INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025  
Optimized FR1 Band Antenna Design for Low-Latency V2X  
Communication  
1 Yatin Arya, 1 Sharad Kumar, 1 Arvind Kumar, 2 Vikas Sharma  
1 School of Engineering & Technology, Shri Venkateshwara University, Gajraula, U.P. India  
2 Department of Computer Applications, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Delhi NCR Campus,  
Ghaziabad, U.P. India  
DOI : https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2025.1412000060  
Received: 21 December 2025; Accepted: 26 December 2025; Published: 03 January 2026  
ABSTRACT  
Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication has emerged as a cornerstone technology for intelligent  
transportation systems, enabling real-time data exchange between vehicles, infrastructure, and pedestrians. The  
FR1 frequency band, as defined in 5G New Radio (NR), offers significant potential for low-latency and high-  
reliability V2X applications. This paper presents the design, optimization, and performance evaluation of a  
compact FR1 band antenna tailored for low-latency V2X communication. The proposed antenna utilizes a  
novel geometrical configuration to achieve wide impedance bandwidth, high radiation efficiency, and stable  
gain across the FR1 spectrum. Detailed simulations are conducted to optimize key antenna parameters,  
followed by prototype fabrication and experimental validation. The results demonstrate that the antenna  
provides excellent return loss characteristics, omnidirectional radiation patterns suitable for vehicular  
deployment, and minimal latency impact, making it highly suitable for real-time V2X applications.  
Comparative analysis with existing FR1 antennas indicates significant improvements in bandwidth efficiency,  
signal integrity, and overall V2X system performance. This work contributes a practical antenna solution for  
next-generation connected vehicles, supporting safer and more efficient transportation networks.  
Keywords—V2X Communication, FR1 Band, 5G NR, Low-Latency, Vehicle-to-Everything, Antenna Design,  
Radiation Efficiency, Impedance Bandwidth, Connected Vehicles.  
INTRODUCTION  
The rapid advancement of intelligent transportation systems has intensified the demand for efficient and  
reliable wireless communication technologies that can support real-time vehicular applications. Vehicle-to-  
Everything (V2X) communication, encompassing Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I),  
Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P), and Vehicle-to-Network (V2N) interactions, plays a pivotal role in enabling  
safer, more efficient, and autonomous transportation systems. The fundamental objective of V2X  
communication is to ensure low-latency and high-reliability data transmission, which is critical for applications  
such as collision avoidance, cooperative driving, traffic management, and infotainment services. Recent  
developments in 5G New Radio (NR) technologies have introduced the FR1 frequency band (sub-6 GHz),  
which is particularly suited for V2X applications due to its favourable propagation characteristics, wide  
coverage, and compatibility with existing vehicular communication standards. The FR1 band, typically  
ranging from 410 MHz to 7.125 GHz, provides an ideal balance between communication range, penetration  
through obstacles, and achievable data rates. However, to fully leverage the potential of the FR1 spectrum, it is  
imperative to design antennas that offer wide impedance bandwidth, stable radiation patterns, high efficiency,  
and compact form factors suitable for vehicular integration. Antenna design for V2X communication presents  
unique challenges, primarily driven by the dynamic vehicular environment and the stringent latency  
requirements. Vehicles are constantly moving, leading to rapidly changing channel conditions, multipath  
propagation, and Doppler shifts that can adversely affect signal quality and system performance. Therefore,  
antennas must not only exhibit broadband characteristics but also maintain consistent performance under  
diverse operating conditions, including varying vehicle orientations, mounting positions, and environmental  
www.ijltemas.in  
Page 659  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025  
factors. Furthermore, automotive design constraints demand antennas to be compact, robust, and aesthetically  
compatible with vehicle architecture, without compromising electrical performance. Several research efforts  
have explored FR1 band antennas for vehicular applications, employing techniques such as planar monopoles,  
patch antennas, and microstrip-fed structures. While these designs demonstrate acceptable performance in  
terms of return loss and gain, many existing solutions suffer from limitations in terms of radiation efficiency,  
latency impact, or integration feasibility. Optimizing antenna parameters such as geometry, feeding  
mechanisms, and substrate selection is therefore crucial to achieving a practical solution that meets the  
stringent requirements of next-generation V2X systems.  
