INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025  
Morphometric Analysis of Calcaneal Angles (Bohler’s and Gissane’s  
angle) in the North Indian Population  
3
Khursheed Ahmad Ganie 1*, Tazim Hussian Padder 2, Ananya Sharma  
1Allied Health Sciences Department, Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara, University, Rajpura  
Punjab  
2
Department of Radio-imaging Technology & Diagnosis SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana  
3Allied Health Sciences Department, Gulzar Group of Institutions, Khanna, Punjab  
* Corresponding Author  
DOI : https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2025.1412000007  
Received: 13 December 2025; Accepted: 19 December 2025; Published: 26 December 2025  
ABSTRACT  
Background: Calcaneal fractures are the most common tarsal bone injuries, accounting for 60–70% of tarsal  
fractures, and frequently occur due to high-energy trauma such as road traffic accidents and falls from height.  
These fractures significantly impair mobility and work capacity, particularly among individuals aged 21–45  
years. Radiographic assessment using Bohler’s and Gissane’s angles is essential for determining fracture severity  
and guiding appropriate treatment planning.  
Methodology: A study was conducted in the SGT University Hospital Gurugram, Haryana. The study included  
100 cases (60M, 40F), with mean age 41.66 ± 17.14 years (Range 15 - 89 years). Ankle lateral radiograph was  
taken by using CR X-ray machine (Fuji Modality). Lateral ankle radiographs in all the cases were evaluated for  
the measurement of Bohler’s and Gissane’s angle with the help of experienced Radiologist and Orthopedician.  
Result: The mean of Bohler’s angle and Gissane’s angle in the north Indian population were 28.70° (15 -  
54°) and 112.18° (100 - 13°) respectively. The mean Bohler’s angle was found highest (30.57 ± 5.88°) in age  
group with age ranged from 15 - 29 years and lowest (27.44 ± 7.36°) in age group with age ranged from 30 - 44  
years whereas Gissane’s angle was found highest (116.56 ± 10.03°) and lowest (109.77 ± 5.54°) in age group  
with age range of 75 - 89 years and 30 - 44 years respectively. There was no significant Difference in the Bohler’s  
and Gissane’s angle between males and females.  
Conclusion: In the north Indian population, the mean of Gissane’s angle and mean Bohler’s angle was found  
28.70 ± 7.24° and 112.18 ± 7.09° respectively. There was no significant Difference in the Bohler’s and Gissane’s  
angle between genders.  
Key Words: Calcaneal angle, Bohler’s angle and Gissane’s angle.  
INTRODUCTION  
Calcaneum is the frequently fractured bone among tarsal bones due to trauma, road accidents or falling from  
height as most of the human body’s weight is transmitted on it (1). Calcaneal fractures constitute 60% -70% of  
tarsal fractures and 2% of all fractures (2, 3, 4). The calcaneal fractures decrease mobility as a result of which the  
ability to perform work is affected. Calcaneal bone fractures were found commonly in the subjects with age  
between 21 to 45 years (5). The measurement of the Bohler’s and Gissane’s angle is a helpful tool in the diagnosis  
of severity of the Calcaneal fracture on lateral Radiograph and to plan treatment. The calcaneal angles i.e.;  
Bohler’s angle was described by Lorenz Bohler (1931) (5) and William Gissane (1947) (6) respectively. Bohler’s  
angle is the angle formed by connecting the line drawn from the tip of the posterior calcaneal tuberosity to the  
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posterior calcaneal facet with the line drawn from the tip of the anterior calcaneal process to the posterior  
calcaneal facet. The angle is formed by connecting the line drawn from the posterior talar articular surface to the  
tarsal sinus with the line drawn from the tip of the anterior surface of the cuboid bone to the tarsal sinus (7). The  
normal range of Bohler’s and Gissane’s angles were from 20°- 40° (8,9) and 130°- 145° (9) respectively. The  
objective of the study was to evaluate the Bohler’s and Gissane’s angle among various age groups and genders  
and to compare the result of the present study with the previous studies.  
