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ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue X, October 2025

www.ijltemas.in Page 864

“A Comparative Study of The Male and Female Undergraduate
Students on Their Attitude Towards Entrepreneurship in Relation

to Their Academic- Achievements.”
1 Dr. Pramod Kumar Rajput, 2 Dr. Jugmaheer Gautam

1 Associate Professor, Department of Education, Shri Rawatpura Sarkar University Raipur Chhattisgarh.
2 Principal, Shanti Devi Jain Degree College, Shahpur, Muzaffarnagar.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2025.1410000104

Abstract: In general entrepreneurship is the ability of the person covering his/her skill of employing innovation creation, imitation
risk-bearing, leadership in the organized way. It provides opportunity to a person means of earning by giving self- employment and
in providing employment to others. In the present scenario there is earnest need for attracting the educated youth towards in entering
the of entrepreneurship instead of running behind the government jobs. In this reference the attitude towards entrepreneurship
should be cared and studied empirically. Thinking on these lines in present investigation a comparison of male and female
undergraduate students on their degree of attitude of towards entrepreneurship has been studied in relation to the level of academic
–achievement on the sample of 1048 undergraduate students of Shri Rawatpura Sarkar University Raipur in the state of
Chhatisgarh.The attitude of subject towards entrepreneurship was assisted was using self-developed tool. The studied that:

Male high academic achiever for better than to those with low academic achiever. Whereas the finding are reversed in case female
students. However the female students were found to have better attitude towards entrepreneurship to their male counter parts either
high or low academic achievement.

Key-Words- Attitude towards Entrepreneurship, Under-Graduate Students, Academic-Achievement

I. Introduction

Education provides help to every individual, in the appropriate use of labour, power and time while performing a task. The extent
of one’s feeling, willing and entrepreneurship enhances one’s empowerment, sociability, resourcefulness and risk taking behavior.
It is the education which makes oneself awarded towards entrepreneurship. It help s oneself in identifying opportunities of
entrepreneurship and in searching and selecting of the resources. It may also be presumed that education contributes in the attitude
formation towards entrepreneurship. An attitude is an emotional reaction towards of a personal response to any object or event .In
other words attitude rejects and feeds about something. Attitudes affects behavior and in turn, performance. In general student’s
performance is expressed in terms of academic attainment/achievement which normally makes affect the various psychosisaspects
of that student. In this context student’s academic achievement might be affecting his/her attitude towards his/her
vocation/profession including even the entrepreneurship.

II. Related Review Literature: -

Adjimah and Perry (2014) paper examines the effectiveness of entrepreneurship development programs (EDP) of Ghanaian
polytechnics in achieving some objectives. They have used a case study methodology in their research. The study finally concluded
that the gap between the high level of interest and the willingness to move directly from school in to business is a strong case to
initiate programs and projects which can trigger graduates to undertake entrepreneurial activities.

Sharma (2014) intended to interpret how the form of family capital has no influence on the actual career choice of starting a
business or seeking a job, although it does influence the student’s intention of going for higher studies. Students who fell in the
high income group showed higher intention of studying further in compression to students from the low and middle income growths.
The study also revealed that there is no impact of human capital and man power expiate of the family on the career intentions of
students of ‘HEI’ of Uttarakhand. The study so served a significant impact of social capital of the students on their business
intention. Like all studies this study too has certain limitations which could be improved in future studies.

The above description, shows that the field of entrepreneurship has attracted the various research scholars. But in none of the study,
the Attitude of under graduate students has been explored, Where as there may be varied degree of attitude to entrepreneurship
among under graduates. Keeping in view the, present study has been designed for exploring the attitude of under graduate students
towards entrepreneurship.

Need and significant of the study:

In the present scenario the business sectors like banks, industries and other enterprises are making effort for attracting the talented
youths for their recruitment and absorbency .In this respect there is need of youth’s attitude formation towards these business
sectors. It is very much true that youth’s academic achievement influences his/her thinking, awareness, and attitude towards his/her
career including the entrepreneurship. In this concern gender variable might be playing a remarkable role. But this phenomena can
only examined through an empirical investigation. In the case of Chhattisgarh, a forest and minerals State there is earnest need of

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carrying out of such research study in the interest of the educated youths and the business sector. Thinking on these lines the present
research study has been conducted.

