INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue X, October 2025  
Production and Export Pattern of Jute in The Early 21st Century  
of Bangladesh  
Dr. Mst. Tasqurun Nessa 1, Md Shahidul Islam2  
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Asian University of Bangladesh  
1 Executive Director of Marketing, Al Hera Machineries  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2025.1410000123  
Received: 28 October 2025; Accepted: 04 November 2025; Published: 19 November 2025  
Abstract: Once upon a time, jute was the golden fiber of Bangladesh. The country used to earn the highest amount of foreign  
currency by exporting jute and jute goods. However, starting in the 1980s, due to lack of proper policy and declining global demand,  
export earnings from jute fell significantly. Synthetic substitutes were one of the major threats. But currently the situation is totally  
different because of serious concerns about environmental pollution. Secretary of the Ministry of Textiles and Jute, Lokman Hossain  
Mia said that the interest of jute product is increasing because people of Western countries including Europe are increasingly using  
the natural fibers in different industries and in day-to-day life. At present jute is the second largest export earning sector next to  
RMG of Bangladesh. The sector has an average contribution of 3% in our export earnings and 1% in GDP. Moreover, though RMG  
sector is the highest contributor in our economy in terms of export earnings, it is to be remembered that 1 Dollar of export earnings  
from Jute sector is tantamount to that of 4 Dollar from RMG sector since each 100 Dollar export of RMG item requires 55-60  
Dollar import of raw materials. Different tables and charts have been used to represent the findings of the study. The data sources  
have been reported in each table and chart. This study was conducted in the months of April, May and June 2025. In this study I  
used secondary data published in both printed and electronic sources. This study is descriptive, conceptual and depends on historical  
facts and figures. Finally, this paper suggests some policies to achieve our ancient fame of golden fiber.  
Keywords: Bangladesh, Cash crop, Export, GDP, Golden Fiber, Import, Jute etc.  
I. Introduction  
Once upon a time, jute was the golden fiber of Bangladesh. The country used to earn the highest amount of foreign currency by  
exporting jute and jute goods. However, starting in the 1980s, due to lack of proper policy and declining global demand, export  
earnings from jute fell significantly. Synthetic substitutes were one of the major threats. But currently, the situation is totally  
different because of serious concerns about environmental pollution and demand for use of natural and less hazardous material in  
order to reduce carbon emission. Despite the dipping export trend in the international market, jute (including jute goods) is still the  
second largest export product next to ready-made garments, and currently Bangladesh is the second largest exporter of jute after  
India.  
Bangladesh Investment Development Authority (BIDA) has shown that annual average production of jute is 1 million ton,  
contribution to Bangladesh’s GDP is 1 percent, contribution to Bangladesh’s export is 3 percent and it is to be remembered that 1  
Dollar of export earnings from Jute sector is tantamount to that of 4 Dollar from RMG sector since each 100 Dollar export of RMG  
item requires 55-60 Dollar import of raw materials. Most of the crop is cultivated in Faridpur, Jashore, Sirajganj, Bogura, Tangail,  
Jamalpur and Dhaka districts. The scientific name of the jute is “corchorus spp”. It is called the golden fiber of Bangladesh.  
Products of jute  
Last year, the Jute Diversification Promotion Centre – operating under the Ministry of Textiles and Jute – had released a list of 282  
diversified jute products. The by-products of the jute industry are gunny bags, hessian, carpets, ropes, strings, packing materials,  
tarpaulins, upholstery, rugs, paper, soft sweaters, furniture, slippers, shoe and cloth, etc. Some pictures of jute plants and jute  
products are given below.  
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Advantage of using jute  
1. Jute items are recyclable and it perishes in soil.  
2. Jute requires fewer insecticide and fertilizer.  
3. Jute leaves are eaten as a vegetable.  
4. The color of this natural fiber is lightly golden and shinning.  
5. It very is responsive to dying and easily takes color.  
The disadvantage of using jute  
The jute is responsive to water. Some primary jute items like sacks can perish if it gets wet. Micro bacteria can attack here in the  
humid climate.  
II. Objective of The Study  
Some specific objectives are set for this research. The principal objective of this study is to evaluate production and export of raw  
jute of Bangladesh. To accomplish this basic objective, following specific objectives which will be covered by this paper are given  
below.  
1. To observe the production of jute.  
2. To examine export performance of raw jute of Bangladesh.  
3. To provide some possible policies to expand the production, consumption and export of jute for achieving our ancient  
fame of golden fiber.  
