Soilless Indoor Farming: A Systematic Review of Iot-Based Monitoring Systems and Physiochemical Characterization Methods for Lactuca Sativa
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract: With the emphasis of smarter, more efficient crop growing methodologies coupled with advances in sensors, Internet of Things (IoTs) and artificial illumination especially at the urban areas propel the development of indoor farming to another level as never been seen before as per compared to open and large-scale farming. However, there is a relatively big void in term of reference data availability for soilless indoor farming i.e precision farming, level of nutrients, light irradiances, yield improvement and etc. This review paper primarily aims to design and implement IoT system for real-time monitoring of multiple parameters in indoor farming. It involves using related sensors and components to monitor critical parameters in real-time. Edge computing solutions and a cloud-based storage/computing to be applied accordingly as tools to facilitate data monitoring and storage. The study includes the installation of various sensors such as nutrient quality monitoring (NPK sensors, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), nutrient temperature), climates monitoring (humidity, indoor room temperature, CO2 gas) and irrigation (flow, level and turbidity). All of these data then shall be transmitted accordingly to relevant processors, monitoring system and then being stored at clouds. The methodology is structured in a way that the system could be scaled-up for larger space and modular setting. Nowadays, IoT system is used widely in farming but trending towards application in indoor farming, for example, soilless lettuce indoor farming. This review paper has illustrated the bio-characteristics of the lettuce: Lactuca Sativa such as morphological or physiological parameters and biochemical parameters like basic chemical composition, chlorophyll, micro/macro minerals and so on which the parameters can be obtained by using modern IoT system. To set up soilless lettuce indoor farming, modern IoT system is utilized and the overall process from data monitoring to data harvesting can be simplified.
Downloads
References
S. Rawal, "IOT based Smart Irrigation System," International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 159, pp. 7-11, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5120/ijca2017913001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5120/ijca2017913001
L. T. K. M.PRIYANKA 1, I. SURYA TEJA 3, I. NANDU SURYA SAI 4, and C. V. KUMAR, "IOT BASED SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM," Journal of Engineering Sciences, vol. 14, pp. 957-964, 2023.
L. C. N. Say Peng Tan, Novel Lyndon, Zaki Aman, Parthiban Kannan, Khairuman Hashim, Han Meng Teo, and Muhamad Syazlie Che Ibrahim, "A review on post-COVID-19 impacts and opportunities of agri-food supply chain in Malaysia," National Library of Medicine, p. 22, 2023.
F. Saintifik, "Market Potential-Indoor Vertical Growing System," 13/06/2022 2022.
Z. W. N. T. C. E. Wong, L. Shen, and H. Yu, "Seeing the lights for leafy greens in indoor vertical farming," Trends in Food Science & Technology, vol. 106, pp. 48-63, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.09.031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.09.031
E. W. J. A. Stein, "The transformative environmental effects large-scale indoor farming may have on air, water, and soil," Soil and W. Research, vol. 14, p. 1178622121995819, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178622121995819 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1178622121995819
N. E. a. M. Krarti, "Review of energy efficiency in controlled environment agriculture," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 141, p. 110786, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110786 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110786
T. R. T. Ayoub Shaikh, and F. Rasheed Lone, "Towards leveraging the role of machine learning and artificial intelligence in precision agriculture and smart farming," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 198, p. 107119, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2022.107119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2022.107119
Z. H. D. Alwis, Y. Zhang, M. H. Na, B. Ofoghi, and A. Sajjanhar, "A survey on smart farming data, applications and techniques," Computers in Industry, vol. 138, p. 103624, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2022.103624 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2022.103624
X. Z. H. H. Hsu, Kaige Xu, Ying Wang, Quan Wang, Gaoxing Luo, Malcolm Xing, Wen Zhong, "Self-powered and plant-wearable hydrogel as LED power supply and sensor for promoting and monitoring plant growth in smart farming," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 422, p. 129499, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129499 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129499
A. I. M.-M. J. P. Rodríguez, C. Rodriguez-Pabon, J. Hoyos, and J. C. Corrales, "IoT-Agro: A smart farming system to Colombian coffee farms," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 190, p. 106442, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2021.106442 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2021.106442
