INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue X, October 2025

Geo-Hydrological analysis of Underground Drinking Water in

Peninsular India

Dr. Prakash Vir Singh

Associate Professor, Department of Geography, C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur, India

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJ L TEMAS.2025.1410000134

Abstract: The geohydrological status of the Indian landmass at the regional level for drinking water is generally complex due to

differentiated hydrogeological conformations with significant lithospheric and sequential variations, complex and varied textures,

climatological peculiarities, and diverse hydrochemical conditions. Ponders carried out over time have uncovered that Sandstone,

Shales, and Limestones of the Vindhyan period undoubtedly rise above the unconformity boundaries. Cosmically, two bunches of

gemstone conformations have been connected depending on characteristically diverse power through pressure of groundwater, viz.,

permeable conformations, and Fissured conformations.

This investigation paper is arranged to measure the groundwater danger of the geohydrological strata of the Peninsular level, centred

on the Deccan Level by CGWB and other geohydrology information from colourful offices to portray the changes in ground

drinking water through diverse seasons.

These geohydrological variations have resulted in a complex mosaic of groundwater availability and quality across the Peninsular

region. The interplay between lithological diversity and structural features influences the storage, movement, and recharge potential

of aquifers. Additionally, the region's dependence on monsoonal rainfall and variable recharge rates further complicates the

sustainable management of underground drinking water sources.

The characteristic conditions influencing groundwater management include climatic parameters such as precipitation,

evapotranspiration, and waterways. This investigation paper encourages considering the inconvenience in picking up sensible data

on the groundwater conditions in the Deccan Level locale through agent checking wells and other geographical bed structures. The

critical traits of groundwater administration checking are groundwater recharge danger position and its effect on biology. The issue

of the investigation paper centres on the suggested measures to diminish the danger of the geohydrological circumstance of drinking

water position in the ponder zone and advance suggested measures to have an economic impact on the environment.

Keywords: Deccan Level, Geography, Geohydrology, Biology, Drinking water.

Hypothesis

• Both Climate and Groundwater for pumping for the water system cause quick groundwater consumption in the Peninsular part.

• The adequacy of groundwater checking systems for shallow and deep aquifers must be inspected.

• Superior representation of human intercessions is required in the arrival surface models.

• Groundwater capacity changeability needs to be inspected under changing climatic conditions.

I. Introduction

The peninsular level of India has various underground energising tables. Climate alteration and population development have both

influenced the worldwide water resources of the Deccan Level in the 20th century, which are likely to impose more challenges

soon. Be that as it may, a significant circumstance has emerged in later periods where the groundwater energy table has disintegrated

colossally. This can be uncovered from the information dissected to get about the recurrence of the groundwater levels amid diverse

situations & regular, yearly and decadal changes in some water levels. The groundwater level and groundwater level variance map

are arranged for every checking time to consider spatial and temporal modifications in groundwater administration. The Peninsular

portion of the Indian State or UT-wise dispersion for the groundwater perception water wells is given in Table –

Status of Groundwater Monitoring Wells (STATE / UT)

Ground Water Monitoring Stations (March 2019)

Southern States /

U.T.

Sl. No.

Number of Groundwater Monitoring Stations

165

Total

Andhra Pradesh

Goa

699

864

140

Karnataka

Kerala

1466

1384

318

236

1784

1620

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

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Maharashtra

Tamil Nadu

Telangana

1719

816

311

179

470

440

1898

1286

751

Pondicherry

Source: Central Ground Water Board, 2019

The database in this wayshapes the premise for arranging groundwater advancement and administration programs. The groundwater

level and quality checking are of specific significance in a coastal as well as an inland saline environment to survey the

transformation in the saltwater/freshwater interface, as well as the slow quality changes in the new groundwater administration.

This information is utilised for the appraisal of groundwater assets and changes in the administration resulting in different

advancement and administration activities. During the final year’s rainstorm, most of the southern portion of India got precipitation

that was 18 per cent below ordinary, the least since 2015. Indeed, the post-monsoon period did not bring much rain to the state.

