INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XI, November 2025  
Farmers’ Perceptions of Climate Change. A Case of Nakasongola  
District in Uganda  
Samuel Mukasa  
College of Education, Open Distance and E-learning Kampala International University Uganda  
DOI : https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2025.1411000079  
Received: 12 October 2025; Accepted: 17 October 2025; Published: 18 December 2025  
ABSTRACT.  
Background: Ugandan farmers are susceptible to the changing climate with unpredictable rainfall distribution  
and severe rising temperatures. Climatic change is likely to affect the basic elements of life for people around  
the world resulting into no access to water and food production, hence hundred millions of people could suffer  
hunger and water shortages leading to severe death. This paper is aimed at exploring farmers’ perceptions of  
climate change.  
Material and method: The study employed a case study design where several instrumental bound cases are  
examined. We utilized multiple data collection methods to explore perceptions of climate change. We also chose  
the qualitative-focused enquiry for this study because this approach allows the comparison of different  
stakeholders’ perspectives drawn primarily from a qualitative approach. Data were collected using semi-  
structured interviews from fifteen purposefully selected local farmers from selected sub counties.  
Results: Findings revealed that farmers perceive climate change news as a source of negative excitements such  
as fear, worry and intimidation. Similarly, findings revealed that bush burning, deforestation, bush burning and  
over grazing are the major causes of climate change. In addition to ignorance amongst the people who are not  
clearly aware of what climate change is and they don’t know why they receive little rain fall, why very hot days.  
Conclusion: This research study revealed a number of key ideas and it is concluded that some people are not  
informed clearly of what is causing climate change and the inadequate information about climate change needed  
to be improved to help the entire generation understand climate change. And it was thus concluded that people’s  
awareness on climate change is vital for a sustainable livelihood.  
Keywords: Perception, Climate change, qualitative-focused enquiry, Nakasongola, Uganda.  
INTRODUCTION  
Perceptions about climate change are complex, unpredictable and it is worth distinguishing among different  
types of perceptions. For instance, the belief that it is happening and the belief that it is caused by humans (Mata  
et al., 2025). These two beliefs are often distinguished in survey research. Then there are perceptions about the  
consequences of climate change, including beliefs about its impacts on human health and wellbeing and an  
overall assessment of the consequences as good or bad (Steg, 2023).  
Perception about climate change is understanding public knowledge on climate change and it is a crucial  
component in the climate communication process (Odoom, 2024) as well as understanding the views, attitudes,  
and beliefs of the public on climate change is considered an instrumental dimension in the climate change and  
mitigation processes (Shi et al., 2015). Perceptions about climate change in Uganda is entirely a big question  
that must be understood today as media regularly disseminate knowledge regarding climate change and its  
ramifications for agriculture and global food systems thus enhancing awareness and comprehension of climate  
change, as well as global policy strategies aimed at addressing the difficulties it has caused by climate change in  
Uganda (Bahati, 2024; Nsubuga & Rautenbach, 2018).  
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However, scientists are looking into the origins of the phenomenon, seeking answers that will somehow help to  
mitigate the effects of climate change (Nunes & Ferreira Dias, 2022). Climate change is defined as the shift in  
climate patterns mainly caused by greenhouse gas emissions from natural systems and human activities. So far,  
anthropogenic activities have caused about 1.0 °C of global warming above the pre-industrial level and this is  
likely to reach 1.5 °C between 2030 and 2052 if the current emission rates persist (Cadez & Czerny, 2016). The  
20th century was the warmest the world has seen in 1,000 years, and the 1980s and 1990s were the warmest  
decades on record (Magado & Ssekyewa, 2018).  
In addition, Rummukainen (2012) and Trenberth (2011) assert that climate change is more than a warming trend  
thus, increasing temperatures is as a result in changes in many aspects of weather, such as wind patterns, the  
amount and type of precipitation and the types and frequency of severe weather events that may be expected to  
occur in an area. For instance rainfall changes are in addition to environmental health problems such as  
respiratory diseases and potential global food shortages in the Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand with  
a high frequency of climate-related hazards, such as droughts, floods and landslides, which have resulted in  
substantial impacts in many areas (Ismail & Go, 2021; Lasco et al., 2011; Manandhar et al., 2015; Mirza, 2011).  
Climate change and the threat of related extreme conditions such as droughts which is a concern to Nakasongola  
district are under mitigation strategies (Cadez & Czerny, 2016; Fawzy et al., 2020).  