Optimized FR1 Band Antenna Design for Low-Latency V2X Communication  
In this context, the present work focuses on the design and development of an optimized FR1 band antenna  
specifically tailored for low-latency V2X communication. The proposed antenna leverages a novel geometric  
configuration that enhances impedance matching across the FR1 spectrum while providing omnidirectional  
radiation patterns suitable for vehicular deployment. The design methodology involves extensive simulation-  
based optimization of critical antenna parameters, followed by prototype fabrication and experimental  
validation to ensure real-world applicability. Key performance indicators, including return loss, radiation  
efficiency, gain, and latency impact, are thoroughly analysed to demonstrate the antenna’s suitability for V2X  
applications shown in above Fig. 1. The contributions of this work can be summarized as follows: (i) a novel  
antenna design optimized for the FR1 band and vehicular integration, (ii) detailed simulation and experimental  
evaluation demonstrating improved bandwidth, efficiency, and omnidirectional radiation characteristics, and  
(iii) performance comparison with existing FR1 antennas to highlight enhancements in low-latency V2X  
communication scenarios. By addressing both theoretical and practical design challenges, this study provides a  
comprehensive solution that can be readily adopted in connected and autonomous vehicles, thereby  
contributing to safer, more reliable, and efficient transportation systems.  
LITERATURE REVIEW  
Recent research on antennas operating in the 5G New Radio (NR) FR1 band has focused on achieving high  
gain, wide bandwidth, and efficient radiation characteristics to support emerging wireless applications. Sahu et  
al. [1] presented a high-gain dual-band substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)-fed stacked conical dielectric  
resonator antenna (DRA) for FR1 applications. Their design achieved enhanced gain and dual-band operation;  
however, the structure complexity and size may limit its direct applicability in compact vehicular environments  
where low-profile and omnidirectional radiation are preferred. Kumari et al. [2] proposed novel patch antenna  
designs targeting both FR1 and FR2 frequency bands with consideration of radio network planning aspects.  
While their work demonstrated effective impedance matching and multiband operation, the antenna designs  
were primarily optimized for cellular infrastructure rather than latency-sensitive V2X communication, where  
radiation stability under mobility is a critical requirement. Yin et al. [3] introduced a tri-band shared-aperture  
antenna for 5G communication, emphasizing spectrum efficiency and multi-band integration. Although the  
shared-aperture approach effectively supports multiple frequency bands, the design focuses on stationary  
communication scenarios and does not explicitly address the challenges posed by vehicular dynamics, such as  
rapid channel variation and latency constraints. Brandão et al. [4] implemented a novel triband antenna array for  
FR1/FR2 5G-NR systems, demonstrating the feasibility of integrated multi-band array solutions. Despite the  
advantages of array configurations in improving gain and coverage, the increased complexity, cost, and spatial  
www.ijltemas.in  
Page 660  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025  
requirements make such designs less suitable for compact V2X terminals, especially in low-latency safety-  
critical applications. Channel characteristics in the FR1 band have also been extensively studied to support  
antenna and system design. Shakya et al. [5] analysed angular spread statistics for FR1(C) and mid-band  
frequencies in indoor hotspot environments. Their findings provide valuable insights into propagation behavior;  
however, the study is limited to indoor scenarios and does not directly address antenna design optimization for  
outdoor vehicular communication. Zidour et al. [6] proposed a wideband eight-element MIMO antenna system  
for 5G FR1 mobile terminals, achieving high isolation and improved throughput. While MIMO systems  
significantly enhance data rates and reliability, the focus remains on handheld devices, and latency-oriented  
performance metrics relevant to V2X communication are not explicitly considered. Mukhopadhyay et al. [7]  
investigated intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS) for FR1 band applications, focusing on phase gradient profiles  
and target deviation errors. Although IRS technology shows promise for future 6G systems, it introduces  
additional system-level complexity and is not directly applicable to compact antenna design for current-  
generation vehicular terminals. Human exposure and measurement aspects in the FR1 band were addressed by  
Garnica and Araque [8], who developed a broadband isotropic magnetic field probe for assessing 5G FR1  
exposure levels. Their work highlights safety and compliance considerations but does not contribute directly to  
antenna optimization for communication performance. Yu et al. [9] designed a circularly polarized dielectric  
resonator antenna for 5G NR band applications, achieving polarization diversity and improved signal  
robustness. While circular polarization can mitigate polarization mismatch, such designs may increase  
fabrication complexity and are not always necessary for omnidirectional V2X links. Propagation loss  
characteristics in FR1 environments were experimentally analysed by Liu et al. [10], who modelled penetration  
loss through various building materials. Their results are valuable for network planning but emphasize channel  
behavior rather than antenna-level optimization. Similarly, Shakya et al. [11] provided a detailed study on  
wideband penetration loss in FR1 and FR3 bands, reinforcing the importance of efficient antenna design to  
counteract propagation losses in real environments.  
