INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XI, November 2025  
Physicochemical Analysis of Petroleum Products in Selected Depots  
in Calabar Metropolis Cross River State and The Effects on Motor  
Engine  
Emmanuel E. Ojonga, Fredrick C. Asogwab*, Ivon E. Akpangc, Chinedu Achukeed  
a Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Calabar, Cross State Nigeria  
b Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Cross state Nigeria.  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2025.1411000002  
Received: 19 November 2025; Accepted: 26 November 2025; Published: 29 November 2025  
ABSTRACT:  
The physicochemical properties of the premium motor Spirit (PMS) and Automotive Gas Oil (AGO) were  
determined to ascertain with each other and their compliance with American Society for Testing Materials  
(ASTM) standards and the Nigerian Midstream and Downstream petroleum Regulatory Authority  
(NMDPRA). The properties studied for NNPC and Zone 4 oil depots results obtained were respectively as  
follows: density 0.7445, 0.7425, Research octane number 91.8, 93.1, ethanol content was absent for both  
petroleum depots samples, distillation test at the initial boiling point is 34, 30, at the final boiling point were  
181, 181 for both NNPC and zone 4 depots samples, benzene content were 1.0, 0.9, Sulfur content test 0.0275,  
0.0215 and Reid Vapour pressure 49.5, 49.0, the study revealed that the PMS quality was within the ASTM  
and NMDPRA requirements for both NNPC and zone 4 depots and has positive effect on motor engines.  
AGO samples from two different depots (NNPC and Hudson) was analyzed. The parameters analyzed and  
the results obtained as follows; density test 0.8530 and 0.8404, flash point 69, 70, distillation at the initial  
boiling point 127, 80 for NNPC and Hudson oil depots, diesel Index 38.2, 42.8, cetane number 37.9,  
46.2, kinematic viscosity 3.324, 3.144, sulfur content 0.0740, 0.0475, Acidity were all within the ASTM and  
NMDPRA specifications for PMS for both NNPC and Hudson depots. Hudson depot cetane number analyzed  
was in compliance with the regulatory authority standards while NNPC depot cetane number, and carbon  
residue were off specifications. There was deviation in the diesel index number and carbon residue,  
distillation test for both NNPC and Hudson oil depots for AGO samples will have adverse effect on motor  
engine. Based on the research studied, the AGO might have been poorly refined or adulterated and could  
constitute problems to automobile engines if utilized. It is imperative that regular quality tests be conducted  
randomly to check depots petroleum products compliance with the required standards.  
Keywords: physicochemical analysis, petroleum products, Calabar metropolis, motor engine.  
INTRODUCTION  
Petroleum products are materials derived from crude oil (Petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries. Unlike  
petrochemicals which are a collection of well-defined usually pure organic compounds, petroleum products  
are complex mixtures Nelson et al. (2016). Petroleum is formed when the remains of zooplankton, marine  
algae, and animals gradually settle on sea beds and over the years tend to be covered with mud, silt and other  
sediments under intense heat and pressure as the sediments are piled up, their mass exert a great pressure on  
the lower layers, changing them to hard sedimentary rocks but due to bacterial activity coupled with heat and  
pressure, it changes the plant and animal remains into crude oil or petroleum. From chemical standpoint,  
petroleum is an extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbon compounds usually with minor amounts of  
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ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XI, November 2025  
Nitrogen, Oxygen and sulfur containing compounds Speight et al.(2023). Consequently, it is not surprising  
that petroleum can vary in composition properties and produce wide variation in refining behavior as well as  
product properties in accordance with ASTM D- 4175(Speight, 2015). The oil industry classifies crude by the  
location of its origin and by its relative weight or viscosity as light, intermediate or heavy. According to the  
composition of the crude oil and depending on the demands of the market, refineries can produce different  
shares of petroleum products. These fuel products can be blended to give premium motor spirit (PMS) or  
gasoline, Dual purpose Kerosene (DPK) or Jet fuels or Aviation Turbine Kerosene (ATK), Automotive Gas  
oil (AGO) or diesel fuel, lubricating oil, asphalt etc. Waltheret.al.(2005). Over the years, adulteration of  
petroleum products has been a common trend in the world today notwithstanding its hazardous effects.  
Adulteration of petroleum products is an act perpetrated daily by unscrupulous people in the developing  
countries like Nigeria with the intention of making profit in their business with total disregard to the hazardous  
effect their action could have on end users (Onojakeet al. 2012).  