METHODOLOGY  
A prospective study was carried out in the Department of Radiology at SGT University Hospital Gurugram,  
Haryana. The study included 100 cases (60M, 40F) with average age 41.66 ± 17.14 years (40.90 ±18.25 years  
in M and 42.80 ±15.49 years in F). The Demographic Distribution of the cases included in the study are shown  
in table 1.1 below. A Computed Radiography X-ray machine (CR Fuji Modality) was used to scan each case for  
lateral ankle radiographs. Trauma cases, unwilling, post-operative and foot deformity cases were not included  
in the study. Lateral ankle radiographs of all the cases were evaluated for the measurement of Bohler’s angle  
and Gissane’s angle in the presence of experienced Orthopedician and radiologist by using the on-screen angle  
measuring tool (electronic caliper). The Bohler’s and Gissane’s angles were measured in the study as shown in  
fig. 1.1 and fig. 1.2 respectively. The statistical analysis in the study was carried out by software SPSS (Version  
21). Chi Square test were used to evaluate P- value and P ˂ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.  
Table 1.1 Demographic Distribution of cases included in the study  
GENDERS  
NO. OF  
PATIENTS  
AVERAGE AGE  
(Yrs.)  
Min. AGE (Yrs.)  
Max. AGE  
(Yrs.)  
60  
40  
40.90 ± 18.25 YEARS  
42.80 ± 15.49 YEARS  
41.66 ± 17.14 YEARS  
15  
22  
15  
88  
78  
88  
MALE  
FEMALE  
TOTAL  
100  
Fig. 1.1 Bohler’s Angle  
Fig. 1.2: Gissane’s Angle  
(Formed by 2 lines – line drawn from tip of (Formed by 2 lines – line drawn from tip of the  
posterior calcaneal tuberosity to the posterior posterior calcaneal facet to the lowest point of  
calcaneal facet with Line drawn from tip of posterior cal. facet with the drawn from lowest  
anterior calcaneal process to the posterior point of the same Facet to the tip of anterior  
calcaneal facet).  
surface).  
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112.18  
150  
100  
50  
28.7  
0
MEAN BOHLER'S ANGLE  
MEAN GISSANE'S ANGLE  
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MEAN BOHLER'S ANGLE  
MEAN GISSANE'S ANGLE  
112.78  
111.78  
28.67  
28.75  
MALE  
FEMALE  
Fig. 1.4 Comparison of mean Bohler’s and Gissane’s in males and females  
Comparison of Bohler’s and Gissane’s angles among various age groups  
All the cases included in the study were divided into five groups based on their age (15 - 29, 30 -44, 45 - 59, 60  
- 74 and 75 - 89 years). Among various age groups the mean of Bohler’s angle was highest (30.57°) in group  
with age range of 15 - 29 years and lowest (27. 44°) in group with age range of 30 - 44 years. The Gissane’s was  
found highest (116.56°) in age group with age range of 75 - 89 years and lowest (109.77°) in age group with age  
range of 30 - 44 years. The mean value of Bohler’s and Gissane’s angle among various age groups in the study  
are shown in table 1.4 and fig. 1.5 below  
Table 1.4 comparison of Bohler’s and Gissane’s angle among various age groups  
AGE  
GROUPS  
NO. OF  
CASES  
ANGLE  
MEAN± Std.  
DEVIATION  
MIN.  
MAX.  
