install the device to develop the skills and practice all competencies acquired on the device as a model technology. According to
Linguete (2019), the use of instructional mock-ups in delivering the instructions in Electronics will help the students become
more accustomed current industry setup and enhance their technological skills; thus, there is a smooth transition from the
institution to industry. It supported the study of Adalikwu and Iorkpilgh (2013) that using instructional materials enhances
students' understanding of the theories and concepts, thus performing significantly better.
IV. Summary, Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendation
This chapter presents the summary of the study, its findings, conclusion, and recommendations based on the results and
interpretation of data from the previous chapter. It also offers the performance, functions, and operations of An Automated Solar
Charging Station as an Instructional Mock-up that serves as equipment to supply energy. The study aimed to develop and design
an Automated Solar Charging Station: An Instructional Mock-up that can be used for BIT Electronics Technology students
teaching the subject, Elex 111.
Summary
The study designed an automated solar charging station as an instructional mock-up. The scope of the study included the
preparation of the different parts, namely, the right solar panel, charge controller, photovoltaic battery, inverter, electrical load,
and solar panel casing safety. These components were assembled following the different processes involved in making
electronic products. The selected electronics students, instructors, and experts tested the performance of the produced product.
The Quasi-experimental methods of careful survey research were employed in this study. Questionnaires were given to 5
instructors and 25 students and ten experts from small-scale industries for evaluation. Gathered data were treated using total
weighted points, weighted mean, and T-test.
Findings
The following are the essential findings of the study:
1. In developing and designing the automated solar charging station, there's a need to gather all the parts before assembling
it, and the use of appropriate features and components was a significant consideration;
2. It revealed that of the three performance competencies of the automated solar charging station, the respondents perceived
that identifying the parts and components and the assembling of electronics products was Moderately Effective, while
interfacing the Circuit Connections was Highly Effective; and
3. Measures would enhance the product's efficiency and functionalities.
Conclusion
From the findings, a conclusion is drawn despite the limitations of the study that included sample size and generalizability.
Firstly, the requirements in the construction of the Automated Solar Charging Station included the preparation of the different
parts, namely, the right solar panel, charge controller, photovoltaic battery, inverter, electrical load, and solar panel casing safety.
These components were assembled following the different processes involved in making electronic products. Secondly, the
Effectiveness of the Design and Installation of An Automated Solar Charging Station as an Instructional Mock-up for the
respondents was “Moderately Effective” as perceived by the respondent groups. It was a helpful innovation, especially
during
this time of high electricity rates among the consumers of charging stations. Lastly, the output is very economical and practical.
Therefore, the Elex 111 instructors can use this output to enhance instruction that can be improved and modified depending on the
user's comfortability.
Recommendations
It is recommended that the An Automated Solar Charging Station: An Instructional Mock-up be adapted and produced for
campus-wide utilization.
1. It is recommended for students to have simulations using the mock-up to ensure maximum hands-on activity guides that
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are active and integrated.
2. It is recommended for instructors t o u t i l i z e this mock-up to enhance instructions in the teaching of Elex 111 that
is more collaborative and meaningful.
3. It is recommended for administrators to ensure that research-based creative outputs must be recognized and emphasized
in instruction.
4. It is also recommended to conduct pilot tests across other campuses to validate scalability and for future researches to
test the systems in varied environmental conditions.
Acknowledgement
The author thanks those who contributed to this work, his adviser, Dr. Romarico A. Loremia, for his vision, encouragement and
support, this work would have been impossible.
The author also extends special thanks to Dr. Rosein A. Ancheta, Jr, CTU President, his panelist Dr. Perla N. Tenerife, Dr. Eric
G. Pardiṅan, Dr. Rebecca DC. Manalastas, Dr. Nolasco K. Malabago and Dr. Joseph C. Pepito for their brilliant minds and
support in contributing ideas to make this study a successful one. An appreciation to Ms. Malou Cosicol of graduate school for
facilitating and assisting the researcher in the submission of the requirements; Engr. Fernando N. Mangubat Jr., for his
contribution and moral support; Dr. Pedrito C. Pontillas for pushing his to finish her master’s degree; and to Cebu Technological
University who give the researcher a clear vision to strive in order to achieve its goals.
He expresses a gratitude to his family members for their inspiring support. Firstly, to his loving wife and children for invaluable
assistance in terms of moral support for giving the strength and inspiration to his life.
To all the persons who in one way or another help me a lot, no philosophical words can be best but at least allow me to say Thank
You Very Much.
V.H.PATINDOL
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APPENDICES
Appendix A Wiring Diagram
Appendix B Block Diagram
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Appendix C
Automated Solar Charging Station Mock-Up
Appendix D
Automated Solar Charging Station Mock-Up Parts Labeled
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Appendix E
Letter to Conduct a Study
DR. MA. CARLA Y. ABAQUITA
Campus Director
Cebu Technological University Tuburan Campus
Madam:
The undersigned is conducting a study entitled, ‗‘ Automated Solar Charging Station: An Instructional Mock-up‘‘ as a
requirement of the degree, Master in Technician Education. This study aims to assess the performance of the automated solar
charging station instructional mock up in teaching Elex 111- Electronic Devices, Instrument and Circuit at Cebu Technological
University, Tuburan Campus during Academic Year 2019-2020 that can be used as an instructional mock-up.