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY  
The proposed methodology focuses on the systematic design, optimization, fabrication, and validation of an  
FR1 band antenna intended for low-latency V2X communication. The overall approach integrates  
electromagnetic modeling, parametric optimization, and experimental verification to ensure reliable antenna  
performance under vehicular operating conditions.  
1. Antenna Design Specifications: The antenna is designed to operate within the 5G NR FR1 frequency band,  
targeting sub-6 GHz V2X applications that demand wide bandwidth, high radiation efficiency, and stable  
omnidirectional radiation characteristics. Key design objectives include compact size for vehicular integration,  
low return loss (|S₁₁| < –10 dB), enhanced impedance bandwidth, and minimal signal distortion contributing to  
reduced communication latency. A planar antenna configuration is selected due to its low profile, ease of  
fabrication, and suitability for integration with vehicular electronic systems. A standard dielectric substrate  
with optimized relative permittivity and low loss tangent is employed to balance size reduction and radiation  
efficiency. The antenna geometry is initially derived using classical transmission line and electromagnetic  
theory, followed by refinement through simulation-based optimization.  
2. Geometrical Optimization and Feeding Technique: To achieve wideband operation across the FR1  
spectrum, a modified radiating structure is introduced with strategically placed slots and extended current  
paths. These structural modifications effectively tune multiple resonant modes, resulting in enhanced  
bandwidth and improved impedance matching. A microstrip line feeding technique is adopted to ensure  
efficient power transfer and ease of integration with RF front-end modules. Parametric studies are conducted  
by varying critical geometrical parameters such as patch dimensions, slot length and width, feed position, and  
ground plane configuration. Each parameter is analysed for its impact on return loss, bandwidth, gain, and  
radiation pattern. The optimal parameter set is selected based on a trade-off between electrical performance  
and physical compactness.  
3. Simulation and Optimization Framework: Electromagnetic simulations are carried out using a full-wave  
EM solver to analyze the antenna behavior in the FR1 band. The simulation environment incorporates realistic  
www.ijltemas.in  
Page 661  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025  
boundary conditions and material properties to closely approximate real-world performance. Key performance  
metrics, including reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), radiation efficiency, gain, and  
far-field radiation patterns, are evaluated. An iterative optimization process is employed to refine the antenna  
design. The optimization goal is to maximize impedance bandwidth and radiation efficiency while maintaining  
stable omnidirectional radiation characteristics essential for V2X communication. Special emphasis is placed  
on minimizing group delay variation, as it directly influences latency performance in high-speed vehicular  
communication systems. The antenna prototype is fabricated using standard PCB manufacturing techniques to  
ensure reproducibility and design transparency. A low-loss dielectric substrate is selected based on its stable  
electrical properties, mechanical robustness, and suitability for vehicular environments. The substrate  
thickness, copper cladding, and dielectric constant are carefully chosen to balance compact size and radiation  
efficiency. Fabrication is performed with precise etching and soldering processes to minimize dimensional  
inaccuracies. Measurements are conducted using a calibrated vector network analyzer for reflection coefficient  
analysis and an anechoic chamber for radiation pattern, gain, and efficiency evaluation. These controlled  
measurement conditions ensure consistency between simulated and experimental results and facilitate reliable  
performance validation.  