Climate change is happening due to natural factors and human activities and it expressively alters biodiversity,  
agricultural production, and food security (Thornton & Lipper, 2014). Though there is no agreed definition for  
the term “climate change” it is the inherent characteristic of climate that manifests itself as changes of climate  
over time and it could be labelled through the alterations among long-term statistics of meteorological rudiments  
intended for dissimilar period (Muluneh, 2021).  
MATERIAL AND METHODS  
Research paradigm and study population: This study utilized an interpretivist research paradigm in which the  
research questions are grounded in an epistemological position with assumptions that data tells us something  
about farmers’ perception of climate change following a case study research design. The study population,  
consisted of fifteen participants from Kalungi, Kakooge Lwampanga , Nakasongola town council, Nabisweera,  
Wabinyonyi and Nakitooma all of which were local farmers and local leaders.  
The population of the local farmers and local leaders was drawn from the primary information provided in Table  
1.1:  
Distribution of local  
farmers/leaders  
Proposed  
interview  
sample  
Actual interviewed  
Sample size  
Sampling strategy  
Kalungi  
06  
2
03  
01  
03  
03  
02  
02  
01  
15  
Purposive  
Purposive  
Snow ball  
Purposive  
Purposive  
Purposive  
Purposive  
Kakooge  
Lwampanga  
Nakasongola town council  
Nabisweera  
Wabinyonyi  
Nakitooma  
05  
07  
10  
06  
03  
51  
TOTAL  
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Source: Primary data source  
Study Design: This study has followed a case study research design to explore the perceptions on climate change  
and mitigation strategies among people in the district. According to Mouton (2001) a research design refers to  
a plan of how you intend to conduct the research addressing specific questions. This plan informs a specific  
research methodology. This study adopted a multiple interpretivist case study design/approach with two units of  
analysis at the selected sub counties in the district.  
Study sample: The study employed 15 participants. The criteria for selecting the participants were based on;  
age, academic qualification, experience and residency in the case of Nakasongola district (Schreier, 2018). These  
are the factors that guided us to determine the sample size in a qualitative study. In addition, participants were  
accessed on appointment which enabled them to conveniently be interviewed. The snow ball sampling  
techniques was also used to complement purposeful sampling as an attempt to get rich information about  
farmers’ perceptions of climate change. I purposively chose from local farmers and local leaders, those with  
authority, those with experience and they are desirable in this specialized situation of climate change in  
Nakasongola district. I chose ten renown local farmers and five local leaders. As a qualitative researcher, I  
may get responses from fewer participants and reach the saturation level of my data collection  
Research methods: Data were collected using semi-structured interviews from fifteen purposefully selected  
local farmers hence we used both primary and secondary data collection methods. The secondary data collection  
method consisted of analyzing various types of documents including national environment management  
authority. We chose this method as it is an important research tool and allows for triangulation of information.  
We also utilized interpretive methods for data collection, due to the fact that qualitative research methods are of  
greater value especially on enabling the understanding of phenomena.  
This study being qualitative and interpretive in nature, the focus was on how the participants make meaning of  
a specific phenomenon such as curriculum leadership styles by analyzing their understanding and experiences  
upon this theme. Therefore, to have a clear analysis of the data, all recorded interviews were listened to several  
times immediately after every interview.  
RESULTS  
This section reports findings about farmers’ perception of climate change in Uganda. The number of participants  
in this study, were as follows in Table 1.2 that provides a summary of participants’ profiles.  
Table 1.2: Provides a summary of participants’ profiles  
subcounty  
Parish/village  
Participant’s  
Code  
Highest  
Academic  
Qualification  
Agricultural  
activity  
Working  
Experience  
Kalungi  
katugo  
KLCNS  
PLE  
Seasonal crop 10 years  
growing  
Kakooge  
Kyabutaayi  
KO-LCEAT-1  
UCE  
-Animal  
keeping  
20 years  
-Seasonal crop  
growing  
KO-LCEAT-2  
UACE  
Animal  
keeping  
30 years  
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KO-LCEAT-3  
KO-LCEAT-4  
Primary five  
Primary six  
Seasonal crop  
growing  
40 years  
-Seasonal crop 25 years  
growing  
-Animal  
keeping  
KO-LCEAT-5  
LWA-CAES1  
LWA-CAES-2  
PLE  
PLE  
PLE  
Seasonal crop 22 years  
growing  
Lwampanga  
Animal  
keeping  
17 years  
-Seasonal crop 16 years  
growing  
-Animal  
keeping  
LWA-CAES-3  
PLE  
UCE  
UCE  
Seasonal crop 14 years  
growing  
Nakasongola  
town council  
Nakasongola  
NAKA-LCCIS-  
1
Animal  
keeping  
11 years  
NAKA-LCCIS-  
2.  