With this, I would like to ask for your approval to conduct my study to the respondents particularly the students and instructors in
the Elex 111- Electronics Devices, Instrument and Circuit Subject of the College of Technology, BIT Department. Rest assured
that, classes will not be interrupted during the conduct of the study as in is being coordinated by the subject instructors.
Your positive response on this matter will bring not only the success of this study but a great milsetone of my journey in my
Master‘s Degree. I am thanking you in advance for the approval of this request.
Sincerely yours,
VICTORINO H. PATINDOL
Researcher
Approved:
MA. CARLA Y. ABAQUITA, RChe., Dev. Ed. D.
Campus Director
Appendix F
Letter to the Respondents
Dear respondents,
The undersigned is conducting a study entitled, ‗‘ Automated Solar Charging Station: An Instructional Mock-up‘‘ as a
requirement of the degree, Master in Technician Education. This study aims to assess the performance of the automated solar
charging station instructional mock up in teaching Elex 111- Electronic Devices, Instrument and Circuit at Cebu Technological
University, Tuburan Campus during Academic Year 2019-2020 that can be used as an instructional mock-up.
In order to make this research worthwhile and efficient, the researcher humbly asks for your participation in a voluntary nature.
Only academic purposes will be served by the information gathered. You can assure that the data you provide will be kept
confidentially.
The researcher hopes for your positive cooperation.
Sincerely yours,
VICTORINO H. PATINDOL
Researcher
Appendix G Survey Questionnaire
Name (Optional):
This questionnaire is designed to assess the performance of the automated solar charging station instructional mock up in
teaching Elex 111- Electronic Devices, Instrument and Circuit at Cebu Technological University, Tuburan Campus during
Academic Year 2019-2020 that can be used as an instruction al mock-up. Please take some time to answer this questionnaire.
Rest assured that the information you share will be treated with utmost confidentiality, while observing the ethical standards of
research. Thank you so much for your time and cooperation.
Are you a/an?
Student
Instructor
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue I, January 2025
www.ijltemas.in Page 95
Expert
Part I: Identifying Parts and Components
Instructions: Please put a check on the space provided based on your perception towards the performance of the automated solar
charging station instructional mock-up as to its parts and componets. Use the following scoring procedure for your reference.
5 Very Highly Effective
4 Highly Effective
3 Moderately Effective
2 Effective
1 Not Effective
Attributes
Very Highly
effective (5)
Highly
Effective (4)
Moderately
Effective (3)
Effective
(2)
Not Effective
(1)
Solar Panel
Solar Charge Controller
Photovoltaic Battery
Power inverter
Auto night light switch
Led bulb
Digital dc voltmeter
Banana Plug
Banana connectors
Digital ac voltmeter
Rocker switch
Light dependent resistor
Fixed resistor
Polarized capacitor
Trimmer
Triac
Bridge diode
Ceramic
Signal diode
Switching transistor
Printed circuit board
Part II: Assembling the Electronic Product
Instructions: Please put a check on the space provided based on your perception towards the performance of the automated solar
charging station instructional mock-up as to assembling the electronic product. Use the following scoring procedure for your
reference.
5 Very Highly Effective
4 Highly Effective
3 Moderately Effective
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue I, January 2025
www.ijltemas.in Page 96
2 Effective
1 Not Effective
Attributes
Very Highly
effective (5)
Highly
Effective (4)
Moderately
Effective (3)
Effective
(2)
Not Effective
(1)
1.Preparing the materials needed for
instructional mock-up
2.Making a design of the printed
circuit board based on their
schematic diagram
3.Cutting printed circuit board in
sizes according to its dimensions
4.Making a pattern of the schematic
diagram into PCB design
5.Printing out in a mirror pattern
for exact design
6.Putting onto the copper clad of
the printed circuit board
7.Applying heat transfer method
using electric iron into a maximum
level of heat
8.Removing the photo paper after
heating the PCB
9.Letting the PCB warm and getting
a plastic basin then applying liquid
solution
10.Preparing agua oxide and
muriatic acid with ration 1:1
composition
11.Monitoring the PCB when
etching for good result
12.Washing the PCB with clean water
to avoid corrosion
13.Cleaning the copper side with
lacquer thinner
14.Boring the identified holes for
mounting the electric components
15.Applying sand paper into the
copper side with required number of
1000
16.Preparing the components for
mounting into the holes
17.Soldering the components of
30 watts in correct melting point
18.Applying clear varnish to prevent
corrosion of the PCB
19.Testing the actual output of its
functionalities
20.Calibrating the trimmer for the
sensitivity of the resistor and load
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue I, January 2025
www.ijltemas.in Page 97
Part III: Interfacing the Circuit Connections
Instructions: Please put a check on the space provided based on your perception towards the performance of the automated solar
charging station intructional mock-up as to interfacing the circuit connections. Use the following scoring procedure for your
reference.
5 Very Highly Effective
4 Highly Effective
3 Moderately Effective
2 Effective
1 Not Effective
Attributes
Very Highly
effective (5)
Highly
Effective (4)
Moderately
Effective (3)
Effective
(2)
Not Effective
(1)
Solar panel to solar charge
controller.
Solar charge controllerto battery.
Battery to power inverter.
Power inverter to load.
Power inverter to auto night light
switch.
Complete wiring connection with
load ports.
Testing the loads.
-end of the questionnaire-