According to Onojake, adulteration is the deliberate mixing of petroleum products with partially refined  
products or condensates (reservoir gases that condense to liquid hydrocarbon when produced) with products  
that are in high demand like PMS, DPK with the aim of maximizing more profit. PMS, AGO and DPK that  
are contaminated or whose quality has been weakened by adding inferior quality ones or products of lower  
grade are referred to as adulterated PMS, AGO and DPK. But this poses a serious problem that can be tackled  
if proper and regular analysis which involves the quality control tests is carried out on the PMS, AGO and  
DPK to ascertain its composition Onyinye et al.(2015).The physical and chemical parameters of petroleum  
products stored and sold in depots is of immense economic and social important, but the adulteration of this  
essential commodity (PMS and AGO) has pose a serious threat to end users and it has become a prevalent  
problem in the petroleum industries in regards to motor engines application due to low octane number, Cetane  
number, specific gravity, water content, carbon deposits, improper storage facilities, tank and engines  
calibrations and poor maintenance had been assumed to caused desired effect or adverse effect on motorable  
engines.  
Hence, the purpose of this research is therefore to ascertain if the depots products understudy sold in Calabar  
metropolis is in compliance with Nigerian Midstream and Downstream petroleum Regulatory Authority  
(NMDPRA) required standards and other regulatory standards. The aim of this research was to analyze the  
physicochemical properties of petroleum products: Premium motor spirit (PMS), Automotive Gas Oil (AGO)  
samples from three different oil depots in Calabar metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria.  
MATERIALS AND METHOD  
The materials and reagent used include: measuring cylinder, tiff can, amber bottle, flash machine,  
thermometer, distillation machine, cold water, refrigerator, syringe, lighter, viscometer, setavap 2 Tester,  
sample cup, X-ray fluorescence Sulfur-in-oil analyzer, Zeltex Octane & fuel analyzer, spectrocolorimeter,  
Vapour pressure Tester machine, 700 hydrometer, 750 hydrometer, 800 hydrometer, 850 hydrometer, 400  
thermometer, 300 thermometer.  
METHODOLOGY  
Sample collection  
The PMS and AGO petroleum products used for this work were gotten directly from Calabar industrial area  
in esuk utan community tanks farms storage facility from three randomly selected depots. The depots are  
NNPC, Hudson, Zone 4 Petroleum depots respectively. Samples were collected using amber bottles from  
three (3) different depots and were refrigerated at 4°c and analyzed within 24 hours of collection.  
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ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XI, November 2025  
Temperature Measurement  
The temperature of each sample was measured using thermometer. 500 ml of PMS was measured into 500 ml  
measuring cylinder, the thermometer was inserted into the product measuring cylinder for five minutes and  
the reading was recorded as indicated.  
Test for color and odour  
Color profile of each sample was measured by comparing the Petroleum products samples against a standard  
by setting it using the screw knob on the Spectro colorimeter machine to match the color on the color  
Comparator machine and it was recorded. Naturally, hydrocarbon is colourless; addictive like dye are added  
to distinguished Petroleum products from each other at the refinery. The odour was observed using sensory  
organs and it was seen marketable.  
Density Determination  
500 ml of the PMS product was measured into the measuring cylinder and the hydrometer was inserted into  
the liquid (PMS and AGO) and it was spined and allowed to be suspended and the reading was recorded and  
the observed density was used to determine the corrected density (specific gravity) using ASTMD1298 test  
method.  
A sample was collected that will be up to 500 ml, Shake gently the representative sample and transferred to  
the clean measuring cylinder without splashing, Place the cylinder containing the test sample in a vertical and  
stable position. Lower the appropriate hydrometer into the liquid and release when in position of equilibrium.  
Allow time for the hydrometer to come to rest floating freely away from walls of the cylinder. Record the  
hydrometer scale and temperature reading. Remove the hydrometer from the liquid and insert a thermometer  
to take the temperature of the samples. Record the temperature on the thermometer, Correct to 60 using API.  
Determination of Sulfur Content  
The ASTMD2622 standard test method for Sulfur in Petroleum products by wavelength dispersive X-ray  
fluorescence spectrometry analyzer was used. The distillation process segregates Sulfur species in higher  
concentrations into higher boiling fractions and distillation residual, Syringe was used to collect sample from  
the sample bottle and it was dipped into the sample holder to be slightly above half of the sample holder, the  
sample holder was inserted into the X-ray fluorescence Sulfur-in-oil analyzer, the machine was covered after  
a few minutes the reading was recorded by the machine and the result was printed automatically.  