15-29  
30-44  
23  
39  
20  
9
BOHLER'S  
GISSANE'S  
BOHLER'S  
GISSANE'S  
BOHLER'S  
GISSANE'S  
BOHLER'S  
GISSANE'S  
BOHLER'S  
GISSANE'S  
BOHLER'S  
GISSANE'S  
30.57 ± 5.88°  
111.17 ± 6.19°  
27.44 ± 7.36°  
109.77 ± 5.54°  
29.05 ± 8.65°  
114.70 ±8.19°  
29.00 ± 6.22°  
115.22 ± 5.63°  
28.33 ± 7.79°  
116.56 ± 10.03°  
28.70 ± 7.23°  
112.18 ± 7.09°  
20°  
10°  
40°  
122°  
47°  
16°  
102°  
15°  
126°  
54°  
45-59  
104°  
21°  
131°  
39°  
60-74  
102°  
16°  
122°  
40°  
75-89  
9
100°  
15°  
128°  
54°  
TOTAL  
100  
100°  
131°  
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140  
120  
100  
80  
116.56  
115.22  
114.7  
111.17  
109.77  
60  
40  
30.57  
20  
29.05  
29  
28.33  
27.44  
0
15-29  
30-44  
MEAN BOHLER'S ANGLE  
45-59  
60-74  
75-89  
MEAN GISSANE'S ANGLE  
Fig. 1.5 Comparison Gissane’s and Bohler’s angle among various age groups  
Comparison of the result of present study with previous studies  
The comparison of the present Indian study with previous one done in India or other countries were studied. In  
the present study, the mean of Bohler’s and Gissane’s angle were 28.70° and 112.18° respectively whereas in  
the previous Indian study done by Vetrivel C. Sengodan et al. It was 30.62° and 126.79° respectively. The mean  
Bohler’s and Gissane’s angles among the Brazilian population were 32.6 ° and 110.6 ° respectively. The  
comparison of the present study with the previous studies done in various countries are shown in table 1.5 below.  
Table 1.5 Comparison study with the previous studies (both Indian & other countries)  
AUTHOR  
YEAR  
NO. OF  
CASES  
BOHLER'S ANGLE  
GISSANE'S ANGLE  
MEAN  
28.70 °  
30.14 °  
RANGE  
15 -54 °  
22 - 40 °  
MEAN  
112.18 °  
122.92 °  
RANGE  
100- 131 °  
108- 138 °  
Present study (India)  
2021  
2010  
100  
120  
Fahmy Anwar  
Shoukry et al. (Egypt)  
Aksel Seyahi  
(Turkish)  
2008  
2012  
308  
204  
800  
140  
384  
33.18 °  
30.62 °  
32.6 °  
20-46 °  
18-43 °  
115 °  
100-133 °  
100-145 °  
-
Vetrivel C. Sengodan  
et al. (India)  
126.79 °  
110.6 °  
108.4 °  
115.90 °  
Loiro ECS et al.  
(Brazil)  
2017-19  
2012-13  
2017- 19  
Rokaya PK et al.  
(Nepal)  
31.3 °  
18-47 °  
85-135 °  
90.2- 142.9 °  
Pankaj K Mishra et al.  
(India)  
33.53 °  
16.23-  
46.35°  
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DISCUSSION  
Bohler’s angle and Gissane’s angle play vital roles in the diagnosis of the calcaneal fractures. The restoration of  
Bohler’s angle back to the normal range after calcaneal fracture can improve the functional outcomes of injured  
feet (10-14). The Bohler’s angle in the present Indian study ranged from 15° - 54° (28.70°), whereas in previous  
Indian studies Bohler’s angle ranged from 18°- 43° (30.62°) (15) and 16.23° - 46.35° (33.53°) (16). The mean of  
Bohler’s angle in Brazilian population was 32.6° (17), in Egypt (30.141°) (18), in Nepal (31.3°) (19), in Nigeria  
population Bohler’s angle was 32.58° (20) and in Turkish population it was 33.8° (21). The mean Gissane’s angle  
in Brazilian population was 110.6° (17), in Nepal (108.4°) (19), Gissane’s angle in Nigerian population was  
212.22° (20) and in Turkish population it was 115° (21) whereas in the present study mean Gissane’s angle is  
112.18°. In calcaneal fractures usually both calcaneal angles (Bohler’s and Gissane’s angle) decrease therefore  
the lower limit of the Calcaneal angles can be of greater interest (21). The lower limit of Bohler and Gissane  
angles in the Nepalese population were 18° and 85° respectively (Rokaya PK et al.) (19). In the present study the  
lower limit of Bohler’s angle was 15° and Gissane’s angle lower limit was 100°. There was no significant  
difference in the calcaneal angles between males and females in the study done by Aksel Seyahi et. al (21). In this  
study there was also no significant difference in the calcaneal angles (Bohler’s and Gissane’s angle) among  
males and females. The mean of Bohler’s was highest (36.88°) in age group with age range of 18 - 20 years and  
lowest (29.65°) in age group with age range of 30 - 39 years (22). In the present study, mean Bohler’s angle was  
highest (30.57°) in the age group with age range of 15 - 29 years and lowest (27.44°) in the age group with age  
range of 30 - 44 years. A study performed by Rahe Ramachandran & Shailaja Shetty found that the mean of  
Gissane’s angle was highest (113.35°) in the group with age range of 18 - 20 years and lowest in the group with  
age range of 30 - 39 years (22) whereas in our study the mean of Gissane’s angle was found highest (116.56°) and  
lowest (109.77°) in age group with age range of 75 - 89 years and 30 - 44 years respectively. The comparison of  
mean Bohler’s and Gissane’s angles between the study performed by Rahe Ramachandran and Shailaja Shetty  
with the present study are shown in table 1.6 below.  