A. C.-M. a. V. M. Castaño-Meneses, "Internet of things for smart farming and frost intelligent control in greenhouses," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 176, p. 105614, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105614 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105614
A. K. Podder, A. A. Bukhari, S. Islam, S. Mia, M. A. Mohammed, N. M. Kumar, et al., "IoT based smart agrotech system for verification of Urban farming parameters," Microprocessors and Microsystems, vol. 82, p. 104025, 2021/04/01/ 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2021.104025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2021.104025
R. K. J. S. Popli, and S. Jain, "Green NOMA assisted NB-IoT based urban farming in multistory buildings," Computer Networks, vol. 199, p. 108410, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2021.108410 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2021.108410
C. M. Matheus Cordeiro, Sayonara S. Araujo, Nidia G.S. Campos, Rubens S. Gondim, Ticiana L.Coelho da Silva, Atslands R. da Rocha, "Towards Smart Farming: Fog-enabled intelligent irrigation system using deep neural networks," Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 129, pp. 115-124, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2021.11.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2021.11.013
J. S. M. A. Zamora-Izquierdo, J. A. Martínez, V. Martínez, and A. F. Skarmeta, "Smart farming IoT platform based on edge and cloud computing," Biosystems Engineering, vol. 177, pp. 4-17, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2018.10.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2018.10.014
S. M. O. Debauche, P. Manneback, and F. Lebeau, "Cloud and distributed architectures for data management in agriculture 4.0 : Review and future trends," Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2021.09.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2021.09.015
R. J. E. R. Kaburuan, and Harisno, "A Design of IoT-based Monitoring System for Intelligence Indoor Micro-Climate Horticulture Farming in Indonesia," Procedia Computer Science, vol. 157, pp. 459-464, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.001
X. W. M. Zhang, H. Feng, Q. Huang, X. Xiao, and X. Zhang, "Wearable Internet of Things enabled precision livestock farming in smart farms: A review of technical solutions for precise perception, biocompatibility, and sustainability monitoring," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 312, p. 127712, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127712 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127712
A. Z. M. S. Mahmud, A. K. Das, M. Muzammil, and M. U. Khan, "A systematic literature review on deep learning applications for precision cattle farming," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 187, p. 106313, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2021.106313 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2021.106313
Y. H. S. Song, R. B. H. Lim, L. Y. F. Gaw, D. R. Richards, and H. T. W. Tan, "Comparison of vegetable production, resource-use efficiency and environmental performance of high-technology and conventional farming systems for urban agriculture in the tropical city of Singapore," Science of The Total Environment, vol. 807, p. 150621, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150621 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150621
D. K. S. a. R. Sobti, "Long-range real-time monitoring strategy for Precision Irrigation in urban and rural farming in society 5.0," Computers & Industrial Engineering, vol. 167, p. 107997, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2022.107997 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2022.107997
R. Akhter and S. A. Sofi, "Precision agriculture using IoT data analytics and machine learning," Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, vol. 34, pp. 5602-5618, 2022/09/01/ 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2021.05.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2021.05.013
B. Acharya, K. Garikapati, A. Yarlagadda, and S. Dash, "Internet of things (IoT) and data analytics in smart agriculture: Benefits and challenges," in AI, Edge and IoT-based Smart Agriculture, A. Abraham, S. Dash, J. J. P. C. Rodrigues, B. Acharya, and S. K. Pani, Eds., ed: Academic Press, 2022, pp. 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823694-9.00013-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823694-9.00013-X
A. Y. Kinuka Ohtaka, Yusuke Kakei, Kosuke Fukui, Mikiko Kojima, and K. Y. Yumiko Takebayashi, Shunsuke Imanishi and Hitoshi Sakakibara, "Difference Between Day and Night Temperatures Affects Stem Elongation in Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) Seedlings via Regulation of Gibberellin and Auxin Synthesis," Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 11, p. 577235, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.577235 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.577235
G. Gagliardi, M. Lupia, G. Cario, F. Cicchello Gaccio, V. D’Angelo, A. I. Cosma, et al. (2021, An Internet of Things Solution for Smart Agriculture. Agronomy 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112140
D. D. T. Parashar, A. Kumar Verma, S. Kumar, A. Prof, and Kiran Kumar, "Review Paper on Smart Agriculture System Using Arduino And Cloud Computing," International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, vol. 3, pp. 250-253, 2022.