The finding of study will certainly influence and motivate the youth (receiving University education), towards in adopting
Entrepreneurship and they may join various skill development programs.

The investigator hopes that the finding of the present study will aware our University authorities in organizing the entrepreneurship
programme for their students which will be in lines of fulfilling our Prime Minister Mission of enhancing Skill- Development
among the University Students. Further the present study may draw attention of various enterprises in helping the students in
becoming the entrepreneurs instated of running to government job.

Statement of the Problem:

he abilities and capabilities of one’s dealing with certain elements of money capital, infrastructure, human beings and risk taking
behavior related to any commercial venture are being termed as one’s entrepreneurship. One’s experiences of favoring/disfavoring

to these entrepreneurship will determine one’s degree of attitude towards entrepreneurship.

Hence the problem is entitled as-

“A Comparative study of the male and female undergraduate students on their attitude towards entrepreneurship in
relation to their Academic- Achievements.”

Operational definitions of the terms used:-

Attitude towards Entrepreneurship : - Entrepreneurship creates a significant opportunities for individuals to achieve financial
independence and benefit to economy by contributing to role creation, innovation and economic growth and social adjustment.
Moreover, it has been accepted as potential catalyst and incubator for developing technological progress, product and market
innovation. One’s Scores on the questionnaire determine the degree of one’s attitude towards entrepreneurship.

Under graduate students: - Those students studying in II/III part B.A, B.Sc., and B.Com. Classes for pursuing graduation degree
in any of the university campus.

Academic Achievement: - The average of the scores obtained by the students in their previous year (1st year /2nd year) university
examination were considered as their aggregate academic achievement.

Variables: –

Independent Variables -- Gender, Stream, Academic- Achievement

Dependent Variables Attitude towards Entrepreneurship

Objectives of the study:-

1. To study the Academic achievement of under graduate students of Art, Science and commerce stream.
2. To assess the student’s attitude towards Entrepreneurship with reference to their academic achievement level.

3. To compare the high and low academic achiever students of Arts, Science and Commerce on their status of Attitude
towards Entrepreneurship.

4. To compare the male and female students having high and low academic achievement on their attitude towards academic-
achievement with respect to arts, science and commerce streams.

Hypotheses of the study:-

1. There exists no significant difference between high and low academic achiever students on their degree of attitude towards
Entrepreneurship.

2. There exists no significant difference between the male and female high academic achiever students of Arts, Science and
Commerce stream on their Attitude towards Entrepreneurship.

3. There exists no significant difference between the male and female low academic achiever students of arts Science and
Commerce stream on their Attitude towards Entrepreneurship.

Delimitation of the study:-

The Present study was delimited on the undergraduate students studying in the Second/ Final Year (in session 2014-15) in the
Campus of Shri Rawatpura Sarkar University Raipur Chhattisgarh.

Research-Design

Research-design is a mapping strategy. It is essentially a statement of the object of the in inquiry and the strategies for collecting
the evidences, analyzing the evidence and reporting the finding.

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In the present research work, the investigator had to reveal the current status of the attitude of university under-graduate students
towards the “Entrepreneurship” and various sub-groups of these students were to be compared on this phenomena therefore, the
normative survey research method was considered appropriate to be used in the present research work.

Population: The present study was to be conducted on the students studying in the first degree courses, viz. B.A., B.Sc. and B.Com
classes.Shri Rawatpura Sarkar University Raipur Chhattisgarh.

There are three Faculty in this University –

 Arts Faculty

 Sciece Faculty

 Commerce Faculty

The students studying in first degree courses in all the three campuses comprised as the population for the present research study.
They were approx 2000 in number.