4. Prototype Fabrication and Experimental Validation: Based on the optimized design parameters, a  
prototype antenna is fabricated using standard printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing techniques. Precision  
in fabrication is maintained to ensure consistency between simulated and measured results. The fabricated  
antenna is tested using a vector network analyser (VNA) to measure reflection coefficient and bandwidth  
performance. Radiation characteristics, including gain and radiation patterns, are measured in an anechoic  
chamber to validate omnidirectional behavior. The measured results are compared with simulation outcomes to  
assess design accuracy and identify any discrepancies arising from fabrication tolerances or material  
variations.  
5. Performance Evaluation for V2X Communication: To assess suitability for low-latency V2X  
communication, the antenna performance is evaluated under scenarios representative of vehicular  
environments. Metrics such as signal stability, radiation consistency, and impedance robustness are analysed.  
The proposed antenna’s performance is also compared with existing FR1 band antenna designs reported in the  
literature to highlight improvements in bandwidth, efficiency, and latency-related characteristics. The proposed  
methodology ensures a comprehensive and practical antenna design approach, bridging the gap between  
theoretical modeling and real-world vehicular deployment, thereby making it a strong candidate for next-  
generation V2X communication systems.  
RESULT & ANALYSIS  
This section presents the simulated and experimental results of the proposed FR1 band antenna and provides a  
detailed performance analysis to validate its suitability for low-latency V2X communication. Key antenna  
parameters such as reflection coefficient, impedance bandwidth, radiation characteristics, gain, efficiency, and  
latency-related metrics are evaluated and discussed.  
1. Reflection Coefficient and Impedance Bandwidth: The reflection coefficient (|S₁₁|) of the proposed  
antenna is analyzed over the FR1 frequency band using full-wave electromagnetic simulations and validated  
through experimental measurements. The antenna exhibits excellent impedance matching with |S₁₁| values  
below –10 dB across the targeted operating band, indicating efficient power transfer and minimal signal  
reflection.  
Impedance Bandwidth Performance of the Proposed Antenna  
Parameter  
Simulated Result  
3.3 – 4.2  
Measured Result  
Operating Frequency Range (GHz)  
3.35 – 4.15  
www.ijltemas.in  
Page 662  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025  
Bandwidth (GHz)  
Minimum Return Loss (dB)  
VSWR  
0.9  
0.8  
–32.4  
< 1.4  
–29.1  
< 1.5  
The close agreement between simulated and measured results confirms the robustness of the antenna design  
and fabrication accuracy. Minor discrepancies are attributed to fabrication tolerances and connector losses.  
Comparison of Simulated and Measured Impedance Bandwidth  
Comparing the impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna under simulated and measured conditions. The  
simulated result shows a bandwidth of 0.9 GHz, while the measured result shows a slightly lower bandwidth of  
0.8 GHz, indicating good agreement between simulation and measurement with minor practical losses shown  
in Fig. 2.  
2. Radiation Pattern Characteristics: Radiation patterns are evaluated at multiple frequencies within the FR1  
band to ensure stable omnidirectional behavior required for vehicular communication. The antenna  
demonstrates near-omnidirectional radiation in the azimuth plane (H-plane) and a stable bidirectional pattern  
in the elevation plane (E-plane). This radiation behavior ensures consistent signal coverage irrespective of  
vehicle orientation, which is critical for dynamic V2X environments involving rapid mobility and frequent  
topology changes.  
3. Gain and Radiation Efficiency: Gain and radiation efficiency are crucial metrics influencing link  
reliability and communication latency. The proposed antenna achieves stable gain values across the operating  
band with minimal fluctuation.  
Gain and Radiation Efficiency of the Proposed Antenna  
Radiation  
Efficiency (%)  
Frequency (GHz)  
Gain (dBi)  
3.4  
3.6  
3.8  
4.0  
4.2  
3.8  
4.2  
4.5  
4.3  
4.0  
87.2  
89.5  
91.1  
90.4  
88.7  
www.ijltemas.in  
Page 663  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025  
The high radiation efficiency (>87%) across the FR1 band ensures minimal power loss, directly contributing to  
reduced retransmissions and lower communication latency in V2X systems.  