Distillation  
Using Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Petroleum products distillation (PMS, AGO) (ASTMD86),  
Select the correct apparatus to be used e.g thermometer, flask support board, distillation flask, measuring  
cylinder etc, Prepare the test sample by: collecting the sample from the tank, vessel etc preferable morning,  
analyzed the samples in the laboratory adhering strictly to standards operating procedure(SOPs) to obtained  
the (Temperature and density) parameters of the sample firstly, take part of the sample into a sample bottle  
and cool it. e.g used ice block to cool, using a measuring cylinder, take 100 ml of the cold sample and  
discharge into the distillation flask, set up the glassware, Place the distillation flask into the distillation module  
and align the arm of the distillation flask to the end of the condense tube, Install the distillation thermometer  
and thermometer centering device into the top of the distillation flask. Place the specified receiver under the  
condenser tube outlet. Fill the cooling tank with an appropriate coolant e.g ice block. To proceed with the  
distillation, switch on the main supply and set the rocker switch to heat and set the heating rate, monitor the  
distillation process and record the appropriate temperatures and volume required for each product in use. Cool  
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
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ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XI, November 2025  
the machine and wash off the residues after use.  
Determination of Flash point  
Standard Operating procedures (SOPs) for flashing Petroleum products (AGO and DPK) using ASTMD93,  
the sample was collected and analyzed to obtain their parameters (Temperature, Density etc.), Prepare the  
instrument by checking that the correct ―0” ring seal is fitted, and wipe the sample cup cleaned, ON and set  
the flash machine at a temperature of 60°c for AGO and 35°c for DPK using the setting knob. Use a 2 ml  
syringe to dish the sample. When the machine is ready for flashing, Dispense the sample (from the syringe)  
into the filler orifice, Switch the gas supply on through the gas valve and light on the pilot and test jet. Press  
the timer button and allow the equipment to ramp. As it beeps at every 1°c rise in temperature, fill and release  
the shutter handle over a period of 2.5 secs. Repeat the process continually until a flash is detected. Record  
the temperature and result. Switch the gas supply off and wait until the test and pilot flames are extinguished.  
Press then release the temperature button to reset the flash detector and temperature display. Unlock and open  
the lid, remove used sample and clean the sample cup, Switch the instrument off at the ON/Off power switch.  
Determination of Reid Vapour pressure (RVP):  
The Reid vapour pressure of the collected sample was determined using SETA KV – 6 viscometer Bath  
machine using laboratory method.  
Procedure  
Turn on the power of the vacuum pump, Turn on the power to the setavap 2 tester, The top line of the display.  
Place the waste container under the drain show the instruction "Remove Septum>,(5) Unscrew the septum  
holder and remove the septum. Press the 'proceed' button (>) (4) The top line of the display will change to  
show the message ‘Draining 10’ and will start to count down to zero. After 10 seconds the top line of the  
display will change to show the message 'purging 120' and will start to count down to zero. After 120 seconds  
an audible warning (beep) will be heard and the top line of the display will change to show the instruction  
'Insert New Septum >'. (8) Fit a new septum into the septum holder by pressing a new septum into the recess  
on the end of the holder (see figure 4). Smear a minute amount of silicone grease onto the exposed surface of  
the septum. Screw the septum holder firmly into the setavap 2 tester to give a vacuum tight seal. Press the  
'proceed' button (>) the top line of the display will change to show the message evaluating '300’ and will  
start to count down to zero. After 300 seconds an audible warning (beep) will be heard and the top line of  
the display will change to show the instruction prepare sample >. Check that the bottom line of the display  
shows a reading of 0.0 kappa 37.8°c. A tolerance of + 0.1 is allowed on both readings. If either reading is  
outside this limit, refer to section 8 FAULT FINDING.  
Note: For crude Oil samples refer to appendix A.  
To make sure that there is no contaminant in the syringe that might affect the test result, draw a small amount  
of sample into a previously cleaned and dried syringe, pull back the plunger fully and then expel the contents  
into the waste container.  
Note: To prevent vaporization of the sample or dissolved air being drawn out of solution, the sample must be  
slowly drawn into the syringe. Draw approximately 3.5 ml of sample into the syringe. Hold the syringe  
vertically with the needle upwards and eject surplus sample into a paper cloth until exactly 3 ml remains.  
Press the proceed button (>). The top line of the display will change to show the instruction "Inject sample  
>. Push the needle into the septum holder until the syringe is felt to come into contact with the bottom of the  
septum holder. Inject the sample and remove the syringe (see figure 5).  