O. V. Matukhina, L. R. Votyakova, and I. N. Zakharova, "SMART-technologies in Irrigation Management of a Remote Land Plot," IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 1079, p. 072027, 2021/03/01 2021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1079/7/072027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1079/7/072027
C. Rajasekaran, L. Gokul, D. Gowsalya, and R. Manimaran, "Lora based smart irrigation system," International journal of health sciences, vol. 6, pp. 5996-6010, 06/30 2022. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS5.10021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS5.10021
V. S. Reddy, S. Harivardhagini, and G. Sreelakshmi, "IoT and Cloud Based Sustainable Smart Irrigation System," E3S Web Conf., vol. 472, // 2024. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447201026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447201026
E. Ogunti, "IoT Based Crop Field Monitoring and Irrigation Automation System," IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, vol. 6, pp. 124-129, 2019.
N. Ismail, S. Rajendran, W. Chee Tak, T. Ker Xin, N. Shazatushima Shahril Anuar, F. Aiman Zakaria, et al., "Smart irrigation system based on internet of things (IOT)," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1339, p. 012012, 2019/12/01 2019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1339/1/012012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1339/1/012012
S. Khriji, D. El Houssaini, I. Kammoun, and O. Kanoun, "Precision Irrigation: An IoT-Enabled Wireless Sensor Network for Smart Irrigation Systems," in Women in Precision Agriculture: Technological breakthroughs, Challenges and Aspirations for a Prosperous and Sustainable Future, T. K. Hamrita, Ed., ed Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021, pp. 107-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49244-1_6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49244-1_6
C. A. Bakkachenna Ranadeep Reddy, Karthikey Hegde, Isani Bhanu Chenna Reddy,Dr. V. Sivakumar, "Smart Drip Irrigation System Using IOT," SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021.
Y. A. Rivas-Sánchez, M. F. Moreno-Pérez, and J. Roldán-Cañas. (2019, Environment Control with Low-Cost Microcontrollers and Microprocessors: Application for Green Walls. Sustainability 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030782 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030782
R. K. Jain, "Experimental performance of smart IoT-enabled drip irrigation system using and controlled through web-based applications," Smart Agricultural Technology, vol. 4, p. 100215, 2023/08/01/ 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2023.100215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2023.100215
N. Jihani, M. N. Kabbaj, and M. Benbrahim, "Kalman filter based sensor fault detection in wireless sensor network for smart irrigation," Results in Engineering, vol. 20, p. 101395, 2023/12/01/ 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101395 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101395
H. Navarro-Hellín, J. Martínez-del-Rincon, R. Domingo-Miguel, F. Soto-Valles, and R. Torres-Sánchez, "A decision support system for managing irrigation in agriculture," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 124, pp. 121-131, 2016/06/01/ 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2016.04.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2016.04.003
H. Navarro-Hellín, R. Torres-Sánchez, F. Soto-Valles, C. Albaladejo-Pérez, J. A. López-Riquelme, and R. Domingo-Miguel, "A wireless sensors architecture for efficient irrigation water management," Agricultural Water Management, vol. 151, pp. 64-74, 2015/03/31/ 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.10.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.10.022
A. Glória, C. Dionisio, G. Simões, J. Cardoso, and P. Sebastião. (2020, Water Management for Sustainable Irrigation Systems Using Internet-of-Things. Sensors 20(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/s20051402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s20051402
S. D. P. Kavitha B C, Thanushree K S, Swathi A M, Ranjitha M K, "Agricultural Crop Monitoring Sensors Using IoT-A Study," International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), vol. 6, pp. 1-4, 2018.