Gain and Radiation Efficiency Variation Across Operating Frequencies  
Antenna gain (dBi) and radiation efficiency (%) versus frequency from 3.4 GHz to 4.2 GHz. The gain  
increases from 3.8 dBi at 3.4 GHz to a peak of 4.5 dBi at 3.8 GHz and then slightly decreases. Radiation  
efficiency follows a similar trend, peaking at 91.1% at 3.8 GHz and remaining above 87% across the entire  
operating band, indicating stable and efficient antenna performance illustrated in Fig. 3.  
3. Group Delay and Latency Analysis: Group delay variation is analyzed to assess the antenna’s impact on  
latency-sensitive V2X communication. The proposed antenna exhibits nearly constant group delay across the  
operating band, indicating low signal distortion and phase linearity.  
Group Delay Performance of the Proposed Antenna  
Frequency Range (GHz)  
3.3 – 3.6  
Group Delay (ns)  
0.62  
0.58  
0.65  
3.6 – 3.9  
3.9 – 4.2  
The observed low and stable group delay confirms that the antenna introduces negligible latency, making it  
highly suitable for real-time V2X applications such as collision avoidance and cooperative driving.  
Group Delay Variation Across the Operating Frequency Band  
www.ijltemas.in  
Page 664  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025  
Fig. 4. illustrating group delay (in nanoseconds) of the proposed antenna across three frequency ranges: 3.3–  
3.6 GHz, 3.6–3.9 GHz, and 3.9–4.2 GHz. The group delay remains low and stable across the band, with values  
of approximately 0.62 ns, 0.58 ns, and 0.65 ns respectively, indicating good phase linearity and suitability for  
wideband communication applications.  
While group delay provides an antenna-level indication of latency performance, its impact becomes more  
meaningful when interpreted within a V2X communication context. In practical V2X systems, end-to-end  
latency is influenced by antenna characteristics, RF front-end processing, channel conditions, and MAC-layer  
scheduling. The low and stable group delay exhibited by the proposed FR1 antenna directly contributes to  
reduced signal distortion and faster symbol delivery, thereby minimizing physical-layer delay in V2X links.  
When integrated into a V2X transceiver operating under 5G NR side link communication, the proposed  
antenna can support stringent latency requirements by ensuring consistent phase linearity and reliable signal  
propagation, which are essential for time-critical applications such as collision avoidance and cooperative  
driving. The results clearly demonstrate that the proposed FR1 band antenna satisfies the stringent  
requirements of low-latency V2X communication. Wide impedance bandwidth ensures robust connectivity,  
while high efficiency and stable radiation patterns enhance link reliability in dynamic vehicular environments.  
The low group delay variation further confirms the antenna’s suitability for real-time safety-critical  
applications.  
CONCLUSION  
This paper presented an optimized FR1 band antenna design for low-latency V2X communication, addressing  
the critical requirements of bandwidth, radiation efficiency, and stable omnidirectional performance in  
dynamic vehicular environments. The proposed antenna demonstrated wide impedance bandwidth, high gain,  
and excellent radiation efficiency across the targeted FR1 spectrum, with minimal group delay variation,  
confirming its suitability for real-time and safety-critical V2X applications. The close agreement between  
simulated and measured results validates the effectiveness of the proposed design methodology and its  
practical feasibility for vehicular integration. Although the current evaluation focuses on free-space antenna  
performance, real vehicular environments may introduce additional effects such as vehicle body mounting,  
nearby metallic structures, and dynamic mobility-induced multipath propagation. These factors can influence  
impedance matching, radiation patterns, and overall system performance. Nevertheless, the compact size and  
omnidirectional radiation characteristics of the proposed antenna make it well-suited for vehicular integration.  
Future investigations will include on-vehicle mounting analysis, proximity effect evaluation, and performance  
testing under realistic driving conditions to further validate practical applicability. Future work will focus on  
extending the design to multi-band and MIMO antenna configurations to support advanced 5G and beyond-5G  
V2X services, investigating beam-steering capabilities for improved link reliability, and evaluating antenna  
performance under real vehicular conditions, including high mobility, multipath fading, and electromagnetic  
interference, to further enhance system robustness and scalability.  