Like most other parts of the nation, Karnataka gets the bulk of its yearly precipitation amid the rainstorm, and it is this water that

fills up the stores and revives the aquifers. A precipitation shortfall in the storm months will almost certainly come about in the

water supply. Karnataka was not the onlystate to get below-normal precipitation in the final rainstorm. Kerala, for instance, wrapped

up the season with a 34 per cent shortage. India is the greatest client of groundwater in the world. Groundwater caters to more than

60% of rural areas and more than 85% of drinking water. Groundwater withdrawal over a long time has resulted in an extension of

water levels and drying of shallow groundwater reflection structures. Manufactured revival and water gathering are the conceivable

arrangements to address the issues separate from demand-side administration.

Status of Ground Water Monitoring Stations (March 2019)

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

Andhra

Pradesh

Goa

Karnataka

Kerala

Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Telangana Pondicherry

States/UT

Total

Source: Central Ground Water Board, 2019

More particularly, in major parts of the state, the water level is in the range of 5 to 10 m. An exceptionally shallow water level of

less than 2 m bgl is being watched locally, in separated pockets, in a few parcels of Maharashtra. In the eastern coastal locale of

Andhra Pradesh, a water level of 2-5 m bgl can be observed. Too, little pockets in Tamil Nadu appear at a water level of more than

40 m bgl. Thus, the peninsular portion of the nation recorded a water level to the extent of 5 to 20 m below the groundwater level.

The points to delineate the groundwater recharge zones for superior administration of the aquifer framework found in Tamil Nadu

state, South India, where the reliance on groundwater has altogether increased over the years. This tenacious groundwater

withdrawal for different divisions (water system, residential and businesses) has caused a decline in groundwater levels, a long-

term declining slope and indeed a drying up of wells. Different measures, such as water gathering, counterfeit energy, and water

utilisation proficiency, are effectively improved by Central and State offices. But for viable usage of manufactured energy plans,

recognisable proof of a suitable area and structure is pivotal. A few analysts have connected geographic data frameworks (GIS) &

further detection methods to distinguish potential groundwater zones. Further detecting and GIS cover a gigantic & unapproachable

zone of the earth's surface within a restricted time for deciding the ranges of potential groundwater and for finding locales for

manufactured energy. Analysts have utilised geospatial mastery for groundwater thinking by translating topical layers such as

geomorphology, topography, seepage design, lineament, soil, precipitation, and incline. Integration of these topical layers, coupled

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

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ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue X, October 2025

with field information such as post-monsoon water levels and the profundity of weathering, has not been endeavoured by analysts.

This coordinates approach can recognise ideal destinations for fake revive inside the aquifer framework. Subsequently, the display

was carried out in the Amaravathi aquifer framework covering a region of 12,285 km2, wherein 8 layers, viz. topography, slant,

soil, geomorphology, arrival use/land cover, waste & water bodies, weathered zone and profundity to groundwater level (post-

monsoon period) were coordinates into the spatial space of GIS.

Water deficiency in the Southern Level region

There are a number of long-term auxiliary issues, like unregulated development, precise pulverisation of lakes, restrictions to the

natural underground stream of water, and climate alteration, that influence water accessibility in Bengaluru. But these are not the

quick triggers for this continuous occasion. This one must do largely with the regular fluctuation in precipitation and the state’s

failure to make provisions to deal with these sorts of variabilities.

Mounting water emergency in southern Indian states

According to the week-after-week bulletin, the combined water level in 150 essential supplies was 38 per cent of their general

capacity at this point. The southern region’s 42 supplies spread over Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil

Nadu are as full as 23 per cent of their capacity, which is almost 17 per cent less than the levels observed a year prior and nine per

cent less than the normal for the past ten years. No other locale — central, west, east, or north — appears to have such a sharp move

in levels from both the 10-year normal and the past year, as per the News18 bulletin.

Reservoir levels over the states this week appear to be in a genuine shortage, with Andhra Pradesh 69 per cent below normal, Tamil

Nadu 30 per cent, Karnataka 24 per cent, and Telangana 12 per cent below average.

Reasons for the Groundwater Emergency in South India?