S. Parween, P. Manjhi, and S. Sinha, "Design of Automated Irrigation System using ZigBee," 11/26 2020.
J. Muangprathub, N. Boonnam, S. Kajornkasirat, N. Lekbangpong, A. Wanichsombat, and P. Nillaor, "IoT and agriculture data analysis for smart farm," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 156, pp. 467-474, 2019/01/01/ 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2018.12.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2018.12.011
R. Kodali, A low cost smart irrigation system using MQTT protocol, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCONSpring.2017.8070095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCONSpring.2017.8070095
S. Bellahirich, D. Mezghani, and A. Mami. (2021, Design and Implementation of an Intelligent ANFIS Controller on a Raspberry Pi Nano-Computer for Photovoltaic Pumping Intended for Drip Irrigation. Energies 14(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175217 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175217
A. Abu Sneineh and A. A. A. Shabaneh, "Design of a smart hydroponics monitoring system using an ESP32 microcontroller and the Internet of Things," Methods X, vol. 11, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2023.102401 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2023.102401
A. Ahmad, W. Isaac, S. Varshney, and E. Khan, An IoT based system for remote monitoring of soil characteristics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INCITE.2016.7857638 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/INCITE.2016.7857638
J. N. Ndunagu, K. E. Ukhurebor, M. Akaaza, and R. B. Onyancha, "Development of a Wireless Sensor Network and IoT-based Smart Irrigation System," Applied and Environmental Soil Science, vol. 2022, p. 7678570, 2022/06/23 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7678570 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7678570
R. K. Aishwarya Ghate, ,Sowmiya Rajagopal,,Prof. Rushikesh Nikam, "Smart Irrigation System using Cloud," International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, vol. 5, pp. 1519-1522, 2020. https://doi.org/10.38124/IJISRT20JUN1035 DOI: https://doi.org/10.38124/IJISRT20JUN1035
I. Rakhmatulin, "Raspberry Pi for Autonomous Home Farm Control," in Preprints, ed: Preprints, 2021. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202107.0178.v1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202107.0178.v1
J. Agarkhed, "IoT Based WSN for Irrigation System- A Review," International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, vol. 5, pp. 26-29, 2017.
H. Phiri, D. Kunda, and J. Phiri, "An IoT Smart Broiler Farming Model for Low Income Farmers," International Journal of Recent Contributions from Engineering, Science & IT (iJES), vol. 6, pp. pp. 95-110, 11/08 2018. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijes.v6i3.9287 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3991/ijes.v6i3.9287
R. S. Krishnan, E. G. Julie, Y. H. Robinson, S. Raja, R. Kumar, P. H. Thong, et al., "Fuzzy Logic based Smart Irrigation System using Internet of Things," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 252, p. 119902, 2020/04/10/ 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119902 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119902
N. P. Sandeep Bavkar, Yugandhara Birje, "IoT Enabled Smart Irrigation System Using Arduino," 2nd International Conference on Communication & Information Processing (ICCIP) 2020, pp. 1-9, 2020.
A. Abdelmoamen Ahmed, S. Al Omari, R. Awal, A. Fares, and M. Chouikha, "A distributed system for supporting smart irrigation using Internet of Things technology," Engineering Reports, vol. 3, p. e12352, 2021/07/01 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.12352 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.12352
M. S. G. H. Shahin A.Pathan, "Automated Irrigation system using Wireless Sensor Network," International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), vol. 5, pp. 6-9, 2016. https://doi.org/10.17577/IJERTV5IS060068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17577/IJERTV5IS060068
G. Arunalatha, "A Review on Smart Agriculture Using IOT," International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM), vol. 3, pp. 1079-1082, 2021.
S. A. N. Bharath D.A.1, Manjunath G.S., "Smart Irrigation System using Machine Learning and IoT," International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol. 9, pp. 2108-2113, 2022.