III. Literature Review  
Islam and shishir (2021) has found Bangladesh currently exports 282 jute and jute-based goods to around 135 countries around the  
globe. In FY20-21, Bangladesh's raw jute exports reached $13.18 crore, which is 6% more compared year-on-year. According to  
the Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, the country used to cultivate jute in 12 lakh hectares of land in the 90s. The government  
had set an annual target of cultivating the crop in 7.26 lakh hectares of land in FY20-21, but jute was farmed in 6.82 lakh hectares  
of land.  
Begum, (2016) has shown In the FY 2015-16 (July-February) export of jute goods and raw jute was US$ 561 million of which jute  
goods fetched $470 million and raw jute $91.34 million. Though export of jute goods is increasing, a significant quantity of export  
comprises traditional items like hessian, sacking, raw jute and jute yarn which notably add less value. High value added jute goods  
have huge potential as diversified jute products can add value 10 times more than the traditional one.  
Rafiqul Islam (2020) has stated that Secretary of the Ministry of Textiles and Jute, Lokman Hossain Mia said that the interest of  
jute products is increasing because people of Western countries including Europe are increasingly using the natural fibers in  
different industries and in day-to-daylife. Considering this demand, Bangladesh is producing new diversified jute products. Besides,  
the effective branding of domestic jute products has been initiated in the international market. Due to these reasons, the export of  
jute and jute products is increasing steadily. Bangladesh is currently exporting jute and jute products to different countries. Recently  
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ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue X, October 2025  
some jute innovations have surprised the jute lovers, among them jute polythene, jute-tin, jute leaf tea are most popular. There is  
no doubt that if these innovations are properly cared for, they will be able to earn a significant amount of profit.  
Rahman et al (2017) specified the future potential of the jute sector in Bangladesh by examining its growth performance,  
international competitiveness, profitability, and production efficiency using national time-series data of over the period 1973–2013  
and farm survey data from 289 farmers from two major jute growing areas of Bangladesh. Results revealed that the jute sector has  
experienced substantial growth in area, production, productivity, prices, and exports. However, productivity has stagnated during  
the latter 10-year period (2004–2013), while it grew at a rate of 1.3% per annum (p.a.) during the first 31-year period (1973–2003).  
Mirza Shakil (2022) identified that farmers have been regaining their interest in jute cultivation over the past few years as both the  
price and demand for the golden fibre are rising at home and abroad. With environmental awareness growing worldwide, various  
countries are increasingly turning to natural fibers in a bid to lessen the ecological damage caused by the use of synthetic fibers,  
leading to higher demand and market value for jute.  
Kazi Saniwar Uddin, (2023) has revealed that Bangladesh is ranked among the top 10 countries in the world in the production of  
22 agricultural products. Bangladesh is not the first to produce any product. But the second position is in the production of jute,  
betel nut, and dry chilies.  
Molla et al (2015) has conducted to find out the present scenario of Bangladesh’s jute sector in domestic and world perspective  
mainly based on secondary sources. The study found that the private sector plays a dominant role in trading of raw jute and also in  
jute products manufacturing and marketing over the last two decades in Bangladesh. The country accounts for 35% of the total  
world production and about 90% and 60% of the total world exports of raw jute and jute products, respectively. . Bangladesh Jute  
Spinners Association (BJSA) has found the pioneer exporters of jute goods in which about 64% of the total jute goods were exported  
by them.  
IV. Methodology  
In this study I used secondary data published in both printed and electronic sources. Moreover, to be more specific, data has been  
collected based on production, raw jute consumption, export earnings from annual reports of BJMC and BJMA, statistical  
yearbooks, Bangladesh Bank’s data, newspaper, various books, journals etc. After having the data, these have been checked and  
verified to make sure that the answer to each objective of the study is found satisfactorily. After that, data has been tabulated and  
analyzed using descriptive statistics. Different tables and charts have been used to represent the findings of the study. The data  
sources have been reported in each table and figure. This study was conducted in the months of April, May and June 2025. This  
study is a descriptive historical analysis.  
V. Findings  
As per the secondary data and review of the existing relevant literature, the following findings are discussed with the help of tables  
and charts.  
Global Jute production  
Approximately 3.9 Million MT of jute and jute fibers were produced worldwide and total output volume increased at an average  
annual rate of 1.8% over the period of 2007-18. The countries with the highest volumes of jute production were India (2.1 Million  
MT) and Bangladesh (1.6 Million MT) with a combined 93% share of global production (Source: IndexBox). Figure 1 shows the  
country wise production of raw jute around the world. Both India and Bangladesh enjoyed increased raw jute production from  
2008-09 to 2013-14. In 2011-12, India produced 54.28 per cent of the world's total jute production and Bangladesh produced 44.5  
per cent, second next to India (Fig 01).  