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Press the proceed button (>) the top line of the display will change to show the message 'Test in Progress '  
The bottom line of the display will change to show the elapsed time (minutes/ seconds) and total vapor  
pressure (kpa). The setavap 2 Tester will automatically take readings at one-minute intervals. When three  
consecutive readings at one-minute intervals. When three consecutive readings are within 0.1 kpa of each  
other, the test is terminated automatically an audible warning (beep) will be heard and the test result is  
displayed on the top line of the display will change to show the instruction 'Place container>'  
Ptot: To obtain a test result which display ptot, turn the control knob until the top line of the display shows  
ptot=kpa.  
DVPE: To obtain a test result which displays a DVPE correlation, turn the control knob until the top line of  
the display shows 'DVPE=kpa.  
Determination of the Research Octane Number  
Using standard operating procedures (SOPs) as required by American Standard for Testing Materials (ASTM  
D2699) with the used of FOR Zx-101XL portable octane & fuel Analyzer.  
Operation:  
Put sample in a bottle and put it in the refrigerator or chiller to chilled. Fill the sample cup to the MARK on  
the cup and firmly cover it and carefully clean the Spilled product on the cup. Switch power ON followed by  
a 15 second count down on the machine, after which CLEAN CHAMBER and press MEASURE will appear  
on the screen. Cover the CHAMBER with the light shield. Press MEASURE KEY on the equipment to  
standardize the instrument, after the reading take place, put in SAMPLE will appear on the display screen.  
Remove the LIGHT SHIELD over the SAMPLE CHAMBER. place the filled SAMPLE in the SAMPLE  
CHAMBER. Carefully align the alignment stripe in the SAMPLE CHAMBER with the left alignment stripe  
on the instrument. Carefully replace the LIGHTSHIELD over the SAMPLE holder, this SHIELD must  
always be used when measuring a fuel sample otherwise the result will be incorrect. Press MEASURE on the  
equipment, After the reading take place, REMOVE and REPLACE will be displayed on the screen. Remove  
the SAMPLE holder and rotate it to align the stripe on the sample holder with the RIGHT-hand alignment  
stripe on the instrument. Carefully replace the LIGHT SHIELD over the sample holder. Press MEASURE  
after the reading take place, remove and press "M" will be displayed on the screen. Remove the SAMPLE  
holder and cover the empty CHAMBER with the LIGHT SHIELD and press MEASURE. After the  
measurement is complete, Result will be printed by the instrument.  
Determination of Kinematic Viscosity for Automotive Gas Oil (AGO):  
Kinematic viscosity was determined using the standard operating procedures (SOPs) of ASTMD445; -  
Syringe was used to measure the sample into the viscometer sample holder. A standard temperature at37.80°c  
was applied and the equipment was allow to boot and warm up until the required temperature was indicated  
on the viscometer readout before inserting the sample and air was compressed into the glass tube to aid the  
flow of the liquid into the orifice of the capillary under the force of gravity and a stop watch was used as a  
timer checker for the kinematic viscosity analysis and the instrument used is viscometer, As the liquid get to  
the first orifice mark of the kinematic viscometer tube we record the time and as it get to the second orifice  
mark we also record the timing using the stop watch and the figures were calculated according to the standard  
multiplier of 0.008  
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  
Results  
The physicochemical parameters analyzed for premium motor Spirit for NNPC and Zone 4 depots is presented  
in Table 3.1  
Table 3.1: Physicochemical Analysis for Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) Sample In G/L  
S/N  
PARAMETERS  
TEST  
NMDPR PETROLEUM PRODUCT  
METHOD  
LIMITS NNPC  
ZONE 4  
Appearance  
Visual  