A. F. Suhaimi, N. Yaakob, S. A. Saad, K. A. Sidek, M. E. Elshaikh, A. K. Y. Dafhalla, et al., "IoT Based Smart Agriculture Monitoring, Automation and Intrusion Detection System," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1962, p. 012016, 2021/07/01 2021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1962/1/012016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1962/1/012016
A. Bin Mushtaq, H. Ali, R. Latif, and M. Ammar, "IOT Based Smart Agriculture Monitoring System," 2023. 10.13140/RG.2.2.14040.47367
D. G. S. N. VANISHREE K, KEDAR BHANDARKAR,SUDHANVA T MANUR,SYED FARHAN,LEELA GANESH, "LORA BASED SMART AGRICULTURE MONITORING AND AUTOMATED IRRIGATION SYSTEM," Jilin Daxue Xuebao (Gongxueban)/Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition), vol. 42, pp. 199-208, 2023.
P. S. A. Ishwarianil Naik, H. V. Sakharkar, S. R. Pawar, and S. P. Adure, "Field Monitoring and Automation in Agriculture Domain using IOT," Field Monitoring and Automation in Agriculture Domain Using IOT, pp. 117-118, 2018.
P. M. Sandhya.B.R, Chandrashekar.M, "IoT Based Smart Home Garden Watering System Using Raspberry Pi 3," International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 6, pp. 101-106, 2017.
S. G. Sukriti, Indumathy K, "IoT based Smart Irrigation and Tank Monitoring System," International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering (IJIRCCE), vol. 4, pp. 15717-15722, 2016.
S. P. V. T.Thamaraimanalan, G.Satheeshkumar and P.Saravanan, "Smart Garden Monitoring System Using IOT," Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST), vol. 2, pp. 186-192, 2018.
S. N. Ishak, N. N. N. A. Malik, N. M. A. Latiff, N. E. Ghazali, and M. A. Baharudin, "Smart home garden irrigation system using Raspberry Pi," in 2017 IEEE 13th Malaysia International Conference on Communications (MICC), 2017, pp. 101-106. https://doi.org/10.1109/MICC.2017.8311741 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MICC.2017.8311741
B. Fasciolo, A. Awouda, G. Bruno, and F. Lombardi, "A smart aeroponic system for sustainable indoor farming," Procedia CIRP, vol. 116, pp. 636-641, 2023/01/01/ 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2023.02.107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2023.02.107
M. A. A. Adache Paul, Dr. Naseer Sani Ajoge, Nahuru Ado Sabongari, and A. Balarabe, "A Review on Internet of Things (IoT) in Agriculture: Benefits, Challenges and Way Forward," International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol. 9, pp. 214-216, 2022.
M. Paz, P. R. Fisher, and C. Gómez, "Minimum Light Requirements for Indoor Gardening of Lettuce," Urban Agriculture & Regional Food Systems, vol. 4, p. 190001, 2019/01/01 2019. https://doi.org/10.2134/urbanag2019.03.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/urbanag2019.03.0001
S. N. Rajermani Thinakaran, Eng Jing Hui, "SMART VERTICAL FARMING USING IoT," INTI JOURNAL, vol. 2020:049, p. 6, 2020.
D. K. R.PRATHIPA, P.PRAKASH RAJ, K.SASIDHARAN, S.SATHESH KUMAR, "LORA BASED SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR REMOTE AREAS," International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol. 8, pp. 160-163, 2021.
E. D. Yuthika Shekhar, Sourabh Mishra,Rijo Jackson Tom and Veeramanikandan. M,Suresh Sankaranarayanan, "Intelligent IoT Based Automated Irrigation System," International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, vol. 12, pp. 7306-7320, 2017.
S. K. D. Amit Das, Soumyadev Mishra, Arpan Sahoo, "SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM, A STATISTICAL APPROACH, USING RASPBERRY PI," International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol. 3, pp. 341-345, 2016.
