INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025  
A Review on Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of  
Coffee Husk Ash Concrete  
B Dileep Kumar Reddy  
Assistant Professor, JNTUA College of Engineering, Civil Engineering dept., Pulivendula, YSR Kadapa,  
India.  
DOI : https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2025.1412000009  
Received: 11 December 2025; Accepted: 18 December 2025; Published: 26 December 2025  
ABSTRACT:  
Aggregates and binders are the two main components of concrete. Cement is an ecologically unsociable process  
since it releases CO2 gas into the air and causes ecological deterioration; it is also the most expensive and  
environmentally unfriendly component of concrete. To help promote environmentally friendly building methods,  
this research looks at the possibility of using coffee husk ash (CHA) in place of certain traditional Portland  
cement in concrete mixes. Because of its possible environmental advantages and resource saving, the use of  
agricultural waste, such coffee husk ash, as an additional cementitious ingredient has attracted interest. This  
study makes use of controlled laboratory trials to determine how different concentrations of CHA affect the  
mechanical, durability, and workability characteristics of concrete. The concrete's structural performance is  
evaluated by testing its compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength. Initial findings suggest  
that CHA, when used in part as a cement substitute, might enhance workability and maybe even certain  
mechanical qualities. The trade-offs between improving sustainability and preserving structural integrity must  
be carefully considered. By investigating the feasibility of using coffee husk ash as an additive in concrete, this  
study adds important new information to the continuing efforts towards sustainable building practices. In an  
effort to create infrastructure that is less harmful to the environment, the results should guide practices in the  
concrete sector and encourage greener options.  
Keywords: Coffee Husk Ash, Mechanical properties, Compressive strength, Flexure and Tensile Strength.  
INTRODUCTION  
One of the most often used materials in construction is concrete, which is a composite substance made of cement,  
water, fine (sand), coarse (stone or gravel), and air. To enhance or alter its fundamental qualities, it might also  
include additions (pozzolans, active silica, etc.) and chemical additives. International researchers are currently  
focused on figuring out how to use industrial or agricultural waste as a source of raw materials for the  
construction industry. By doing this, the quantity of CO2 released during the manufacture of cement is reduced.  
[2,4]. One of the agricultural waste products that is found in substantial numbers is coffee husk ash. The addition  
of coffee husk ash to cement results in a pozzolanic reaction due to the inclusion of silica (SiO2) and aluminate.  
These compounds react with the free lime produced during cement hydration, leading to the formation of extra  
calcium silicate hydrate as a new product of hydration. The mechanical strength of the cement concrete is  
strengthened by this extra calcium silicate hydrate [1]. Demissew asserts that this research has demonstrated the  
significant potential of utilizing coffee husk ash as a sustainable cementitious material in concrete production.  
This approach not only reduces pollution but also provides a practical answer for coffee waste management.  
This research seeks to characterize the mechanical properties of CHA-replaced concrete. The material's split  
tensile, flexural, and compressive strengths were determined, and the outcomes of durability evaluations were  
acquired. On the other hand, processing produces a significant amount of agricultural waste, which could  
potentially affect the environment. In order to address the issue, coffee husk ash (CHA) has been examined in a  
few different nations for its pozzolanic qualities. It has been discovered that CHA can develop some of the  
paste's, mortar's, and concrete's qualities, such as compressive strength, split and flexure strength [3,20].  
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
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MATERIALS  
CHA:  
The acquired sample was burned for three hours at 550 degrees Celsius to alter the ash, and it was exposed to  
the sun to remove any surface moisture. To ascertain the physicochemical characteristics of CHA, the cooled  
and ground material was passed through a 75 µm sieve. Filler is the term for the mineral material that gets  
through a No. 200 sieve. Coffee husk ash was the filler used in this investigation refer table-(1,2) [7,6,16,17].  