Figure 1: Production of raw jute around world (Source: Indian jute today, 2017)  
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Annual target for Cultivated Land of Bangladesh  
The government had set an annual target of cultivating the crop in 7.26 lakh hectares of land in FY20-21, but jute was farmed in  
6.82 lakh hectares of land.  
Annual target for production of Bangladesh  
Data from the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) shows that Bangladesh had set an annual target of producing 82.83  
lakh tonnes of jute in FY 2020-21, but the amount of crop cultivated was 74 lakh tonnes.  
Global Jute Consumption  
The countries with the highest volumes of jute consumption were India (2.1 Million MT), Bangladesh (1.4 Million MT) and  
Pakistan (0.091 Million MT) with a combined 90% share of global consumption (Source: IndexBox).  
Global Jute Import  
Pakistan (0.091 Million MT) and India (0.064 Million MT) are the largest importers of jute and jute fibers. The countries share a  
combined 53% of total imports. Nepal ((41 MT)) took the next position in the ranking, followed by China (31 MT). All these  
countries together took approx. 25% share of total imports. Jute imports amounted to USD 197 Million in 2018. In general, jute  
imports, however, continue to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern.  
Top Jute exporter  
Bangladesh is the largest exporter of raw jute and second largest jute producer in the world. In value terms, India (USD 1.2 bln),  
Bangladesh (USD 899 mln) and Pakistan (USD 70 mln) were the countries with the highest levels of market value in 2018, with a  
combined 79% of global jute market share (Source: IndexBox). Bangladesh and India dominate the jute export structure. Tanzania,  
Belgium, Kenya and Malaysia together made up 13% of total global export. Exports from Bangladesh decreased at an annual  
average rate of -8.0% from 2007 to 2018. India and Kenya illustrated downward growth (-6.6% and -1.9% respectively) over the  
same period of time. However, at the same time Malaysia, Belgium and Tanzania attained positive growth rates of 33.3%, 6% and  
1.5% respectively. [Source: Global Trade Magazine]  
Contribution of Jute on export earnings and Bangladesh’s GDP  
It is the second largest export earning sector next to RMG. The sector has an average contribution of 3% in our export earnings and  
1% in GDP. Moreover, though RMG sector is the highest contributor in our economy in terms of export earnings and employment,  
it is to be remembered that 1 Dollar of export earnings from Jute sector is equivalent to that of 4 Dollar from RMG sector since  
each 100 Dollar export of RMG item requires 55-60 Dollar import of raw materials.  
Export of Bangladesh by Major Commodities  
Jute (including jute goods) is still the second largest export product next to ready-made garments of Bangladesh. Table 1 shows the  
export of Bangladesh by major commodities from FY 2019-2020 to FY 2021-2022. The export of raw jute is almost the same, but  
the export of jute manufactured has decreased.  
Table 1: Export of Bangladesh by Major Commodities (% of total export)  
SL No.  
Major Commodities  
2021-2022  
2020-2021  
83.4  
2019-2020  
85.4  
1
2
Readymade Garments  
85.0  
Jute and Jute Manufactures  
a) Raw Jute  
2.6  
0.5  
2.2  
1.9  
3.6  
0.4  
3.3  
1.8  
3.2  
0.5  
2.7  
2.0  
b) Jute Manufactures  
3
Leather and Leather Manufactures  
Source: Bangladesh Bank  
Pattern of jute crops of Bangladesh in the early 21th Century  
In table 2, the amount of raw jute production in Bangladesh has been shown. If we notice, we can see that the output of jute fiber  
is not the same all over the period. There is a fluctuation in the production of raw jute from FY 2005-06 to 2018-19.  
