INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

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ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025

In-Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-

Ageing Potentials of Some Common Anti-Ageing Medicinal Plants of

Southwest Nigeria

Emmanuel O. Olagoke^1*, Olaniyi T. Adedosu¹, Gbadebo E. Adeleke¹, Jelili A. Badmus¹, Oluwatosin S.

Olagoke¹, Masaudat A. Adebayo², Adetayo Akinboro¹, Mohammed. A. Abdulrasak³, Omolara O.

Babalola¹

1

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of

Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

2

Department of Biochemical Sciences, Federal Polytechnic Ede, Nigeria.

3

Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria.

^*Corresponding Author

DOI : https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2025.1412000062

Received: 13 December 2025; Accepted: 22 December 2025; Published: 05 January 2026

ABSTRACT:

Ageing is a multifactorial degeneration in body organs and physiological functions. Adansonia digitata linn

(AD), Bryophyllum pinnatum (BP), Vernonia amygdalina (VA), and Canna indica (CI) are commonly used in

folk medicine as anti-ageing remedies in Southwest Nigeria with little or no scientific bases. This study

investigated in-vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ageing potentials of these medicinal plants.

Ethylacetate Extracts of the powdered leaves of the plants were prepared by cold extraction and were subjected

to in-vitro assays: Total Flavonoids content, Hydroxyl radical (OH^-) and 2,2- Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)

radical scavenging potentials, Inhibition of lipid peroxidation, Inhibition of Proteinase activity and Protein

denaturation, while anti-tyrosinase and Anti-glycation potentials were also evaluated, using standard methods.

Results showed that, ethylacetate extract of BP, at 400µg/ml, showed highest Total Flavonoids content Quercetin

Equivalent (QE)(1.90mg/g/QE) compared with VA(1.52mg/g/QE), CI(0.80mg/g/QE) and AD(0.4mg/g/QE)

respectively and highest OH- radical scavenging potential (66.57%) compared with CI(48.25%), VA(26.53%)

and AD(26.43%) respectively. Furthermore, at 400µg/ml, VA exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging

activity (62.02%) compare with BP(61.98%), AD(53.80%) and CI(45.20%), while AD was more potent at lower

concentrations. Moreover, at 400µg/ml, Inhibition of lipid peroxidation was highest in CI(33.07%) compared

with AD(26.60%), VA(24.98%), and BP(21.49%), although VA was more potent at lower concentrations.

Furthermore, CI exhibited highest proteinase activity inhibition and Inhibition of protein denaturation at

concentrations (100 µg/ml - 400µg/ml) while at 400 µg/ml, it elicited highest proteinase inhibition of 94.88%

compared with AD(90.50%,), BP(85.89%) and VA(76.1%) respectively and also, highest protein denaturation

inhibition of 71.82% compared with BP(59.60%), AD(36.40%) and VA(32.92%) respectively. At the highest

concentration of 1mg/ml, VA exhibited the highest anti-tyrosinase activity (IC₅₀0.28±0.004, 87.28%), while BP,

AD, and CI were (IC₅₀0.32±0.008mg/ml, 77.56%; IC₅₀0.57±0.009mg/ml, 51.24%; IC₅₀1.05±0.015mg/ml,

44.35%), respectively. Moreover, across all concentrations (0.3125mg/ml – 5mg/ml) from week 1- 4, VA also,

exhibited highest anti-glycation potentials (71.23%, 87.54%, 86.20% and 90.06%) compare with

AD(63.30%,75.98%,83.68% and 82.84%), CI (58.75%, 52.62%, 59.94%, and 78.29%) and BP(47.08%, 51.43%,

53.02% and 63.89%) respectively. Vernonia Amygdalina exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging, anti-

tyrosinase, and anti-glycation properties, while CI showed the highest inhibition of lipid peroxidation, protein

denaturation, and proteinase activity. BP exhibited the highest OH^-radical scavenging potential and total

flavonoids content. The plants may be employed as anti-ageing remedies and also in the management and

treatment of other oxidative stress related diseases.

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Keywords: Ageing, Adansonia digitata lin, Antioxidant, Bryophyllum pinnatum, anti-tyrosinase, Vernonia

amygdalina, anti-inflammatory, Canna indica, anti-glycation.

INTRODUCTION

Ageing is a functional deterioration that is associated with continuous decline in various physiological processes

that will latter result to various health complications, diseases, and death in an organism (Adegoke et al., 2021).