Seasonal crop 13 years  
growing  
Nabisweera  
Migyeera  
NAB-CHS- 1  
NAB-CHS- 2  
UCE  
PLE  
Animal  
keeping  
13 years  
-Seasonal crop 50 years  
growing  
-Animal  
keeping  
Wabinyonyi  
Nakitooma  
Roma  
WA-COVAB,  
NAK-COCIS  
UACE  
PLE  
Seasonal crop 13 years  
growing  
Seasonal crop  
growing  
14 years  
Source: Primary data source  
Sub-Theme #1: Farmers’ perceptions and awareness of severe temperatures  
In my interface with the participants, I realized various views upon climate change in various sub counties in  
Nakasongola district. Indeed, majority of the participants expressed their views on climate change as variant and  
gave the researcher a task to understand their opinions on climate change and mitigation strategies upon the  
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impact of climate change. In this sub-theme, awareness on climate change was emphasized. Data collected was  
tailored according to the research questions/objectives on the climate change and mitigation strategies. Several  
interviews were held and information was got as far as the participants responses were concerned.  
The first participant was KLCNS a resident of Katugo, Kalungi subcounty Nakasongola district. This participant  
has stayed at katugo village for over ten (10) years. She grows crops and rears animals. She calls herself a  
peasant farmer. The participant was the coordinator of village farming groups for some good years. It is in this  
spirit that the participant revealed that she mainly grows seasonal crops due to the unreliable rainfall that spells  
throughout the year. She stated that: crops with the long gestation period cannot be sustainable with any yields.  
Similarly, another participant revealed that in his village, people are not aware of climate change and its causes.  
We leave everything to God to decide and we can’t tell what it means by climate change. The participant  
confirmed that little or no rainfall is received throughout the year in her village.  
In addition, participant KLCNS2 a resident of Katugo too, reveals that,information regarding climate change is  
not well spread and every village man has his own way of thinking about climate change, instead the awareness  
of climate change varies from person to person, from village to village and from subcounty to sub county. Some  
people are careful about climate change while others are not concerned at all. In addition, not all people in my  
village opt for environment conservation, but instead live a careless life upon habitant conservation.  
More highlights upon the awareness of climate change are only accorded to parish and sub county chiefs. For  
instance, KO-LCEAT-1 who is a senior citizen in Kakooge Kyabutaayi village stressed that:  
“Climate change is not our concern, we only want to know the present, but we are not concerned with future.  
We have only transformed our lives through peasantry agriculture and that is all what we know”.as said  
participant KO-LCEAT-6. Similarly, KO-LCEAT-1 emphasized that they are aware of the hot days, very little  
rainfall and sometimes drizzling just. In this regard were not informed clearly what is causing this, but sometimes  
our leaders emphasize planting of trees that may help to supplement on our rains but we can’t see rain and any  
good change, instead our climate is worsening. Therefore, I embrace the dry days as being the order of the day  
and I think this is what I know about climate change.  
KO-LCEAT-2 added that, 20% of my fellow peasants have no care and positive attitude towards climate change  
implying they have no intention to look for mitigation strategies to curb the impact of climate. Study participants  
revealed that some people in their villages are not informed about climate change, they are not happy over the  
kind of climate that thrive, but they are not informed over the prevailing climatic conditions in their area.  
Peoples’ involvement on climate change is very important and key hence this is backed with sharing information  
that can help to understand climate changes in our localities. In regard to the issue of awareness of climate  
changes, most people in their localities need to be aware of what may result into vagaries of weather and try to  
look for mitigation strategies so as build citizenry responsibility on climate, well prepared, self-reliant and  
creative generation that can conserve its flora and fauna. Hence KO-LCEAT-2 noted that: planting of trees in  
our environment is very key in helping to conserve our natural habitant by building interest and caring for our  
environment. In in similar way, as citizens we need to have the local environment management perspectives.  