Sampling: The incident stratified random technique was applied in drawing the sample from the population. The investigator was
strict in selecting of at least 50% of the enrolled students from B.A., B.Sc., and B.Com. Classes enrolled in each of the campus.
The investigator had proposed primarily a sample structure for the present research study. But on actual data-collection days, among
the available students who actively responded on the Attitude-scale data collection, were finally included in the sample, so, the
actual sample remained as under –

Finally subjects included in the sample:-

Name of the Faculty Arts Stream
Science
Stream Commerce Total

Grand
Total

M F M F M F M F M

1 Arts 57 71 82 76 20 11 159 158 317

2 Science 65 206 93 164 40 22 198 392 590

3 Commerce 32 28 50 31 - - 82 59 141

TOTAL 154 305 225 271 60 33 439 609 1048

Data-Collection Tool: The following two data collections tools were-

1. A Scale of attitude towards Entrepreneurship

2. Academic-Achievement score –sheet

[1.] A Scale ofAttitude towards Entrepreneurship:

The investigator, in spite of his level best could not find any research tool for measuring the attitude towards Entrepreneurship so,
the researcher had decided to develop it at his own level. The construction procedure of the tool was followed as under –

(a) Item collection – The investigator in consultation with his guide and after a long reading and consultation had framed 60 items
in question form with response in three point liker-scale, This rough questionnaire was given to experts such as; teachers of
economics and commerce departments and the Asset. Manager D/C, Raipur with request to improve the items of the questionnaire
in terms of language and meaning.

(b) First format of the tool: In accordance with incorporating the suggestions of the experts’ 07 items were deleted and a few
items were re-framed. Then 53 items remained in the first format.

(c) Item-Analysis: On the basis of item-wise scores of 50 students the item-analysis was performed. The facility-values and
Discrimination index values were computed.

The total Score on the items achieved by each students were added. These achieved scores of 50 students were arranged in
descending order. It was observed that Facility-value varied from 33% to 80%. Then 10% of the above and 10% of the below
students were categorized as HAG and LAG respectively. Then, D.I. of each item was calculated.

It was noticed that

F.V. = 33% to 80%

D.I. = - .51 to + .67

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In normal practice the items bearing the D.I.values up to ± .25 are deleted after incorporating it, there remained 40 items accepted
and 13 items rejected.

Try out of the second format tool: The researcher made effort to administer the second format of the tool on a sub-sample of 50
students of B.A. part II studying in Shri Rawatpura Sarkar University Raipur Chhattisgarh Campus and again after a gap period
of one month, the same tool was administered on same BA II students. The both scores sheets were prepared.

Reliability – The researcher computed product moment correlation between the scores of both the sheets (scatter-diagram) in terms
of r-value = 0.63 which is significant at .01 level for df =49. Thus reliability of the tool was found significant by using test-retest
technique.

Validity: The copies of this tool was given to 10 students of different first degree courses and to five university-teachers with
request to read each item of the tool in terms of meaning and understanding. The researcher took back these copies of the tool with
their remark. The researcher was surprised that each item was acceptable.

Final format of the tool: Thus, finally the tool “University students’ Attitude towards Entrepreneurship” was finally selected
having 40 items on three points Likert-system response for the undergraduate students.

[B] Academic Achievement score sheet: The investigator asked the sampled students to bring their last year examination pass
mark sheets and from this record. The average of marks obtained by each student was noted down. Thus, the academic achievement
score sheets of the student’s class wise were prepared by the researcher.

Administration of the data collection tools: The researcher contacted the teachers of the different subjects of the undergraduate
students in Shri Rawatpura Sarkar University Raipur ChhattisgarhCampus and explained to him about his research work with their
consent, the researcher visited to classrooms and administered his research-tool on them. He remained in the class for the whole
time on their responding. As and when, the students completely responded, the researcher collected back the responded tool sheets
from them. This process was followed also in the University Campus for tool-administration and collection of data.

Scoring and Tabularization: The researcher scored down all the responded sheets of the University under graduate students and
tabularization of the collected-data was performed keeping in view the objectives and hypotheses of the study and thus various
data-tables were prepared.