Causes of ageing have been attributed to oxidative stress, glycation, telomere shortening, and mutation, while

lifestyle choices that have been associated with ageing in man include unhealthy diets high in sugar or refined

carbohydrate, regular consumption of alcohol, smoking, stress, medication, radiation, and diseases (Mandi et al.,

2023). Biomolecules like DNA, Lipids, and proteins are the most important constituents of living organisms.

The above molecules have been suggested to accumulate damage, basically because of oxidation, and molecular

oxidative damage have been traced to the etiology of ageing. Ageing occurs as a result of the buildup of damaged

cellular constituents in terms of failure to remove these constituents, prevent the production of these constituents,

or repair damages occasioned by them, and lastly, failure to replace lost cells due to accumulation (Lopez-otin

et al., 2013). Inability to handle wear and tear that occur in the human body, leading to ageing, has been recently

associated with some factors, which include senescence of cells, epigenetic alteration, altered/reduced cell-cell

communication, stem cell exhaustion, as well as deregulated nutrient sensing (Lopez-otin et al., 2013). The

above processes alone or in combination are the bases for age-related changes like muscle loss and loss of key

functional hormones in the body. Maintenance mechanisms employed by living cells to protect themselves

against oxidative damage include: replacement and repair of damaged molecule in the body, as well as an

antioxidant defence system; hence, cellular protection against molecular damage will as well protect against

ageing process. Oxidative damage theory of ageing predicts that, when the antioxidant defence system is boosted,

the process of ageing is slowed down. Reactive oxygen Species are generated by the process of oxidative

deterioration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from the membrane of the cells in a process called ‘Lipid

peroxidation’ (Mladenov et al., 2006). Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through indirect

formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in-vivo is not limited to mitochondria of the cells, but

mitochondria remain the target of reactive oxygen species (Liu et al., 2009). Ageing and age-related diseases

have been managed or treated by the use of orthodox drugs. Orthodox drugs are expensive, and have various

degrees of toxic side effects; hence, the need to source for cheap, safer, and readily available natural agents with

anti-ageing potential and the need to revert to natural remedies of plant origin. Healing with medicinal plants is

as old as mankind itself. Plants are a natural and important part of human life, and various plant constituents

have been employed in the development of various drug substances to combat various human diseases (Singh et

al., 2009).

Adansonia digitata, also called Baobab tree, bottle tree, monkey bread tree or upside down tree belongs to the

family Malvaceae. It is a very massive tree with a very large trunk usually up to 10 m in diameter, which can

grow up to the height of 25 m and may live for hundreds of years (De Caluwé et al., 2010). It has a high content

of vitamin C and well documented antioxidant capabilities (Vertuani et al., 2002; Besco et al., 2007: Brady,

2011), anti-inflammatory potential (Al-Qarawi et al., 2003), antipyretic/anti-fever effect (Brady, 2011),

antimicrobial potential (Afolabi and Popoola, 2005), Analgesic property (Masola et al., 2007) as well as antiviral

activity (Chadare et al., 2009). Bryophyllum pinnatum (B.pinnatum), otherwise known as Kalanchoe pinnatum

or Bryophyllym Calycinum, belongs to the family of Crassulaceae (Sadhana et al., 2017). It is a perennial herb

which is 3 to 5 meters high having opposed glabrous leaves (Kamboj and Saluja, 2017). B. pinnatum is sour to

taste with sugary post digestive effect. It is made up of various valuable chemicals substances that could underlie

its various pharmacological and medicinal effects. In various parts of the world, it is employed for the treatment

of various pathological conditions like conjunctivitis, constipation, Epilepsy, Cholera, menstrual disorder, burns,

cough suppression, insect bites, psychiatric disorders as well as abdominal discomforts (Sadhana et al., 2017).

Moreover, extracts from the leaves are useful for treatment of Jaundice, hypertension, and renal stones while

slightly heated leaves are used as a tocolytic agent in southwest Nigeria to prevent premature labour and as well

used for dropping of placenta (Gupta et al., 2016; Latif et al., 2019).