One of the participants KO-LCEAT-3 further revealed that: We need a community weather station to help us  
record the amount of rainfall and sun shine using a rain gauge and at the end of the month, we are able to report  
the amount of rainfall we receive. Thus, this awareness or the good understanding on our climate can help us  
conserve it.  
Similarly, KO-LCEAT-4 confessed that: the awareness on climate change could look at climate change and  
variability as an emerging issue that could often be mentioned in all our villages. We can participate fully in how  
to design projects and workshops to better understand our environment, the magnitude of damage and  
consequences of climate change must be known to my family, instead we don’t have enough information about  
climate change. All in all, it is evident that majority of the participants from all the sub counties confirmed that  
they are not clearly aware of what climate change is and they don’t know why they receive little rain fall, why  
very hot day. Some participants say that it is God who knows.  
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Similarly, the researcher asked the local farmers to elaborate how they understand their climate and some other  
participants KO-LCEAT-5 and LWA-CAES1 equally revealed that:  
“As an individual, I confirm no knowledge and awareness on climate change. It is good for my fellow farmers  
to always be aware and predict the seasons, but we are not all that properly informed of the driving factors of  
the threat. One of the farmers was wondering why there are no mangoes in Nakasongola in the month of march  
and April yet mangoes used to be much in those very months. This implies farmers had started noticing climate  
changes and it was necessary to provide information related to the effects of climate change so as to create  
awareness to the population.  
Sub-Theme #2: Farmers’ views on climate awareness  
Findings showed that some people are aware of the dangers of heavy rains that may sometimes lead to landslides,  
damage crops, destruction of property and causing floods hence kill animals and plants (LWA-CAES-2 and  
LWA-CAES-3). In the equivalent vein, local farmers (LWA-CAES-3 and NAKA-LCCIS-2) also communicated  
that they receive message about climate change on burials, weddings, meetings, and bars. Participants (KO-  
LCEAT-5, KO-LCEAT-4, LWA-CAES-2 and LWA-CAES1) asserted that:  
They also specified that the onset of rains is now deferred while ending is earlier against the trend in the past  
years. This substantiates the meteorological parameters obtained from Uganda Meteorological stations. The  
Study further indicates that, though there are natural causes, most of rural people accepted human activities as  
major causes of climate change/variability. The results also presented that the effects of climate in rural areas of  
Nakasongola include poor crop yields, reduced soil fertility, poverty and food shortage.  
For instance, the elders of my society wherever they greet, begin by asking matters of climate changes and  
weathers of various places. Indeed, some other participants in most of the villages confessed that: In the entire  
Nakasongola district, elders have always expressed their concerns on various issues of climate change like; the  
shifting rain seasons, the longer than the usual dry spells, un reliable rain fall, short rains, hence spreading a local  
gospel that Nakasongola is undergoing bad times than usual than understanding that it is climate change.  
In addition, participant NAKA-LCCIS-2 revealed that: Majority of the farmers are aware that climate extremes  
for example prolonged droughts were becoming more frequent in their area. However, most of the farmers  
reported that these changes were as a result of poor farming practices such as overgrazing, uncontrolled bush  
burning and destruction of woodlands for charcoal burning among others that are occurring in Nakasongola  
district. Severe prolonged droughts consequently result into increased crop failure and shortage of water and  
pastures for livestock. Lack of water and pastures for livestock leads into reduced milk production and loss of  
livestock especially cattle as a result of extreme starvation were evident in almost all the sub-counties in  
Nakasongola district.  
Even when talking to the entire population of Nakasongola, not all people in my village opt for environment  
conservation and none speaks clearly on the portfolio that their environment is undergoing climate change and  
could not tell the causes of climate change, yet the activities like bush burning, deforestation and swamp  
reclamations that lead to climate change are still on-going (NAB-CHS- 1 and NAB-CHS- 2).  
The findings from an interview with WA-COVAB implied that a person with interest and knowledge about  
climate change issues, provided several facets of climate changes as follows:  
I continuously observe the changes in the patterns of rainfall and temperatures in my subcounty are varying  
seasonally. Am an eye witness and interested party because I practice farming. I have empathy for my  
environment and I could strive to protect it. Therefore, am aware of the causes of climate change as follows  
(KO-LCEAT-2):  
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Table 1.3: Participant’s awareness on the causes of climate change  
Causes of climate change  
Bush burning  
Percentage (%)  
35  
30  
20  
10  
05  
Poor methods of farming  
Deforestation  
Overgrazing  
Swamp reclamation  
Data set based on Primary source: KO-LCEAT-2  
The participants view on climate change reveals that bush burning contributes 35%, poor farming methods  
contributes 30%, deforestation contributes to 20%, overgrazing 10% and swamp reclamation 5%. This implies  
that many people are not aware of the climate change in Nakasongola and majority have insufficient knowledge  
about climate change. Secondly, people are not aware of other causes of climate change than human alone.  