Clear and Clear  
Clear and Bright  
1
an  
ASTMD 4176 bright  
d
Bright  
Light  
yellow  
Colour  
Visual  
Light  
Light yellow  
2
Befor  
Yellow  
e
Distillation  
Temperature  
Observed  
(G/L)  
APHA 2550  
NILL  
29  
29  
3
4
Density ASTM D1298 0.720-  
0.780  
0.7445  
0.7425  
Corrected  
(Kg/M3)  
Density ASTMD4052 NILL  
744.5  
742.5  
5
Correction Factor  
Odour  
ASTM4052  
Visual  
NILL  
NILL  
0.9829  
0.9828  
6
7
Merchanta Merchantable  
b
le  
Reid Vapour Pressure  
NIS 116:2008 62.0  
49.5  
49.0  
8
9
Appendix H  
NIS 116:2008 NILL  
Appendix C  
70  
(9psi)  
Distillate Evaporated  
at  
34  
39  
30  
33  
Initial boiling point oc  
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10oc % (v/v) max  
50oc % (v/v) max  
90oc % (v/v) max  
Final  
125  
78  
77  
180  
96  
96  
181  
181  
Boili  
ng  
pointocmax  
Residue% v/v (max)  
NIS 116:2008  
Appendix C  
2
1.5  
1.5  
10  
Free Water  
ASTM D4176 NILL  
ASTMD4176 NILL  
NIS 116:2008 0.015  
Appendix E  
NILL  
NILL  
0.0275  
NILL  
NILL  
0.0215  
11  
12  
13  
Suspended Matter  
Total Sulfur Content  
% m/m (max)  
Benzene%  
(max)  
m/m ASTMD598  
2.0  
1.0  
0.0  
0.9  
14  
Ethanol  
Research  
ASTMD6293  
0.0  
15  
16  
ASTMD2699 91  
91.8  
81  
93.1  
Octa  
ne  
Number RON (min)  
Motor  
ASTMD2700 81  
83.0  
17  
18  
18  
Octa  
ne  
Number MON (min)  
Anti-Knock  
Calculated  
86  
86  
88.0  
Ind  
ex,  
AKI (min)  
Flash Point  
NIS 149: 2006  
Appendix F  
Not  
Not Applicable  
Applicable  
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Method Source: American Society for testing and materials (ASTM) 2007 NMDPRA – Nigerian Midstream  
and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority  
Table 3.1.2: Physicochemical Analysis for Automotive Gas Oil (AGO) (Diesel Fuel) Samples In G/L  
S/N PARAMETERS  
NMDPRA  
TEST  
PETROLEUM  
PRODUCTS  
NNPC  
DEPO  
T
REQUIREMENTS METHODS  
HUDSON  
Appearance  
Colour  
Clear and Bright  
3.0  
Visual  
NIS  
6
Clear  
Clear  
Light  
n
1
2
Brown (3.0)  
149:200  
Brow  
Appendix A  
(2.0)  
0.8404  
Observed Density G/L 0.820-0.870  
NIS  
0.8530  
3
149:200  
6
Appendix B  
Corrected Density  
Correction Factor  
Acidity  
NIL  
NIL  
853.0  
0.9868  
NIL  
840.4  
0.9873  
NIL  
4
5
6
NIS  
(Inorgan  
149:200  
ic  
6
Acid)  
Appendix C  
APHA  
Temperature  
Odour  
NIL  
NIL  
31  
30  
7.  
8
Merchantable Merchantable  
Distillation  
NIS 149: 2006  
Appendix E  
9
Initial Boiling Point  
(IBP)  
127  
80  
90  
NIL  
NIL  
Percentage Recovery  
at 357oc v/v (min)  
385  
348  
279  
Final Boiling Point  
(FBP) oc max  
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Flash Point oc (min)  
66  
NIS 149: 2006 69  
70  
10  
11  
Appendix F  
Kinematic Viscosity of 1.6-5.5  
37.8 oc (cst)  
NIS  
6
3.324  
3.144  
149:200  
14 Appendix G  
Total  
Sulfur %  
vol  
0.3  
ASTM 04294  
or  
0.0740  
38.2  
0.0475  
42.8  
12  
13  
(max)  
0.129  
Diesel Index (min)  
Cetane Number  
47  
NIS  
149:2006  
Appendix O  
NIS  
45  
37.9  
46.2  
14  
149:2006  
Appendix O  
Carbon Residue % wt 0.15  
(max)  
1
4
2
14  
15  
Cloud Point oc (max)  
4.4  
NIS  
3.5  
149:2006  
Appendix H  
Method Source: American Society for testing and materials (ASTM) 2007 NMDPRA - Nigerian Midstream  
and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority  
Table 3.1.3: Distillation Profile of The Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) Samples  
TEST  
UNIT  
Method  
ASTM IP  
Specification  
Result for  
PMS  
Result for (PMS)  
Sample (ZONE 4)  
Sample  
(NNPC)  
O
C
Distillation  
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340C  
I.B.P  
REPORT  
REPORT  
300C  
440C  
510C  
600C  
690C  
750C  
860C  
970C  
1110C  
1300C  
1530C  
Nil  
450C  
5%  
70 max REPORT 500C  
REPORT  
REPORT  
10%  
570C  
20%  
640C  
30%  
125max REPORT  
REPORT  
REPORT  
740C  
40%  
840C  
50%  
180max  
930C  
60%  
REPORT  
1140C  
1340C  
1560C  
1780C  
70%  
80%  
90%  
95%  
210max  
97%  
2%  
1810C  
97%  