Rainfall Insufficiency and El Niño Effect

• Lower precipitation caused by El Niño occasions has driven drought-like conditions and drawn out dry periods in the locale.

• El Niño is a climate design characterised by the warming of ocean surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, which can disturb

typical climate designs universally, driving decreased precipitation in certain regions.

Delayed Rainstorm and Post-Monsoon Deficiency

• The lack of precipitation amid the Storm and post-monsoon seasons has contributed to the exhaustion of water level supplies.

• The postponed onset of the storm and insufficient precipitation during the basic periods have exacerbated the situation.

• Amid the post-monsoon period (October-December 2023), more than 50% of locales in the nation were rain-deficient.

Increased Temperature and Evaporation

• Rising temperatures due to global warming quicken vanishing rates, driving speedier water consumption from stores and water

bodies.

• Higher temperatures, moreover, worsen dry spell conditions, increasing water requests for farming, urban utilisation, and

mechanical purposes.

Groundwater Depletion

• Intemperate groundwater extraction for water systems, especially in locales with a lack of surface water sources, has driven

groundwater depletion.

• South India transcendently develops crops such as rice, sugarcane, and cotton, which require significant amounts of water.

Pollution of Water Bodies

• Contamination from mechanical release, untreated sewage, and strong waste dumping has sullied water sources, rendering them

unfit for utilisation and diminishing the accessible water supply.

Geomorphology

Geomorphologically, the ponder zone comprises slopes and level landforms. Slope landforms like leftover slopes, denudation and

auxiliary slopes act as runoff zones. In the level landforms, the volcanic surface moreover diminishes groundwater and possesses

less water. An arrangement of slopes exists inside the considered region and is secured by preserved timberlands. More than 90%

of the region is covered by upland and pediment zones. Basic, leftover slopes and pediplains are the other geomorphic highlights

shown in lower extent. The arrival utilises and soil to give data on penetration, soil dampness and vegetation. Further detecting and

GIS offer reliable and more exact pattern data for LULC mapping. Landsat & Operational Arrive Imager pictures of 2014 were

utilised for Arrive cover mapping. Overwhelmingly, the range is characterised by damp crops (water-intensive crops like paddy,

sugarcane & banana), manor and dry crops (rural areas) and accounts for 80% of the region of the aquifer framework. This zone is

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

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profoundly reasonable for water preservation and restoration. The positions were formulated for the person LULC sort, according

to its highlights impacting the groundwater energy, holding and its event. The soil is primarily of Alfisol type, which covers more

than 60% of the considered region. The positions were defined for the individual soil sorts, agreeing with their highlights affecting

the groundwater energy, holding and its occurrence.

Drainage and Water Bodies

Rainfed ponds/tanks and surface water bodies are spread over the whole considered region. Canals (for water system purposes)

stream through the southern portion of the zone. The seepage design is dendritic and sub-dendritic. Apersonal organisation of waste

was extracted and portrayed from the Cartosat Computerised Rise Demonstrate (DEM) with the help of the Bend Hydro instrument

of ArcGIS. Extricated seepage systems were overlaid on the digitised stream of the Overview of India Toposheet for cross-

validation. The seepage thickness outline was arranged using the line thickness examination device. The waste thickness is, by

implication, associated with the soil penetration capacity and weight, which is determined by our out-of-moo thickness and vice

versa.

Slope

The inclination of any territory plays a crucial part in permitting the invasion of water into the subsurface framework. In locales of

delicate incline, the runoff will be moderated and will have more time for permeation of water, while close vertical slant surfaces

have tall runoff, which has a constrained residence time for water to infiltrate. The slant outline of the ponder zone was arranged

from the Cartosat DEM of 30 m spatial determination and was classified into 5 classes, i.e., about levelled/no incline (< 3%), tender

slant (3–5%), direct (5–10%), direct to soak (10–15%) and exceptionally soak (> 15%). The positions were doled out to the inclined

lesson, agreeing on its highlights affecting the groundwater energy, holding and its occurrence.