Sub-Theme #2: Sources of information on climate change  
Through Semi-Structured Interviews, two participants (i.e. KO-LCEAT-3 and KO-LCEAT-4) were asked the  
sources of information they have on climate change and results were presented in Table 4.4: Sources of  
information  
Percentage (%)  
s/n  
1.  
2.  
3.  
4.  
5.  
6.  
7.  
8.  
9.  
Source  
Televisions  
1
Radio  
53  
5
Internet  
Elders /Parents  
Drama  
10  
1
Life experience  
Messages from telephones  
Community meetings  
News papers  
20  
4
20  
1
From Table 4.4 above, local farmers from the selected sub counties of Nakasongola revealed that they aware of  
climate change through various ways. For instance, radios provide (53%) as a main source of information on  
climate change. Local leaders and central government through radio programs have greatly disseminated  
information about climate change. In addition, community meetings and life experience have provided (20%),  
Elders/parents (10%), Messages from telephones (4%), Internet (5%), Newspapers, Drama and televisions (1%).  
Interviews with local farmers about sources of information on climate change revealed that accessible  
information on various medium was the most appropriate source of information. Some local farmers have small  
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radios and can always listen to some radio programs on climate change and those without could get information  
from community gatherings.  
Farmers’ perceptions and attitudes of seasonal rainfall variations  
Table 4.5: Participants’ views on perceptions and attitudes of seasonal rainfall variations  
Participants’ views on  
perception  
and Participants who held this view  
attitude of temperature variation  
KLCNS;  
Under conditions of increased temperature and  
reduced rainfall  
KO-LCEAT-1  
KO-LCEAT-2  
KO-LCEAT-3  
Subsistence food production is deteriorating due  
higher temperatures  
Hostile weather conditions (too much sunshine)  
LWA-CAES-1, LWA-CAES-2 and NAB-CHS-  
1, WA-COVAB-1  
Participants’ views on perception and Participants who held this view  
attitude on rainfall variation  
WA-COVAB-1;  
NAK-COCIS  
Have observed a change in the timing of rainfall,  
we sometimes receive rainfall in the months  
Months of march, April and august being so dry.  
We receive un reliable rainfall in the months  
November and January  
Rainfall unpredictability is related to increased  
water shortages and a reduction in biodiversity  
Participants’ views on perception and  
attitude on changing seasons.  
Participants who held this view  
LCEAT-4,  
Dry seasons are longer  
LWA-CAES-3  
NAB-CHS-2  
There is low rainfall in our area  
We see temperatures are warmer  
Strong winds in recent times  
Drying up of streams / rivers, Delayed onset of  
rains/stormy weather is common  
Ethical Approval  
The study was conducted in an ethical manner. Participants from the different sub counties were requested to  
provide data freely. Prior to data collection, researchers introduced themselves to relevant authorities at  
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Nakasongola subcounty headquarters before accessing participants. An introductory letter was obtained from  
the Dean, college of education Kampala International University introducing researchers to study participants.  
Researchers observed all ethical values regarding confidentiality, anonymity, benefits of the research, use of  
recording devices and data ownership and the participants’ freedom to withdraw at any stage of the study.  
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS  
In conclusion, the main findings from the research study revealed a number of key ideas and it is concluded that  
some people are not informed clearly of what is causing climate change and the inadequate information about  
climate change needed to be improved to help the entire generation understand climate change. And it was thus  
concluded that people’s awareness on climate change is vital for a sustainable livelihood. Basing on the findings  
above, several key recommendations emerged. For instance, it is recommended that local leaders should  
emphasize massive awareness on climate change. Massive awareness should be emphasized and people are made  
aware of the dangers of climate change especially the extreme weather conditions. This can be done by grouping  
people in their localities and provide more sensitization programs about climate change on quarterly basis.  
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XI, November 2025  
16. Thornton, P. K., & Lipper, L. (2014). How does climate change alter agricultural strategies to support  
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