Table 1.6 comparison of Rahe Ramachandran’s study with the present study  
PRESENT STUDY  
STUDY DONE BY RAHE RAMACHANDRAN &  
SHAILAJA SHETTY (22)  
AGE  
GROUP  
MEAN BA IN  
DEGREE  
MEAN GA IN  
AGE  
GROUP  
MEAN BA IN  
DEGREE  
MEAN GA IN  
DEGREE  
DEGREE  
(RANGE)  
(RANGE)  
(RANGE)  
(RANGE)  
15-29 Yrs.  
30.57 (20-40)  
111.17 (101-122) 18-20 Yrs.  
36.88 (35.0-41.1)  
113.35 (102.1-  
121.8)  
30-44 Yrs.  
45-59 Yrs.  
60-74 Yrs.  
75-89 Yrs.  
-
27.44 (16-47)  
29.05 (15-54)  
29.00 (21-39)  
28.33 (16-40)  
-
109.77 (102-126) 20-29 Yrs.  
114.70 (104-131) 30-39 Yrs.  
115.22 (102-122) 40-49 Yrs.  
116.56 (100-128) 50-59 Yrs.  
31.04 (25.0-39.1)  
29.65 (23.3-37.0  
30.98 (21.7-41.7)  
31.53 (19.6-40.3)  
32.19 (20.8-44.8)  
31.32 (19.6-44.8)  
111.50 (98.9 -133.6)  
106.05 (90.9-124.6)  
108.59 (86.6-136.1)  
109.2 (95.8-133.1)  
107.81 (91.4-128.4)  
108.57 (86.9-136.1)  
-
≥ 60 Yrs.  
TOTAL  
28.70 (15-54)  
112.18 (100-131  
TOTAL  
BA = Bohler’s Angle, GA = Gissane’s Angle  
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CONCLUSION  
In the North Indian population mean of Bohler’s angle was 28.70 ± 7.24 ̊ (15 - 24 )̊ and Gissane’s angle was  
112.18 ± 7.09 ̊ (100 -131 ̊). There was no significant difference in the calcaneal angles (Bohler’s and Gissane’s  
angles) between genders among the north Indian population.  
Acknowledgement: I express my deep gratitude to Dr. B. B. Sharma, Mr. Arshid Alam Khan, and Mr. Nitish  
Virmani for their continuous support. I am also thankful to Dr. Rizwan Aziz and Dr. Sagar for their valuable  
guidance and suggestions throughout the study.  
Authors’ Contributions: Khursheed Ahmad Ganie: Conceptualized, Designed the Methodology, Performed  
Data Analysis and Drafted the Initial Manuscript. Tazim Hussain Padder: Data collection, Literature Review  
and Data Interpretation. Ananya Sharma: Statistical Analysis, Critical Revision of the manuscript and  
validation of results. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.  
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.  
Funding: None  
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