Hydrogeology

South India has an exceptionally diverse kind of aquifer framework. It is exceptionally rough. The aquifers don’t hold a part of the

water. They purge rapidly, and they moreover get revived rapidly. What this implies is that groundwater assets cannot be supported

for exceptionally long in the event of a prolonged dry spell. Water levels in the supplies of India’s southern states are set to drop in

advance in the next few months, driving concerns amid the stocks as of now being at a low this year. The whole aquifer framework

is underlain by the crystalline transformative gneiss complex, comprising Hornblende-Biotite gneiss, Epidote-Hornblende gneiss

and Magnesite Quartzites. Groundwater happens inside the weathered and broken gneiss rocks beneath phreatic conditions. The

thickness of the weathering is greatly variable, and the profundities of groundwater withdrawal structures are straightforwardly

related to the escalated weathering and occurrence of breaks. Large-diameter burrowed wells are more common groundwater

delimiting structures, and their distance across ranges between 3 and 10 m. The profundities of the burrowed wells run between 6

and 18 m below ground level. The surrender of the burrowed wells is amazingly low in the summer months, and few wells are dry.

The abdicate is satisfactory for flooding one or two crops in the rainstorm period. Five major soil types have been outlined and

positioned into three groups, viz., difficult rocks, weathered arrangement and alluvium. The positions were formulated for the

individual shake sorts, concurring with their highlights affecting the groundwater energy, groundwater holding and its occurrence.

The profundity of wells changes from 6.6 to 27 m below ground level. The display water levels in the aquifer framework are to the

extent of 1.7 to 14.9 m below ground level during pre-monsoon (May) and from 1.0 to 20.1 m below ground level during post-

monsoon (January). The decadal trend of groundwater level for periods recently and after rainstorms was moreover arranged to get

the normal groundwater level changes. Sometime recently, the onset of the rainstorm, the larger part of the locales are less than 6

m below ground level, though groundwater levels after the storm are less than 5 m below ground level in most parts.

Falling supply levels

Another coordinate result of the moo precipitation has been the general moo level in stores. Most recent information from the

Central Water Commission appears that Karnataka supplies are right now holding water at as little as 26 per cent of their full

capacity, which is at least ten per cent lower than what is anticipated at this time of the year. The amount of about 8.8 billion cubic

meters of water that is anticipated in Karnataka’s supplies at this time of the year, as it were, 6.5 billion cubic meters are currently

available. And this is draining consistently. It is not fair that Karnataka’s supplies have below-normal water levels. Other states in

South India are confronting the same issue, with Telangana being in a more regrettable circumstance. But the requests in Karnataka

are diverse, and its stores are draining quicker than those of the neighbouring states. The state is being constrained to draw more

from the savings, indeed, sometimes recently, at the beginning of the summer season. Generally, almost half of Bengaluru gets its

drinking water through a channelled supply. The remaining half, for the most part, utilises groundwater for drinking purposes. The

regions that have channelled supply are not confronting much disturbance since this water is coming from the stores. In these sorts

of circumstances, when the precipitation has been meagre and storage levels are low, the governments tend to organise drinking

water needs, particularly in urban areas. It is in parts of Bengaluru that are subordinate to groundwater that the drinking water issue

appears most intense.

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Suggestions and Conclusion

The requirement for groundwater expansion, coupled with the realisation that climate alteration is genuine, implies South India will

soon be “staring down the barrel.” Fake energising of groundwater expands the stores and revives tables utilising artificial respectful

structures. These structures occupy the common development of water for revival or capacity. Water augmentation:

1) Energises drained aquifers

2) Stores an abundance of water/ runoff for future use

3) Diminishes the contamination through dilution

Techniques that are being utilised for the energising of groundwater through water expansion structures can be classified as:

• Seat terracing

• Form bunds and form trenches

• Permeation ponds

Construction of “Johad”

The conventional water-harvesting frameworks in India had a positive effect on the rural tenants. The villagers of this range are

exceedingly subordinate in cultivating delivery. The groundwater was draining quickly and influencing the business of its

inhabitants. The local people used to hold up perpetually for water tankers. The cattle went parched, causing a decrease in dairy

yield. Once the ‘johad’ was completely developed, two to three hours of overwhelming precipitation was adequate for the lake to

flood sufficiently to last a whole year. Additional water in the lake energised the water table, driving it to a higher level of

groundwater. The distance across and profundity was expanded to collect as much water as possible, making it final for a longer

term after the dissipation handle. Wells in the adjoining towns, too, showed up fuller and were able to serve more individuals than

before. The spinoff impact was evident. The local people felt more secure and more mindful of water administration and its

employment.