181%  
97%  
F.B.P  
Recovery  
Residue  
Loss  
1.5%  
1.5%  
1.5%  
1.5%  
1%  
TEST  
UNIT  
Method  
Specification  
Result for  
Result for (AGO)  
ASTM IP  
AGO Sample Sample (HUDSON)  
(NNPC)  
O
C
Distillation  
I.B.P  
1270C  
REPORT  
800C  
REPORT  
REPORT  
REPORT  
REPORT  
REPORT  
1720C  
1980C  
2320C  
1150C  
1540C  
1770C  
5%  
10%  
20%  
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REPORT  
REPORT  
REPORT  
REPORT  
REPORT  
2510C  
2650C  
2790C  
2900C  
3040C  
3200C  
3310C  
3460C  
348%  
98%  
2000C  
2220C  
2380C  
2490C  
2580C  
2720C  
2780C  
Nil  
30%  
40%  
50%  
60%  
REPORT  
70%  
80%  
90%  
95%  
385 max  
90  
239%  
96%  
F.B.P  
Recovery  
Residue  
Loss  
Nil  
1%  
2%  
Nil  
1%  
2%  
DISCUSSION  
The physicochemical parameters of premium motor Spirit (PMS)  
The appearance, colour, Odour, free water, suspended matter, specific gravity (density) was all analyzed and  
were all within the required standards as recommended by (Bendierad et.al, 2022) and Nigerian Midstream  
and Downstream petroleum Regulatory Authority (NMDPRA) for both NNPC and Zone 4 depots. The Sulfur  
content for NNPC depot is 0.0275 and zone 4 is 0.0215, the sulphur content was above the permissible  
maximum requirements set by NMDPRA for both depots for premium motor Spirit.  
The Reid Vapour pressure (RVP) (kpa) for both depots products were obtained at  
49.5 for NNPC depot and 49.0 for zone 4 depot, both result of the product were in agreement with the  
regulatory bodies standards.  
Benzene result recorded is 1.0 for NNPC and 0.9 for zone 4 and both fall within the required range of  
permissible benzene content in premium motor Spirit (ASTMD598).  
The Antiknocking properties of the liquid motor fuel of motor engine known as the Research Octane Number  
(RON) was obtained at 91.8 for NNPC depot and 93.1 for zone 4 petroleum depot, ethanol content was  
recorded Nill for both depots products.  
The density obtained as shown in Table 3.1. showed the physicochemical characteristics of the two PMS  
depots samples based on its appearance, colour, Odour, Reid Vapour pressure, density, ethanol content,  
benzene content, Research Octane Number (RON) and the Sulphur content. The density obtained for NNPC  
and Zone 4 are 0.7445 and 0.7425 respectively were within the ASTM density range (0.720-0.780) indicating  
that the samples are either too light nor too heavy. The value of the RON which is the measure of the PMS  
ability to knock or ping in an engine is 91.8 for NNPC depot sample and 93.1 for zone 4 depot which is above  
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the RON minimal value of 90%, this is not connected with adulteration which is a common practice and the  
premium motor spirit is acceptable for motor engine optimization.  
The implication of the high RON is that it will enhance the efficiency of machine and promote it engine life  
span. Knocking is the metallic noise usually observed in spark ignited engine as a result of low octane rating  
of PMS. High octane rating of PMS is necessary for better performance of the internal combustion engine  
(Speight, 2023). Low octane rating of PMS could hinder engine power performance (Speight, 2023). Ethanol  
was found to be absent via the ethanol content test. The benzene test showed the concentration of substituted  
benzene in PMS samples for NNPC 1.0 and 0.9 for zone 4 which were within the range (2 max) by ASTM  
and NMDPRA since benzene is classed as a toxic material and knowledge of the concentration of the  
compound can be an aid in evaluating the possible health hazards to persons handling and using the PMS  
products. The Reid Vapor pressure (RVP) measure the volatility of the PMS which indicate how quickly the  
PMS products can evaporate, the result obtained were  
49.5 for NNPC depot PMS sample and 49.0 for zone 4 depot PMS sample using ASTM test method & NIS  
116: 2008 Appendix H which was within the maximum range of 62.0 (9psi) set by the regulatory authority.  