Distribution of students into High, Average and Low Academic-Achievement levels.

The investigator after consulting his guide and other teachers in the Education department decided to assign the categories to
students as under –

Category Marks-bassion

High Academic-Achiever 60% and above

Average Academic Achiever 50% to 59%

Low Academic-Achiever less than 50%

The investigator obtained the following distribution of the students –

Stream
High Academic
Achiever

Average
Academic
Achiever

Low Academic
Achiever Total

Arts

Male 58 73 23 154

Female 139 115 51 305

Science

Male 103 87 35 225

Female 121 100 50 271

Commerce

Male 28 26 6 60

Female 13 15 5 33

Total

Male 189 186 64 439

Female 273 230 106 609

1048

Thus, following tables emerged out for statistical treatment and discussion keeping in view the objectives of this research study –

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(1.) Comparison High and low academic-achiever undergraduate students on their degree of attitude towards Entrepreneurship in
respect to –

a. Male and Female students.

b. Arts stream students.

c. Science stream students.

d. Commerce stream students.

(2.) Comparison of Male and Female high academic achiever students in respect to Arts, Science and Commerce streams.

Analysis and Interpretation of Data-

The researchers has tried to present the analysis of the tabularized-data on their possible interpretation on the basis of the results
whatever were obtained after statistical operations in accordance with the objectives and framed hypotheses in the following
manner-

Comparison of High and Low Academic-Achiever Undergraduate Students on their degree of Attitude towards Entrepreneurship –

In this respect the following hypothesis no. 1 was examined –

“There exists no significant difference between High and Low academic achiever students on their degree of attitude towards
entrepreneurships...”

Table no. 1

Mean, S.D. and t-values of High and Low achieving-students or their attitude towards entrepreneurships.

High academic achiever Low academic achiever

N1 M1 σ 1 N2 M2 σ 2 t-value Significant
level

Male
students

189 101.97 8.97 64 100.61 9.40 1.01 NS

Female
students

273 103.84 8.09 106 106.54 11.07 2.29 S

Total 462 102.90 8.39 170 103.82 10.48 1.03 NS

At df=630 t-value to be significant at 0.05 level = 1.96

0.01 level = 2.63

It is apparent from the above table that –

a. The high achiever male students obtained more mean-value than to those low achiever on their attitude towards
entrepreneurships.

b. The low achiever female students obtained more mean-value than to those high achiever on their attitude towards
entrepreneurships.

c. In general, high achiever students obtained less mean-value than to those low achiever students on their attitude towards
entrepreneurships.

But the degree of difference between high and low academic achiever female students was computed to be significant beyond 0.05
level and in case of male students and in general students, this difference could not be found to be significant even up to 0.05 level.

It leads to infers that low achiever female students are more remarkably awarded towards entrepreneurships in comparison to those
male students and the students in general.

This might be observed because of girls becoming attracted in more degree to the business sector particularly of low achiever girls.
As such, the hypothesis no. 1 could not only be rejected in case of female students; whereas it remains accepted for the male students
among in general students.

It has been further elaborated in the graphical presentation.

Graph no. 1

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Comparison of High and Low Academic-Achiever Undergraduate Students on their degree of Attitude towards Entrepreneurship.
(In terms of mean value)

(3) Comparison of High Academic Achiever male and female students in respect to Arts, Science and Commerce Streams on
their Attitude towards Entrepreneurship

In this concern the following hypothesis no. 2 was tested.

“There exists no significant difference between the male and female students with high academic-achievement in Arts, Science and
Commerce stream.”

Table No. 2.