A. R. S. MURTHY, "An IoT And Machine Learning Approach For Site-specific Irrigation In Residential Irrigation System," MASTER OF SCIENCE, Office of Graduate and Professional Studies, Texas A&M University, 2019.
M. F. A.-R. M. E. Karar, A. F. Al-Rasheed, and O. Reyad, "IoT and Neural Network-Based Water Pumping Control System For Smart Irrigation," Information Sciences Letters, vol. 9, pp. 107-112, 2020. https://doi.org/10.18576/isl/090207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18576/isl/090207
M. S. Abhishek Kumar, "AUTOMATED IRRIGATION SYSTEM BASED ON SOIL MOISTURE USING ARDUINO," International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 116, pp. 319-323, 2017.
P. M. Mahesh Musale, Vaishnavi Bhalerao, Nirbhay Bhoyar, Krushna Ganjare, Akhil Bhoyar, Vijaya Kamble, Harshal T. Ghatole, "LOW COST IOT BASED IRRIGATION STSTEM," International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, vol. 5, pp. 6144-6147, 2023.
E. S. Company, "ESP32 Series Datasheet," p. 70, 2024.
U.-B. company, "Iris-W10 Series," p. 30, 2023.
A. E. Company, "Arduino Uno Datasheet," p. 8.
"Arduino Yun Datasheet," p. 2.
A. S.r.l., "Arduino Nano Datasheet," p. 14, 2024.
H. M. Jawad, R. Nordin, S. K. Gharghan, A. M. Jawad, and M. Ismail. (2017, Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture: A Review. Sensors 17(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081781 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081781
F. Zhang, Y. Zhang, W. Lu, Y. Gao, Y. Gong, and J. Cao. (2022, 6G-Enabled Smart Agriculture: A Review and Prospect. Electronics 11(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182845 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182845
Z. Rasin, H. Hamzah, and M. S. M. Aras, "Application and evaluation of high power Zigbee based wireless sensor network in water irrigation control monitoring system," in 2009 IEEE Symposium on Industrial Electronics & Applications, 2009, pp. 548-551. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISIEA.2009.5356380 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISIEA.2009.5356380
K. Aliev, "Internet of Things Applications and Artificial Neural Networks in Smart Agriculture," 2018.
N. G. S. Campos, A. R. Rocha, R. Gondim, T. L. Coelho da Silva, and D. G. Gomes. (2020, Smart & Green: An Internet-of-Things Framework for Smart Irrigation. Sensors 20(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010190 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010190
CloudWithEase, "AWS Lambda vs Azure Functions vs Google Cloud Functions: Serverless Showdown," 2024.
M. N. H. A. A Raneesha Madushanki, W. A. H. Surangi Wirasagoda and Ali Syed, "Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in Agriculture and Smart Farming towards Urban Greening: A Review," International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications(IJACSA), vol. 10, pp. 11-28, 2019. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2019.0100402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2019.0100402
M. Ahmed, Ji, M., Sikandar, A., Iram, A., Qin, P., Zhu, H., Javeed, A., Shafi, J., Iqbal, Z., Farid Iqbal, M. and Sun, Z., "Phytochemical Analysis, Biochemical and Mineral Composition and GC-MS Profiling of Methanolic Extract of Chinese Arrowhead Sagittaria Trifolia L. from Northeast China," Molecules, vol. 24, p. 3025, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173025
M. S. Abu-Shahba, Mansour, M.M., Mohamed, H.I. and Sofy, M.R., "Comparative Cultivation and Biochemical Analysis of Iceberg Lettuce Grown in Sand Soil and Hydroponics with or without Microbubbles and Macrobubbles," Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, vol. 21, pp. 389-403, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00368-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00368-x
M. D. Sarkar, Rahman, Md.J., Uddain, J., Quamruzzaman, Md., Azad, Md.O.K., Rahman, Md.H., Islam, Md.J., Rahman, M.S., Choi, K.-Y. and Naznin, M.T., "Estimation of Yield, Photosynthetic Rate, Biochemical, and Nutritional Content of Red Leaf Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Grown in Organic Substrates," Plants, vol. 10, p. 1220, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061220 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061220
J. a. I. Rahman, H., "Enhancement of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) Growth and Yield by Addition of Nigari, an Effluent of Salt industries, in Soilless Culture," Australian Journal of Crop Science, vol. 6, pp. 1408-1415, 2012.