The quality many Petroleum product is related to the amount of Sulfur present. The knowledge of the Sulfur  
concentration is necessary for processing purposes. Here the value obtained is not in agreement with  
NMDPRA standards as it does not provide a means of compliance with specification or limits set by the  
regulatory authority for Sulfur content in PMS. The result of the distillation profile of the PMS samples are  
shown in the table 3.1.3, according to the American Society for Testing and Materials and Nigerian Industrial  
standards (NIS116:2008 appendix C NMDPRA) for PMS , the distillation profile is planned such that it  
shows the reported result in terms of Initial Boiling point which is the thermometer reading in the neck of the  
distillation flask when the first drop of distillate temperatures: usually observed when the level of distillate  
reaches each 10%mark on the graduated receiver with the temperatures for 5% and 95% marks often included,  
the final boiling point which is the highest thermometer reading observed during distillation, the recovery,  
the residue and finally the distillation loss. However, the Initial Boiling point (IBP) and Final Boiling Point  
(FBP) are mainly considered (Speight, 2023). The results obtained from NNPC and Zone 4 PMS samples in  
Table 3.1 based on the IBP and FBP are 34 and 181 for NNPC and 30 and 181 for zone 4 respectively which  
the result was slightly in variance when compared to the specification requirements set by ASTMD86 range  
for distillation.  
The results of the physicochemical properties of the Automotive Gas Oil (AGO).  
The physicochemical properties of Automotive Gas Oil (AGO) diesel fuel were obtained using ASTM and  
Nigerian Midstream and Downstream petroleum Regulatory Authority (NMDPRA). The determination of the  
density of Petroleum and its products (AGO) is necessary for the conversion of measured volume to weight  
standard temperature of 15°c and gives evidence of the quality of fuel (Osman., et.al, 2021). Density of fuel  
is an important quality characteristic, which is used for the description of Petroleum products and to calculate  
other physicochemical characteristics (Osman., et.al, 2021). The direct density of diesel has a direct effect on  
other physicochemical characteristics and it is used in the calculation of Cetane number that determines the  
quality of diesel fuel.  
The density obtained were 0.8530 for NNPC and 0.8404 for Hudson depots indicating that the AGO density  
was within the range of ASTM1298 and NMDPRA specifications. The appearance of both depot samples  
were within the specification requirements of the regulatory body. The odour was merchantable for both  
depots samples indicated conformity with the regulatory authority as shown in table 3.1.2  
The flashpoint temperature is an assessment for the overall flammability hazard of materials (Aga., 2018)  
lowest temperature at which it will produce enough Vapour to produce a flammable mixture in the air. The  
lower the flash point temperature, the easier it is to ignite the air if an ignition source is present. The higher  
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
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the flash point, the safer the material to handle, the result of flash point for both depots samples were obtained  
using ASTMD93, NNPC and Hudson was 69 and 70 respectively and results both fall within the specification  
of ASTM and NMDPRA standards requirements.  
Cetane Number (CN) is a Measurement of performance or quality of petrol or biodiesels fuel. The higher the  
CN, the better the fuel burns within the engine of a vehicle. The difference between CN and octane number  
(ON) is that octane number rates(gasoline) PMS whereas Cetane number rate diesel (Chukwezie., et.al, 2017).  
The result obtained for cetane number for NNPC and Hudson depots were 37.9 and 46.2, the result for Hudson  
depot was in conformity with NMDPRA & ASTM while NNPC depot product was below the required  
specification set by the regulatory bodies, which may be due to refining processing method, poor storage  
facilities or adulteration of the product. Diesel Index results obtained from both depots using the ASTMD 976  
or IP 380, for NNPC is 38.2 and 42.8 for Hudson depot were below the NMDPRA specifications required  
limits of 47. The implication of lower cetane number can cause issues like rough running, increased emissions  
and decreased fuel efficiency and pose serious adverse effect on motor engines upon application, on the other  
hand, A higher cetane number signifies better ignition quality, resulting in improved combustion and reduced  
ignition delay, understanding the influence of cetane number on diesel engines is essential for optimising  
engine performance and meeting emission standards (Wu, H., et.al, 2021).  
Total Sulfur content analyzed using ASTMD 5453 or D2622 or IP 336 test method, result obtained for NNPC  
was 0.0740 and 0.0475 for Hudson depots sample were within the permissible required Sulfur content of  
AGO and therefore is adequately in conformity with the specification limits of (0.3 max) set by the regulatory  
body.  
Kinematic viscosity is one of the important characteristics of diesel fuel, the fuel which is having higher  
viscosity can cause damage in the pump. Besides, the lowest fuel may lead to a lack of effective Lubrication  
in engines. It also influences the fuel delivery rate and the atomization of the fuel during injection. That is  
why the ASTM put a limit for diesel fuel (2.2-8.8) and NMDPRA limit is (2.2-5-5) mm2/s (Mousavi et.al,  
2021). Results obtained from the analysis of the Petroleum product kinematic viscosity were 3.324 for NNPC  
and 3.144 for Hudson sample respectively indicating both were within the required specification limits of  
ASTM and NMDPRA.  