Mean, S.D. and t-values of high academic achiever male and female students on their attitude towards entrepreneurship

Streams Male high achiever Female high achiever

N1 M1 σ 1 N2 M2 σ 2 t-value Significant
level

Arts 58 102.69 9.38 139 103.35 8.32 0.46 NS

Science 103 102.08 8.94 121 104.71 7.96 2.31 S

Commerce 28 101.14 8.19 13 103.46 6.85 0.94 NS

Total 189 101.97 8.97 273 103.84 8.09 2.29 S

At df=380 t-value to be significant at 0.05 level = 1.96

0.01 level = 2.63

The above table makes it clear that –

The female high achievers have obtained more mean- values than to male high achievers on their attitude towards entrepreneurship
in case Arts, Science and Commerce streams and in general too. But this difference in their attitude was estimated to be significant
at 0.05 level only in case of Science stream.

As such, the hypothesis no. 2 stands to be rejected in case of students of Science streams, whereas, it remains accepted in case of
the students of Arts and Commerce stream and in general case the hypothesis also stands to be rejected. This might be due to the
reason that in general, the female high achiever students are more awared towards their career in comparison to those male students.
However, in more than 95% cases the females are found better than to the male students among the high achiever students of
Science stream and in general too. It is surprising that female high achievers of Science streams are found to possess maximum
attitude towards entrepreneurship in comparison to any male or female high academic achiever of any stream. It leads to infer that
entrepreneurship area has attracted the female students of Science up to a greater degree than to those of other streams

Male students Female students Total

101.97

103.84
102.9

100.61

106.54

103.82

Male high achiever M1 Female high achiever M2

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It has been further elaborated in the graphical presentation.

Graph No. 2

(5)Comparison of High Academic Achiever male and female students in respect to Arts, Science and Commerce Streams on their
Attitude towards Entrepreneurship.( in terms of mean value)

(3.) Comparison of Low Academic Achiever Male and Female Students in respect to Arts, Science and Commerce Streams

In this concern the following hypothesis no. 3 was tested.

“There exists no significant difference between the male and female students with low academic-achievement in Arts, Science and
Commerce stream.”

Table No. 3

Mean, S.D. and t-values of low academic achiever male and female students on their attitude towards entrepreneurship

Streams Male low achiever Female low achiever

N1 M1 σ 1 N2 M2 σ 2 t-value Significant
level

Arts 23 102.91 11.53 51 105.02 10.52 0.75 NS

Science 35 102.77 8.23 50 107.40 11.68 2.17 S

Commerce 6 96.16 5.92 5 107.20 10.38 2.11 S

Total 64 100.61 9.40 106 106.54 11.07 3.72 S

At df=168 t-value to be significant at 0.05 level = 1.96

0.01 level = 2.63

The above table demonstrates that –

The female low achiever students both in case of Arts/Science streams and in general obtained more mean values on their attitude
towards entrepreneurship in comparison to their male counterparts. However, the difference between the low achiever female and
male students on their attitude towards entrepreneurship was computed beyond significant level 0.01 in general and beyond 0.05
level in case of Science and Commerce streams except in case of Arts stream.

This leads to reject the hypothesis no. 2 in case of Science and Commerce streams and even in general but in case of Arts stream
the hypothesis stands to be accepted.

Arts Science Commerce Total

102.69
102.08

101.14

101.97

103.35

104.71

103.46
103.84

Male high achiever M1 Female high achiever M2

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It indicates that among the low academic achievers the students besides of Arts stream, become more awarded on their career choice
including the business sector. It is surprising to note that females exhibit their better attitude than to the male students possessing
low academic-achievement.

The same has been shown on the following bar-diagrammed.

Graph No. 03

(6)Comparison of Low Academic Achiever Male and Female Students in respect to Arts, Science and Commerce Streams.( in terms
of mean value)

III. Conclusions: -

Meaningful conclusions are based upon the data-analysis and interpretation of the results obtained after statistical treatment on the
tabularized data. The conclusions are the statements drawn on the basis of acceptance or rejection of the already framed hypotheses
in the conducting of research study. The conclusions of any study lays the gist of the whole efforts done with respect to the research
problem selected by the researcher. Following meaningful conclusions have been drawn as per objectives of the study:

Assessing the attitude of high and low academic-achiever students towards entrepreneurship (Table no.1)

Among Male students: High academic-achievers > Low academic-achievers

Among Female students: Low academic-achievers > High academic-achievers (significant level)

In general, High Academic Achievers > Low Academic Achievers.