Coffee husk, which comes from the solid waste generated by the coffee industry, was gathered from the Indian  
city of Chikkamagaluru [D]. The husk ought to be subjected to the sun to evaporate any moisture before being  
burned. [5,19,20]. This collected husk was burned. It was then burned at a temperature between 500 and 600  
degrees Celsius.[7]  
Table 1 – Components of coffee husk ash [7,10,15]  
Components  
Aluminium Oxide (Al₂O₃)  
Silicon dioxide (SiO₂)  
Pottasium Oxide (K₂O)  
Iron Oxide (Fe₂O₃)  
Weight of coffee husk ash (%)  
11.85  
14.15  
47.13  
4
Phosphorus Pentoxide (P₂O₅)  
Sodium Oxide (Na₂O)  
Calcium Oxide (CaO)  
3.25  
0.50  
13.25  
Coffee husk ash by weight  
(%)  
Components  
Cement by weight (%)  
Aluminum Oxide (Al₂O₃)  
Calcium Oxide (CaO)  
Silicon dioxide (SiO₂)  
Iron Oxide (Fe₂O₃)  
5.5  
64.68  
21.3  
3.33  
0.05  
2
11.85  
13.25  
14.15  
4
Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)  
Magnesium Oxide (MgO)  
Sulphur tri-oxide  
0.50  
-
2.14  
-
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Table 2 – Characteristics of CHA [7]  
Attributes of CHA  
Specific gravity of CHA  
Moisture Content  
Values  
2.42  
13.33%  
CEMENT: Pozzolana cement Portland Grade 43 cement, as per IS:269-1976, was used during the examination.  
All-new, lump-free cement is utilized. Multiple tests were performed on the cement to ensure it complied with  
the IS criteria, for every test combination. A specific gravity of 2.62 is found for fine aggregate. One percent of  
the water was found to be absorbed. A smaller quantity of the same type of cement was used [11,18]. Concrete  
is made of dense components, including cement, but in the specific sense that the binding ingredients give the  
concrete strength and workability. In order to learn more about the qualities of the OPC43 grade cement. some  
basic experiments are conducted in this experiment refer table-3 [7].  
Table 3 – Attributes of Cement [7]  
Properties of Cement  
Specific gravity of cement  
Fineness of cement  
Values  
3.15  
8%  
29 Min and 300 Min  
31%  
Initial and Final Setting time  
Consistency test  
Fine Aggregates:  
We use river sand for our experimental investigation, and some of the fundamental tests that are carried out are  
refer table-4 [7]. For the experimental program, local river sand that passes through a 4.75mm screen was  
utilized, in compliance with the IS [11]. Sand with a size range of 2.36 mm to 1.16 mm makes up most of the  
fine aggregate employed in this study. The fine aggregate guarantees that the intended performance of the  
concrete was attained. The sand that was used had a fineness modulus of 3.61 and a specific gravity of 2.59[9].  
It is a naturally occurring substance made up of mineral particles.,  
Table 4 – Attributes of F.A [7]  
Attributes of Fine Aggregate  
Specific gravity of F.A  
Sieve analysis  
Values  
2.5  
Confining to zone-II  
Coarse Aggregate:  
The nominal size of the aggregate employed in this experiment is 12 mm down, and some of the fundamental  
tests carried out are refer with table-(5,6) [7], Up to 70%–80% of the material used to make concrete is made up  
of coarse aggregate. Laboratory tests were conducted to establish the physical properties of the coarse aggregate,  
including its gradation, specific gravity, absorption capacity, moisture content, and unit weight. The coarse  
aggregates must be made of crushed rock and must be free of dust, friable material, organic material, and other  
harmful things. They must also be clean, hard, and durable. In addition to having strong compressive and shear  
strengths, aggregates also have adequate permeability and a good interlocking capability. 26.5mm to 2.36mm  
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ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025  
coarse aggregate [11]. The coarse aggregate used in this project was crushed basaltic stone that was carefully  
graded and washed to remove any dust or harmful substances. This ensures that it meets the specifications  
outlined in the ASTM standards. The aggregates employed in the block's construction process should be  
inaudible and honeycombed in order to ensure the structure's longevity.  