Cloud point results obtained were 4°c for NNPC and 3.5°c for Hudson, both are within the specification limit  
as shown in table 3.1.2 Carbon residue results obtained for NNPC and Hudson samples was analysed using  
ASTM D2500 or IP 219 were above the specification requirements set by the regulatory authority, it may due  
to inadequate refining and storage facilities of petroleum products of the depots understudy.  
Table 3.1.3 Distillation, the Initial Boiling point IBP for NNPC and Hudson samples was obtained at 127°c  
and 80°c and the percentage discovered at 357°c v/v as required by ASTM and NMDPRA was 90 minimum  
and the product sample never reach 357°c and the Final Boiling point (FBI) °c max for the NNPC sample is  
348°c which was within the required standards but Hudson sample was having more residue above the  
required standards and behavior which seems adulterated.  
The auto-mobility is an important factor in the socio-economic life of man. Automobile is thus a basic  
necessity. Adequate Lubrication allows smooth continuous operation of the engine and equipment with only  
mild wear and without excessive stresses or seizure of the motor oil at the bearing while the main functions  
of engine or motor oil is usually to lubricate moving parts, motor oil also cleans, inhibits corrosion, improves  
scaling by carrying heat away from moving parts (Cai et.al, 2020). This then calls for importance of the quality  
of automobile consumable oil especially for the engine, the gear box and brake system. These vehicles and  
machinery need lubricants, especially for proper functioning of engine parts and to reduce the wearing ().  
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
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CONCLUSION  
The results of this study revealed that the research octane number (RON), motor Octane number (MON),  
specific gravity, free water content of regular premium motor Spirit (PMS) were within ASTM specifications  
while total sulfur content, Initial Boiling point, final boiling point deviated from the ASTM and NMDPRA  
required standards.  
In the result obtained from the regular Automotive Gasoline (AGO) revealed that the specific gravity, Acidity,  
flash point, kinematic viscosity, carbon residue, Total Sulfur content, odor etc were in compliance with ASTM  
specifications standards while the diesel index , initial boiling point, Hudson product colour, carbon residue  
for both NNPC and Hudson Petroleum depot sample were not in agreement with the required standards set  
by Nigerian Midstream and Downstream petroleum Regulatory Authority (NMDPRA) and ASTM(American  
Society for Testing and Materials).  
Therefore, conclusively from the analyzed results using NMDPRA, ASTM laboratory test methods and  
specifications requirements, the regular premium motor Spirit (PMS) or (petrol) for NNPC and Zone 4  
depots samples are good for motor engines consumption and it will have positive effect upon it application  
on motor engines while the regular Automotive Gas Oil (AGO) (diesel) fuel Petroleum product for both NNPC  
and Hudson samples is not good for motor engines, it will have adverse effects on motor engine which will  
results in affecting the economic factor of users of the products, shorten motor engine lifespan, and increased  
environmental pollution. Based on the findings, the automotive gas oil (AGO) might have been poorly  
refined, inadequate storage maintenance system or adulterated and could constitute problems such as  
knocking of engines, delayed ignition, malfunctioning of components parts in Automotive Gasoline engines  
when used. The quality of the Automotive Gas Oil (AGO) can be enhanced through upgrading refineries  
operation conditions and the introduction of gasoline additives. Nigerian needs to develop local technology  
in order to attain self-sufficiency in the Petroleum sector.  
The federal Government and the Nigerian Midstream and Downstream petroleum Regulatory Authority  
(NMDPRA) should legislate a legal framework to regulate the activities of Automotive Gas Oil (AGO)  
refineries. This will enhance the Petroleum sector, boost motor engines lifespan, socioeconomic and  
environmental sustainability. From the findings and conclusion drawn from this research, it is imperative that  
regular quality assurance tests should be conducted randomly on the PMS and AGO to check their up-to-date  
compliance of the products with ASTM and NMDPRA and adulteration.  
Declarations  
Ethics approval and consent to participate  
Not applicable  
Consent for publication  
Not applicable  
Competing interests  
All authors declare zero financial or inter-personal conflict of interest that could have influenced the  
research work or results reported in this research paper.  
Funding  
This research was not funded by any Governmental or Non-governmental agency.  
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
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ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XI, November 2025  
Authors’ Contributions  
Fredrick C. Asogwa: Project conceptualization, design, and supervision. Emmanuel  
E. Ojong: Writing, results extraction, analysis, and manuscript first draft. Ivon E. Akpang: Manuscript  
revision, review, and proofreading Chinedu Achukee Manuscript, review, and proofreading.  
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