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Table 2: Production, export and Export value of jute of Bangladesh  
Year  
Production ( in lakh bales)  
Export ( in lakh bales)  
Export value ( in crore Taka)  
2005-06  
2006-07  
2007-08  
2008-09  
2009-10  
2010-11  
2011-12  
2012-13  
2013-14  
2014-15  
2015-16  
2016-17  
2017-18  
2018-19  
2019-20  
2020-21  
2021-22  
50.00  
65.91  
68.71  
51.72  
59.45  
78.02  
78.05  
75.72  
67.85  
75.01  
87.64  
88.99  
93.10  
73.15  
84.55  
90.91  
70.64  
24.47  
24.43  
28.71  
17.50  
15.99  
21.12  
22.85  
20.55  
9.84  
977.27  
1016.20  
1033.40  
921.00  
1130.80  
1906.76  
1540.60  
1436.46  
706.04  
10.01  
11.37  
12.18  
12.97  
8.25  
816.74  
1174.85  
1187.53  
1225.55  
859.05  
8.58  
853.05  
5.86  
659.73  
8.01  
1093.16  
Source: Department of Jute, Ministry of Textile and Jute  
The jute production has been increasing from FY 2005-06, then it is decreasing after FY 2007-08. After that, it is again increasing.  
Here, a fluctuation in the production of raw jute has been noticed in Bangladesh. In FY 2005-06, the amount of jute production was  
50.00 lakh bale, and then it is increasing up to 68.71 in FY 2007-08. After that, it has decreased, and finally, it again has increased  
in FY 2010-11, and the amount is 78.02 lakh bale, whereas, in FY 2014-15, it was 75.01 lakh bale. In FY 2021-22, the amount was  
70.64 lakh bale.  
Table 3: Raw Jute Export of Bangladesh to Major Countries (Tk. in crore) (Source: Bangladesh Bank)  
SL  
Country  
2021-22  
2020-21  
2019-20  
Changes in 2021-22 from Changes in 2021-22  
No.  
2020-21, (1-2)  
from 2019-20,(1-3)  
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
USA  
28.2  
29.2  
27.9  
9.9  
12.6  
14.1  
24.5  
7.6  
9.7  
14.3  
22.0  
6.3  
1.0  
0.0  
369.9  
0.1  
1.5  
15.6  
15.1  
3.4  
18.5  
14.9  
5.9  
Germany  
U.K.  
Spain  
2.3  
3.6  
France  
Poland  
India  
0.5  
2.3  
-1.8  
-1.3  
361.9  
1.1  
-0.5  
2.1  
2.1  
3.4  
613.2  
1.5  
251.3  
0.4  
243.3  
1.4  
Italy  
Netherlands  
16.5  
4.9  
11.6  
15.0  
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10  
11  
12  
13  
14  
Canada  
Denmark  
Japan  
1.1  
1.4  
3.6  
1.5  
3.8  
0.0  
0.2  
1.8  
0.7  
1.8  
0.0  
0.0  
1.3  
0.0  
0.3  
1.1  
1.2  
1.8  
0.8  
2.0  
1.1  
1.4  
2.3  
1.5  
3.5  
Australia  
Sweden  
Figure 2: Production, export and Export value of jute of Bangladesh (Source: Department of Jute, 2023)  
The export of raw jute by Bangladesh is shown, including its export amount in lakh bales and export value in a crore Bangladeshi  
Taka. The amount of export by Bangladesh is not the same all over the period. In the fiscal year 2005-06, there were 24.47 lakh  
bales amounting to 977.27 crore Taka. The amount of raw jute export increased to 28.71 lakh bales in the financial year 2007-08.  
After that, in the economic year 2009-10, it was drastically reduced to the amount of 15.99 lakh bales. Last year the amount of  
export was 8.25 lakh bales amounting to 859.05 crore Taka. There was a noticeable fluctuation in the export of raw jute by  
Bangladesh. Figure 3 presents production, export and Export value of jute of Bangladesh.  
Raw Jute Export of Bangladesh to Major Countries  
Table 3 represents raw jute export of Bangladesh to major countries (Tk. in crore). Here we can see that the amount of exports is  
increasing.  
Jute seed import of Bangladesh (Around 90% seeds imported from India)  
Bangladesh covers 85%-90% of its annual demand for jute seeds through imports from India. As soon as the jute season hits  
Bangladesh, farmers become concerned over the quality and timely arrival of jute seeds from the neighboring country, Department  
of Agricultural Extension (DAE) officials have said. (Islam and Shishir 2021) On the issue, DAE's Deputy Director Dr Surojit Saha  
Roy said, "Bangladesh will become self-reliant in jute seeds within the next five years. The country imports around 4,500 tons of  
seeds from India every year.  