A. A. Alrajhi, Alsahli, A.S., Alhelal, I.M., Rihan, H.Z., Fuller, M.P., Alsadon, A.A. and Ibrahim, A.A., "The Effect of LED Light Spectra on the Growth, Yield and Nutritional Value of Red and Green Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)," ProQuest, vol. 12, p. 463, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030463 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030463
O. Sularz, Smoleń, S., Koronowicz, A., Kowalska, I. and Leszczyńska, T., "Chemical Composition of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) Biofortified with Iodine by KIO3, 5-Iodo-, and 3.5-Diiodosalicylic Acid in a Hydroponic Cultivation," Agronomy, vol. 10, p. 1022, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071022
W. Mobeen, X., Saleem, M.H., Parveen, A., Mumtaz, S., Hassan, A., Adnan, M., Fiaz, S., Ali, S., Iqbal Khan, Z., Ali, S. and Yasin, G., "Proximate Composition and Nutritive Value of Some Leafy Vegetables from Faisalabad, Pakistan. ," Sustainability, vol. 13, p. 8444, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158444 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158444
D. Pearson, in Chemical Analysis of Food, 7 ed: London, Churchill, 1976, pp. 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9467(76)80048-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9467(76)80048-2
S. S. Asaolu, Adefemi, O.S., Oyakilome, I.G., Ajibulu, K.E. and Asaolu, M.F., "Proximate and Mineral Composition of Nigerian Leafy Vegetables," Journal of Food Research, vol. 1, p. 214, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v1n3p214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v1n3p214
O. H. Lowry, Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L. and Randall, R. J., "Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent," Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 193, pp. 265-275, 1951. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6
H. Wu, "J. Biol.," Chem., vol. 61, p. 33, 1922. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02222533 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02222533
H. K. Lichtenthaler, "Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of Photosynthetic Biomembranes. ," Methods in Enzymology, vol. 148, pp. 350-382, 1987. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(87)48036-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(87)48036-1
G. Mackinney, "Absorption of light by chlorophyll solutions.," Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 140, pp. 315-322, 1941. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)51320-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)51320-X
A. R. Wellburn, "The Spectral Determination of Chlorophylls a and b, as Well as Total Carotenoids, Using Various Solvents with Spectrophotometers of Different Resolution," Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 144, pp. 307-313, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-1617(11)81192-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-1617(11)81192-2
S. S. Nielsen, "Vitamin C Determination by Indophenol Method," in Food Analysis Laboratory Manual, 2017, pp. 143-146. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44127-6_15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44127-6_15
J. M. a. M. Bremner, C.S., "Nitrogen-Total," Agronomy Monographs, pp. 595-624, 2015. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c31 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c31
A. Kalisz, Agnieszka Sękara, Sylwester Smoleń, Grabowska, A., Gil, J., Komorowska, M. and Kunicki, E., "Survey of 17 elements, Including Rare Earth elements, in Chilled and non-chilled Cauliflower Cultivars," Scientific Reports, vol. 9, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41946-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41946-z
A. Christofi, Margariti, G., Salapatas, A., Papageorgiou, G., Zervas, P., Karampiperis, P., Koukourikos, A., Tarantilis, P.A., Kaparakou, E.H., Misiakos, K. and Makarona, E., "Determining the Nutrient Content of Hydroponically-Cultivated Microgreens with Immersible Silicon Photonic Sensors: a Preliminary Feasibility Study," Sensors, vol. 23, p. 5937, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23135937 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s23135937
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All articles published in our journal are licensed under CC-BY 4.0, which permits authors to retain copyright of their work. This license allows for unrestricted use, sharing, and reproduction of the articles, provided that proper credit is given to the original authors and the source.