Construction of Check dams

These vertical obstructions are built against the course of the water stream on shallow waterways and streams for water expansion

and collection. Check dams hold overabundant water during the stormy season in a catchment zone. The water held back permeates

into the ground and replenishes the adjacent water table and water wells. An abundance of water can be utilised over time for the

water system and residential needs. Various types of check dams run from concrete structures, stones, sandbags, or wooden logs,

which can be effectively built depending on the complexity and the lowest financial outlay.

Check dams are one of the most vital enlargement structures and play a successful part in improving water, particularly in dry,

bone-dry, and semi-arid zones that are dispossessed of a canal or waterway supply. These have been utilised broadly in India for

some time. Be that as it may, there is renewed intrigue in such structures as whimsical precipitation, and a burgeoning populace

puts weight on South India’s water resources and supply framework. A check dam with a store can energise groundwater with twice

the amount of runoff or a watershed and is valuable in catching and decreasing sediments from the runoff or downstream flows.

Check dams developed, after cautious location assessment, energise groundwater saves and improve water accessibility for

horticulture. A few benefits to the community over time:

– Make work through rural heightened and extensification.

– Make extra income for individuals through superior yields and other activities.

– Make strides in the quality of life for the adjacent communities.

– Moderate the environment through diminished degradation.

Water Asset Augmentation

It is a coordinated approach to renew exhausted underground aquifers and expand groundwater essentially by water collection to

make strides in the accessibility and quality of groundwater in the long run. Groups work with communities to resuscitate water

bodies and conventional water collecting frameworks in India, and plan and develop cost-effective energised structures to collect

excess rainstorm runoff for either an increase in groundwater/or the creation of surface water capacity. Water assets include

structures that incorporate check dams, lakes, cultivated lakes, tanks, and revive wells, among others.

Case Ponder from South India

With the prime objective of restoring groundwater levels and supporting the jobs of ranchers and villagers, the venture was

embraced in Kolar in Karnataka and Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh and benefited 6,740 villagers over eleven villages.

The approach for making strides in groundwater levels in the regions included gathering water runoff through check dams and

desilting, and revival of conventional tanks, which made a difference in collection, capacity, and expanding the water maintenance

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

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and permeation office. The venture centred on making mindfulness and capacity building of nearby communities on effective

administration of water assets and operation and upkeep of venture mediations.

Groundwater Reclamation (Check Dams)

Five check dams have been built in the towns of Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh: Nallapareddipalli, Mudapalli, Subbaraopeta,

Kandurparthi, and Timalapalli.

“Since the check dam is input, the level of water in my borewell appears to change with a half-inch rise each month. There is an

increment of the water level of twenty meters, so far.” —T. Sreenivasulu, Koduru.

Groundwater Rebuilding (Tank De-siltation and Rejuvenation)

Silt is the dissolved top layer of soil, kept in the closest water body. Even though nutrient-rich, it collects at the base of the lake;

shrivels its estimate and decreases its water-holding capacity. These water bodies are, for the most part, lakes, locally referred to as

water

tanks.

Five water tanks are de-silted in the towns of Kolar, viz. Aninganahalli, Halepalya, Obatti and Kempasandra, and 1,76,641 cubic

meters of sediment have been uncovered from the tank bed, reestablishing 3,41,064 cubic meters of water capacity. This nutrient-

rich sediment was connected by agriculturists in their areas to reestablish the topsoil layer. A total of 2,034 people have directly

profited from desilting. To control and contain the water in tanks, bunds were made to prevent water permeation. This brought about

expanded groundwater levels in the region.

Formation of Water-Governing Bodies (WGB at Town Level)

Project Jaldhara started community-led water oversight bodies in each extended town, guaranteeing dynamic community

cooperation and transparency in underground drinking water management.

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