The difficulties in monitoring and enforcing the Mandatory Jute Packaging Act 2010  
The Jute Packaging Act, 2010, is a law in Bangladesh that orders the use of jute bags for packaging a variety of products (17  
products) to reduce plastic use and support the local jute industry. The act, which became effective in 2014 after the Mandatory  
Jute Packaging Rules were approved in 2013. Non-compliance can result in penalties, comprising fines and a jail term of up to one  
year. Difficulties in monitoring and enforcing the Mandatory Jute Packaging Act 2010 in Bangladesh challenges are as follows.  
I. Insufficient Monitoring Mechanisms: The number of mobile courts and inspections conducted to check for compliance is often  
insufficient.  
II. Lack of consistent monitoring: Enforcement efforts are often inconsistent, with an absence of sustained, widespread  
monitoring. Mobile court is not sufficient to ensure compliance over the country.  
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III. Inaction by law-enforcing agencies: There is a history of relaxed implementation by relevant authorities to enforce the law  
strictly.  
IV. Plastic industry influence: The influence of the plastic industry has undermined the ban, leading to a consolidation of the  
plastic industry's dominance.  
V. Cost factor: Jute bags are significantly more expensive than plastic alternatives like polypropylene bags that making it  
economically unattractive for millers and traders to comply with the law. A 50 kg jute bag can cost around Taka 80, while a plastic  
one costs Taka 12-13.  
VI. Lack of government support: The government has not consistently provided adequate support, such as ensuring a steady  
supply of jute sacks, to meet the law's requirements.  
VII. Inconsistent supply: The jute sector has faced issues with ensuring a steady and enough supply of required jute bags for all  
listed products across the country.  
VIII. Imported goods: Imported rice and other products often arrive in plastic bags, creating an additional challenge to the law's  
enforcement.  
X. Limited public awareness: Citizens are not enough aware about environmental pollution. There is a need for more systematic  
mass awareness campaigns among businesses and citizens regarding the environmental and health benefits of using jute and the  
hazards of plastic.  
The specific challenges to achieving self-sufficiency in jute seed production  
The specific challenges to achieving self-sufficiency in jute seed production include little local production capacity, high production  
cost, unstable and low price of jute, farmer preference for high profitable crops, poor seed quality and delayed supply of seeds as  
well as lack of knowledge about improved seed production technologies, suitable field management (e.g., proper fertilization, pest  
control) and post-harvest seed preservation techniques. Other issues are inconsistent seed supply due to climate variability,  
inadequate infrastructure for storage, and weak enforcement of seed laws.  
VI. Recommendation  
The following recommendations can be drawn from this study to improve the production, consumption and export of jute for  
achieving our ancient fame of golden fiber.  
i. Bangladesh imports around 90% of its jute seeds from India. Farmers and the Bangladesh government should take necessary  
initiative to be self-reliant in jute seeds.  
ii. With the implication of policies, we can regain our lost fame as the golden fiber of Bangladesh. Advertisement through a seminar  
or jute fair nationally and internationally. The government of Bangladesh should monitor to implement Jute Packaging Act 2010.  
iii. The government/ Authority must help farmers to produce jute for achieving the annual target amount.  
iv. The government/ Authority must help farmers by buying jute from them directly and must take initiative to cultivate more lands  
by giving incentive to farmers.  
v. To ensure that local jute mills get adequate supply. If we make our local jute mill stronger, Bangladesh can be the first jute  
exporter in the world. India imports raw jute from Bangladesh and becomes the first jute exporter by producing jute products.  
vi. To produce diversified jute products can add value 10 times more than traditional jute products.  
Limitations of this paper: This paper depends on secondary data with various external sources. Thus further studies have been  
required for practical implications.  
VII. Conclusion:  
At present Bangladesh is the second largest producer of jute in the world and top exporter of jute products in the world and producer  
of the finest quality of jute. This study tries to identify the contribution of jute in Bangladesh covering its present situation and some  
crucial problems related to this sector. To do this, the study used secondary data from different national and international sources.  
The paper provides necessary insights into the structure of Bangladesh's jute crop. The production of jute is not fixed all over the  
period. There exists a fluctuation in the production and export of jute. Every year Bangladesh earns revenue from exporting raw  
jute and jute products. However, the jute crop is troubled with some problems that hamper the development path of the agricultural  
economy. As the global demand for jute is increasing and Bangladesh dominates jute exports, it requires more important initiatives  
for sustainable development of jute crops. In this research, some policy suggestions have been given toresolve the existing problems  
within the jute crop. The findings of the research are expected to be useful to jute farmers, jute industrialists, policy makers, and  
researchers to address the problems of jute and overcome these difficulties effectively as well as to achieve our ancient fame of  
golden fiber.  
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