Table 5 – Attributes of C.A [7]  
Attributes of C.A  
Specific gravity of Aggregate  
Sieve analysis  
Values  
2.85  
Zone-II  
Table 6 – Physical Properties of Aggregate [3]  
Description of Aggregates  
Fine Aggregate  
Coarse Aggregate  
Maximum Size of Aggregates  
4.75 [mm]  
0.47  
37.5 [mm]  
0.98%  
Moisture Content of  
Aggregates  
Unit weight of aggregates  
Absorption capacity  
-
1572.2 [kg/m3]  
1.04%  
0.36%  
2.5  
Specific Gravity of  
Aggregates  
2.85  
Fineness modulus  
2.65  
3.26  
Water:  
Water is a vital component in the production of concrete. Water is essential in concrete mixes for two primary  
purposes: firstly, it undergoes a chemical reaction with the cement to facilitate the setting and solidification of  
the concrete; secondly, it works as a lubricant for the other components, making the concrete easier to work with.  
[10].  
LITERATURE REVIEWS:  
Anshuman, Pratish Kannaujiya, Abdul Hameed, Afzal Mansuri, Aakash Vishwakarma (2023): To evaluate  
the impact of adding coffee husk ash (CHA) to M25 concrete in different proportions 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and  
20%—the study measured the concrete's compressive strength after 7, 14, and 28 days of curing. As compared  
to the control mix without CHA, the results showed that the highest compressive strength was observed at 15%  
CHA replacement level, reaching 22.09N/mm2 at 14 and 28 days. This represents an increase of about 11 to  
12%. Longer curing times enhanced the concrete's compressive strength, demonstrating its increasing strength  
over time. It was observed, meanwhile, that the compressive strength tended to decline with an increase in CHA  
content. Higher proportions of CHA were noted in conjunction with this decrease in strength. The addition of  
CHA to the concrete mixture led to a significant reduction in workability and slump. This alteration implies that  
CHA had a negative impact on the concrete's handling qualities. The lower specific gravity of CHA in  
comparison to cement also resulted in a lower density for the CHA concrete, which decreased the mix's overall  
density. In conclusion, the study found that increasing CHAconcentration resulted in lower strength, even though  
the best increase in compressive strength was seen at 15% CHA substitution in M25 concrete. Additionally, the  
workability, slump, and general density of the concrete mix were all adversely affected by the addition of CHA.  
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Firew B. Asfaw, Werku K. Hareru, Tewodros Ghebrab (2022): An investigation was undertaken at 7, 14, and  
28 days of curing in order to assess the performance of M25 concrete when various proportions (0%, 5%, 10%,  
15%, 20%, and 25%) of coffee husk ash (CHA) were substituted. Up to a 10% replacement level, consistent  
satisfactory performance was noted, and the results showed notable improvements in mechanical qualities up to  
a 5% replacement. Upon 28 days of healing, When the replacement percentage was at its maximum, the  
compressive strength observed was 38.57 N/mm². Achieved 3.308 MPa in split tensile strength, indicating  
enhancement up to 5% substitution. Recorded at 4.413 MPa, the flexural strength significantly improved up to  
5% replacement and showed a similar increasing pattern to the split tensile strength. In M25 concrete, the  
mechanical parameters (compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength) showed a significant increase up to a  
5% replacement of CHA. Up to a 10% replacement level, the strength of the concrete showed good performance.  
Since this was not made clear in the information given, the concrete's mechanical qualities may be negatively  
impacted after 10% replacement. In conclusion, adding coffee husk ash to up to 5–10% of M25 concrete showed  
notable improvements in the material's mechanical qualities, as seen by better split tensile, flexural, and  
compressive strengths than the conventional concrete mix.  
Muliye Tarekegn, Kabtamu Getachew, and Goshu Kenea (2022): The goal of the project was to create M25  
concrete using different proportions of sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) and coffee husk ash (CHA), with an  
emphasis on replacing 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of the original material. Tests were conducted after 7, 14, and 28  
days of curing. Optimal results were observed with a 10% increase in the use of CHA. Upon completion of the  
28-day healing period, the most favourable outcomes were: This mixture demonstrated the highest compressive  
strength among all the studied mixtures, measuring at 24.84 N/mm². Split Tensile Strength of 3.308 MPa was  
attained. Flexural strength 4.413 MPa is the measurement. The M25 concrete mix exhibited peak performance  
concerning compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths when 10% of the original CHA content was  
replaced. The article that was provided did not really discuss the effects of mixing sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA)  
into the concrete mixture. The combination of 10% CHA substitution in the M25 concrete formulation produced  
the best ideal mechanical qualities out of all the evaluated variations, according to the results. In conclusion,  
compared to the other replacement percentages (0%, 5%, and 15%) examined in the study, the use of a 10%  
replacement of coffee husk ash in the M25 concrete mix produced superior compressive, split tensile, and  
flexural strengths.  