REFERENCES  
1. S. K. Sahu, R. S. Kshetrimayum and R. K. Sonkar, "High Gain and Dual Band SIW-Fed Stacked  
Conical DRA for 5G NR FR1 Application," 2024 18th European Conference on Antennas and  
Propagation  
(EuCAP),  
Glasgow,  
United  
Kingdom,  
2024,  
pp.  
1-5,  
doi:  
10.23919/EuCAP60739.2024.10501575.  
2. S. Kumari, S. Sharma and A. Bellary, "Novel 5G patch antenna designs for FR1 and FR2 frequency  
bands with radio network planning," 2022 IEEE Microwaves, Antennas, and Propagation Conference  
(MAPCON), Bangalore, India, 2022, pp. 1640-1645, doi: 10.1109/MAPCON56011.2022.10046814.  
3. J. Yin, S. Ni, J. Li, J. Zhang, Q. Wang and X. Li, "Design of Tri-Band Shared-Aperture Antenna for 5G  
Communication," 2023 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology  
(ICMMT), Qingdao, China, 2023, pp. 1-3, doi: 10.1109/ICMMT58241.2023.10277298.  
4. T. H. Brandão, E. S. Lima, H. R. D. Filgueiras and S. Arismar Cerqueira, "Implementation of a Novel  
Triband Antenna Array in a FR1/FR2 5G-NR System," 2024 18th European Conference on Antennas  
www.ijltemas.in  
Page 665  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025  
and  
Propagation  
(EuCAP),  
Glasgow,  
United  
Kingdom,  
2024,  
pp.  
1-4,  
doi:  
10.23919/EuCAP60739.2024.10501154.  
5. D. Shakya, M. Ying and T. S. Rappaport, "Angular Spread Statistics for 6.75 GHz FR1(C) and 16.95  
GHz FR3 Mid-Band Frequencies in an Indoor Hotspot Environment," 2025 IEEE Wireless  
Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Milan, Italy, 2025, pp. 1-6, doi:  
10.1109/WCNC61545.2025.10978475.  
6. A. Zidour, M. Alibakhshikenari, M. Ayad and L. Kouhalvandi, "Wideband Eight-Element MIMO  
Antenna System for 5G FR1 Mobile Terminals," 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas  
and Propagation and INC/USNC‐URSI Radio Science Meeting (AP-S/INC-USNC-URSI), Firenze,  
Italy, 2024, pp. 55-56, doi: 10.1109/AP-S/INC-USNC-URSI52054.2024.10687209.  
7. S. Mukhopadhyay, A. Sarkhel and S. S. Yadav, "Phase Gradient Profile and Target Deviation Error  
Analysis of 3-Bit Angle Insensitive Intelligent Reflecting Surface for 6G FR1 Band Application," 2025  
IEEE Wireless Antenna and Microwave Symposium (WAMS), Chennai, India, 2025, pp. 1-5, doi:  
10.1109/WAMS64402.2025.11157962.  
8. J. Garnica and J. L. Araque, "Broadband Isotropic Magnetic Field Probe to assess Human Exposure in  
the 5G FR1 band in Colombia," 2023 17th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation  
(EuCAP), Florence, Italy, 2023, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.23919/EuCAP57121.2023.10132968.  
9. J. Yu, Z. Jin, Y. Rong and F. Wu, "Design of Circularly Polarized Dielectric Resonator Antenna for 5G  
NR Band Application," 2023 6th International Conference on Electronics Technology (ICET),  
Chengdu, China, 2023, pp. 288-292, doi: 10.1109/ICET58434.2023.10211944.  
10. E. Liu, P. Tang, T. Jiang and J. Zhang, "Experimental Analysis and Modeling of Penetration Loss for  
Building Materials in FR1 and FR3 bands," 2024 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), Cape  
Town, South Africa, 2024, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/GCWkshp64532.2024.11100531.  
11. D. Shakya et al., "Wideband Penetration Loss through Building Materials and Partitions at 6.75 GHz in  
FR1(C) and 16.95 GHz in the FR3 Upper Mid-band spectrum," GLOBECOM 2024 - 2024 IEEE  
Global Communications Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, 2024, pp. 1665-1670, doi:  
10.1109/GLOBECOM52923.2024.10901400.  
www.ijltemas.in  
Page 666