Assessing the attitude of high achiever male and female students of Arts, Science and Commerce stream towards entrepreneurship
(Table no.2)

Among the Arts, Science and Commerce: Female > Male students but significant only in case of science stream and in general.

Assessing the attitude of low achiever male and female students of Arts, Science and Commerce streams towards entrepreneurship
(Table no.3)

Among Arts, Science and Commerce stream: Female > Male low achiever

Among in general students: Female > Male (significant up to .01 level)

Educational Implication of the Study

It has been accepted that after passing the secondary level education, as the student enter in tertiary level education, the parents as
well as the student himself/herself, begin to decide about the career to be opted in future life. The students while at study in the
classes of tertiary education (there is, in first degree course) also come in touch with the various employment avenen’s including
the govt. /private services and few non-service areas. In the present study, the students have even talked to researcher on this very
issue of entrepreneurship. It is also very much true that day by day the opportunities in govt. or private sector are lowering down
and it is causing increase in unemployment among the educated youths. It is appearing a very problem some for the guardians. The

Arts Science Commerce Total

102.91 102.77

96.16

100.61

105.02

107.4 107.2
106.54

Male high achiever M1 Female high achiever M2

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educational institution and the government authorities on how to divert the youth-students towards the business-sector or say
entrepreneurship. In this respect, the colleges, institutes and the university have to do a lot. But before it, the need arises of creating
their awareness on entrepreneurship by organizing various curricular and co-curricular activities which ultimately nurtures their
positive attitude towards entrepreneurship.

In the present study more than 84 % undergraduate students have been found possessing their positive attitude towards
entrepreneurship. It is a good sign and in favor of our Prime Minister’s recommendation of sharpening the skills among youths.
The National Mission on Skill Development, under the chairmanship of the Prime-Minister of India, has set a target of preparing
500 million skilled persons by 2022. Conversely, it is expected that nearly 80 million jobs well be created in India between 2012 -
13 and 2016 – 17, which will require vocational training for raising the employability prospects. There is a pronounced 'skill gap'
both in terms of quality and quantity; and current vocational education and training infrastructure are not geared to meet industry
requirement (CII – 2009). The researcher hopes that the findings of the present work will be conducive to our prime minister
expectations among the university students though it may vary from place to place depending upon the continuum of awareness
and knowledge towards entrepreneurship prevailing the youth similarly, National skill Development Corporation (NSDC – 2009)
an organization in public – private partnership (PPP) mode has been set up by the ministry of finance, Government of India, in
2009 to help the up – gradation of skills among the Indian workforce, especially in the unorganized sector,

On the basis of results of the present research work, the university authorities along with the collaboration of District Industry
Centre and the Employment Exchange Office may include the phenomena of entrepreneurship while the syllabus- framing.

On the basis of finding of the present research study, a campaign may be launched for motivating the students and their parents
towards entrepreneurship and they should be told that entrepreneurship works as a key driver in their economy-improvement. They
should be made to understand that by entering in entrepreneurship not only the student would get self-job but also would be able to
give jobs to others.

With the findings of the study, the university teachers may be requested for inspiring their students towards entrepreneurship. Even
some type of quizzes/essay-writing/seminar/symposium/conferences may be organized in the university campuses to highlight the
advantages on entrepreneurship to the students.

Keeping in view the present study some NGO may be asked to make a working-project on the entrepreneurship, particularly in hill-
region. Some successful entrepreneurs may be invited to share their experiences with university students as it will also create a will
of entrepreneurship among the students and their guardians too.

Such a study should necessarily have a strong experiential component in introducing the students to the world of business by
developing in them the core skills and competencies required for an entrepreneur. It may even develop the qualities such as
leadership, self-confidence, initiative, facing uncertainties, commitment, creativity, people and team building, integrity and
reliability among the youth. This may improve the economy of the state overall and these youths will emerge as star in the society.

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