Abebe Demissew, Fekadu Fufa, Sintayehu Assefa (2019): To test the design of M25 concrete, several  
percentages (0%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) of a mixture of coffee husk ash (CHA) and sugarcane bagasse  
ash (SBA) were substituted for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Compressive strength tests were conducted  
utilizing specialized equipment to assess the strength of the material after 7, 14, and 28 days of curing.  
Compressive strength consistently increased as the substitution rate of CHA for OPC reached up to 10% in all  
tested time periods (7, 14, and 28 days). With a value of 25.15 N/mm², the most advantageous outcome for  
compressive strength at 28 days was attained. Compressive strength increased when OPC was gradually replaced  
with the CHA and SBA mixture; the most improvement was seen at the 10% replacement threshold. It was not  
made clear what specific effects each of SBA and CHA had on the characteristics of the concrete. In conclusion,  
replacing OPC in the M25 concrete mix with up to 10% of a mixture of bagasse ash from sugar cane and coffee  
husk ash resulted in a considerable improvement in the compressive strength at all test ages. At 28 days, the  
highest compressive strength ever recorded was 25.15 N/mm².  
Vikas S, Preethi V, Preethi M, Sagar B M (2022): To create M40 concrete, a mixture of coffee husk ash (CHA)  
in variable percentages (ranging from 5% to 25%) was used in place of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Using  
a compressive test machine, the concrete specimens were evaluated at three distinct curing times: seven, twenty-  
eight, and fifty-six days. For all test ages (7, 28, and 56 days), enhanced compressive strength was consistently  
attained at a 5% replacement level of OPC by CHA. The maximum compressive strength values ever measured  
were during 7 days of curing, or 27.38 N/mm², 28 days after curing, 45.24 N/mm², 56 days after curing, 50.14  
N/mm². The compressive strength increased steadily from 7 to 56 days over the curing period. After 56 days of  
curing, the concrete reached its maximum compressive strength, demonstrating that it kept getting stronger. In  
summary, the addition of a coffee husk ash mixture to M40 concrete instead of 5% of OPC resulted in appreciable  
increases in compressive strength at all test ages. Furthermore, the compressive strength increased steadily and  
significantly throughout the curing time, peaking at 50.14 N/mm² after 56 days of curing.  
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ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025  
Wahyuni, K.C.S. Zein, Munawir, and P.N. Ariadi (2019): Testing was performed on concrete samples that  
had aged for 7 and 28 days. M20 concrete was created using varying proportions of coffee husk ash as a  
replacement for the original mixture, ranging from 0% to 15%. The analysis revealed that the concrete's  
compressive strengths at 7 days were as follows: 0% - 12.27 MPa, 5% - 10.52 MPa, 10% - 9.99 MPa, and 15%  
- 9.09 MPa. The compressive strength at 28 days of age was as follows: 0% - 21.47 MPa, 5% - 13.16 MPa, 10%  
- 10.74 MPa, and 15% - 5.13 MPa. The compressive strength of the specified concrete after 28 days is 20 MPa,  
with a failure rate of 0% at 21.47 MPa. Studies indicate that when fly ash and coffee husk ash percentages in the  
combination rise, the concrete's compressive strength often decreases. The high silica (SiO₂) concentration of  
coffee husk ash is thought to be the cause of this strength loss because it prevents the cement from reacting with  
lime. This obstruction could lead to inadequate water availability, which would impair the ability of the concrete  
mixture to accomplish the best bonding.  
Asmamaw Gedefaw, Begashaw Worku Yifru, Solomon Asrat Endale,Betelhem Tilahun Habtegebreal, and  
Mitiku Damtie Yehualaw(2022): Using varying amounts of coffee husk ash (CHA), the project's objective was  
to produce M25 concrete, with a focus on substituting 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of the initial material. Tests  
were conducted 3, 7, 28, 56, and 91 days after the cure. 10% extra CHA was utilized to get the greatest results.  
On samples of concrete, tests for uniformity, setting time, workability, strength at compression, absorption of  
water, sulphate attack, Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR), and thermo gravimetric (TGA) were done. After  
28 days of curing, the best results were seen. The test results showed that the mixtures became harder to work  
with as the amount of CHA content went up. The slump values ranged from 15 to 35 mm. But as the amount of  
CHA in concrete mixes went up, so did the time it took for them to set. The first setting time (67–126 minutes)  
and the last setting time (310–524 minutes) were both within the acceptable range. The sample from after 28  
days showed that the concrete's compression strength went down as the CHA percentage went up. It went from  
35.1 MPa at 5% CHA to 22.7 MPa at 20% CHA. But because the CHA is porous, it grows as the curing days  
increase, while the concrete's water absorption increases as the CHA increases but reduces as the curing days  
increase.  
Yomiyu Reta, Shivakumar Mahto (2019): They designed M25 concrete with replacement of (0%, 5%, 10%,  
15%, 20%,25%) coffee husk ash and tested at 7,14 & 28 days of curing. Compressive strength during 28 days  
was 21.32 KN/m2 for 5% replacement, 20.67 KN/m2 for 10% replacement, 11.48 KN/m2 for 15% replacement,  
8.81 KN/m2 for 20% replacement, and 7.17 N/mm2 for 25% replacement, respectively. It takes only 5% CHA  
substitution to get the full-strength gain benefits. Using 10%CHA, the maximum 28-day compressive strength  
was attained. In a similar vein, concrete's compressive strength has increased by 5%. It was determined that CHA  
may be used to partially replace cement in the production of concrete, as well as for creating unit walls and other  
light construction projects. Up to 10% of cement can be replaced while producing concrete.  
Radhika P. Bhandary , Asha U. Rao, Prathibha P. Shetty, S. Blesson, and Blessen Skariah Thomas (2023):  
Although CHA has been the subject of extensive research, it has only been utilized in concrete as a partial  
substitute for cement rather than as a substitute for aggregates. This report presents the results of an experimental  
investigation into the behaviour of concrete when fine aggregate is partially substituted with CHA. In place of  
the fine aggregate, different amounts of CHA (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by weight) are used. To assess how well the  
CHA-replaced fine aggregate performed, we measure its effects on the following: fresh concrete's workability  
and compressive strength; hardened concrete's splitting tensile and flexural strengths; durability in acidic and  
alkaline media; thermal conductivity; and the rapid chloride permeability test. The findings show that all the  
chosen performance metrics are positively impacted when concrete's fine aggregate is partially replaced with  
4% CHA (CHA04). The CHA04 mix outperformed the standard concrete mix (CHA00) in terms of splitting  
tensile, flexural strength, and compressive strength, measuring 3.7 MPa, 2.44 MPa, and 43.4 MPa, respectively.  
These differences were 19.35%, 1.66%, and 28.4% higher, respectively.  
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TABLE 7 : An overview of the numerous studies that have been published on CHA replaced concrete  
Grade of  
Concrete  
Quantities of  
Replacement  
Author  
Year  
Mechanical Properties  
Abebe Demissew, Fekadu  
Fufa, Sintayehu Assefa  
Optimum at 10% of CHA.  
0%, 2%, 3%, 5%,  
10%, and 15%  
2019  
M25  
Yomiyu Reta, Shivakumar  
Mahto  
When producing concrete,  
cement  
can  
create  
0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,  
20%,25%  
2019  
2019  
2022  
M25  
M20  
M25  
strengths of up to 10%.  
Wahyuni, K.C.S. Zein,  
Munawir,  
.
0%, 5%, 10%, and  
15%  
Optimum at 8% of CHA  
P.N.Ariadi  
Firew B. Asfaw, Werku K.  
Hareru, Tewodros Ghebrab  
Adding coffee husk  
ash to up to 5–10% of M25  
concrete showed notable  
improvements.  
0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,  
20%, and 25%  
Muliye Tarekegn, Kabtamu  
Getachew, Goshu Kenea  
Superior  
split tensile, and flexural  
strengths were obtained by  
compressive,  
0%, 5%, 10%, and  
15%  
2022  
M25  
replacing  
10%  
of the  
coffee husk ash in the M25  
concrete mix.  
Vikas S, Preethi V, Preethi  
M, Sagar B M  
2022  
2022  
5% to 25%  
M40  
M25  
Optimum at 5% of CHA  
Asmamaw Gedefaw,  
Begashaw Worku Yifru,  
Solomon Asrat Endale,  
Betelhem Tilahun  
10%  
extra  
CHA  
was  
utilized to get the greatest  
results.  
0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,  
and 20%  
Habtegebreal, Miiku  
Damtieyehualaw  
Anshuman,Pratish  
Kannaujiya, Abdul  
Hameed, Afzal Mansuri,  
Optimum desired results  
are obtained at 15% of  
CHA  
0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,  
and 20%  
2023  
M25  
Aakash Vishwakarma  
Radhika P. Bhandary, Asha  
U. Rao, Prathibha P.  
Positively impacted when  
concrete's fine aggregate is  
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Shetty, S.Blesson, And  
Blessen Skariah Thomas  
0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and  
8%.  
partially replaced with 4%  
CHA  
2023  
M40  
Compressive Strength for 28 Days  
45  
40  
35  
30  
25  
20  
15  
10  
5
0
1
3
8
10  
13  
Literature Numbers  
0%  
5%  
10%  
15%  
20%  
25%  
Figure:1 Compressive Strength for 28 days  
Split Tensile Strength for 28 Days  
4
3.5  
3
2.5  
2
1.5  
1
0.5  
0
3
13  
Literature Numbers  
0%  
5%  
10%  
15%  
20%  
25%  
Figure:2 Split Tensile Strength for 28 days  
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Flexural Strength for 28 Days  
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
3
13  
Literature Numbers  
10% 15% 20%  
0%  
5%  
25%  
Figure:3 Flexural Strength for 28 days  
Flow Charts Regarding Tests Conducted on Fresh Concrete and Hardened Concrete [14]:  
TESTS  
ON CONCRETE  
FRESH CONCRETE  
SLUMP TEST  
HARDENED CONCRETE  
HARDENED CONCRETE  
HARDENED CONCRETE  
SPLIT TENSILE  
TEST  
COMPRESSION  
TEST  
FLEXURAL TEST  
Research Gap:  
A comprehensive report was produced by compiling a broad range of research publications. After conducting an  
extensive literature review, it was discovered that a great deal of research has been done on the fundamental  
characteristics of concrete by substituting coffee husk ash for some of the cement. While extensive research has  
been conducted on the mechanical characteristics of concrete containing coffee husk ash as a replacement  
material, there is a lack of studies examining the long-term performance of such concrete in terms of durability.  
Specifically, there is a dearth of research on the durability of concrete and reinforced structures, including beams,  
columns, and slabs. In order to replace concrete with coffee husk ash, it is important to examine how the concrete  
behaves in terms of strength and ability to support loads in reinforced concrete structures. This area hasn't been  
looked into yet.  
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Scope for Future Research:  
Despite this, a thorough evaluation of concrete's fundamental qualities has been completed. Future investigations  
are necessary to fully understand the improvements in concrete’s durability as well as to examine the many  
characteristics of reinforced concrete constructions.  
CONCLUSION:  
• Based on the literature review mentioned above, the following findings are made: Coffee husk and bagasse ash  
are Agricultural waste materials that have pozzolanic properties and can replace cement to some extent in normal  
concrete production (10–15%); a 10% replacement rate is ideal. Furthermore, the compressive strength of the  
material decreases as its percentage value rises.  
• All of the researchers examined simply the pozzolanic properties and how they affected the percentage of  
replacement and compressive strength; they did not look at the durability issue. Thus, future research would  
concentrate on the robustness and ease of use of materials.  
• From the figure-1, We conclude that, after 28 days, 5% of the cement in the concrete is changed with coffee  
husk ash to get the desired result in terms of compressive strength.  
• From the figure-2, We conclude that, after 28 days, 5% of the cement in the concrete substituted with coffee  
husk ash achieved the intended result in terms of split tensile strength.  
• From the figure-3, We conclude that after 28 days, 5% of the cement is replaced with coffee husk ash to get the  
required result in terms of flexural strength.  
• Considering the mentioned literature evaluations, concrete that has some of its cement replaced with coffee  
husk ash will gradually gain strength over time as the curing duration grows.  
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