Canna indica, otherwise known as indian shot, is the only genus in the family Cannaceae and has 19 species of

flowering plants. It has large, eye–catching foliage, it is a horticultural plant and one of the richest starch sources,

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and used by horticulturists to form a large, flowered, bright garden (Sarje et al., 2019). It is a coarse perennial

herb, 90cm to 3m tall, and grows from edible underground rootstock. The flowers of the plant are brightly

coloured reds, yellow, or orange (Al-Snafi, 2015; Pandey and Bhandari, 2021). According to Pandey and

Bhandari (2021), it has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, Molluscicidal, hepatoprotective, anti-

diarrheal, as well as immumodulatory effects. Vernonial amygdalina is an angiosperm that belongs to the family

Asteraceae. It is mostly cultivated and employed in folk medicine practices in Africa as well as Asia’s tropical

areas (Tekou et al., 2018). V. amygdalina is a soft, woody shrub having several economic uses; it grows to a

height of 1 meter to 6 meters (Ifedibaluchukwu et al., 2020). It is commonly referred to as “Bitter leaf” because

of its bitter taste, which may be due to its various anti-nutrient contents (Ifedibaluchukwu et al., 2020). The

leaves' diameter is 6mm and 20cm long (Habtamu and Melaku, 2018), dark green, and making them an essential

part of the human diet (Oyeyemi et al., 2018). Cold water extract of the plant has been reported for suppression

of cancer (Yedjou et al., 2018), lowering of diet-induced obesity, typhoid treatment, and various other

inflammatory diseases (Asante et al., 2019). V. amygdalina is also employed in the treatment of malaria (Okpe

et al., 2016).Hence, this study investigated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-ageing potentials of

Adansonia digitata, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Cana indica, and Vernonia amygdalina as they were being

employed in folk medicine as an anti-ageing remedy in southwest Nigeria (Oladele et al., 2012).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

The materials used were: Measuring cylinders, spectrophotometer, micropipettes, centrifuge, water-bath, serum

bottles, disposable gloves, thermometer, stopwatch, 2ml and 5ml syringes and needles, pH meter, cotton wool,

conical flasks, test-tubes and racks, spatula, refrigerator, weighing balance, funnel, Pasture pipette, Filter paper,

Beaker, rotary evaporator, and Incubator.

Reagents and salts

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), Absolute Methanol (99.9%), Quercetin, Kojic acid, Amino guanidine

hydrochloride, Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA), Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), Glucose, Phosphate buffer, 3,4-

dihydroxyphenylalanine (LDOPA), Nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT), Phosphate buffer, Drosophila/mushroom

tyrosinase, Ascorbic acid, 2-deoxyribose, Trypsin and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), were all purchased from

Sigma Chemical Company St. Louis, MO, USA. All other chemicals used for this experiment were of analytical

grade.

Identification of plant materials

The plants, Adansonia digitata lin, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Canna indica, and Vernonia amygdalina leaves were

obtained from the Oja Igbo area, Ogbomoso, Oyo state, and were identified and authenticated in the Botany

section of the Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology

(LAUTECH), Ogbomoso, with Herbarium Voucher numbers: Bryophyllum pinnatum lin (LHO 863), Canna

indica (LHO 861), Vernonia amygdalina Delile (LHO 862), and Adansonia digitata (LHO 749) deposited. They

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were air-dried and blended into a powdery form to increase the surface area in order to facilitate the process of

extraction.

Preparation of Ethylacetate Extracts

Two hundred and fifty grams (250g) of powdered leaves of Adansonia digitata lin, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Cana

indica, and Vernonia amygdalina were each soaked in 2500ml of ethylacetate, left for 3days, filtered, and the

filtrate was concentrated on a rotary evaporator at 35°C and later dried in a water bath (Wu et al. 2009).

Percentage yield was 13.69% for A. digitata, 10.52% for B. pinnatum, 15.55% for Cana indica, 15.40% and

Vernonia Amygdalina, and 17.25%, respectively.

METHODOLOGY

Determination of Total Flavonoid Content

Total flavonoid content of the plant extracts was determined by the method of Pekal and Pryzynska (2014).

Flavonoids form complexes with Aluminium Chloride (AlCl₃), and the absorbance of the reaction was measured

at a wavelength of 415nm. Total flavonoid content was extrapolated from the standard curve for Quercetin by

plotting the graph of absorbance against concentration.

Determination of Percentage (%) Hydroxyl Radical (OH^-) Scavenging Activity (2-Deoxyribose Assay)

The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of the extracts was determined by the method of Tijani (2018). 2-

deoxyribose was degraded by the hydroxyl radical generated by the Fenton-type reaction. The amount of

degradation was quantified spectrophotometrically at the wavelength 532nm.

Determination of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Scavenging Potential

DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging potential of the plant extracts was determined by the

method described by Mensor et al. (2001). DPPH solution reacts with a substance that can donate a hydrogen

atom, giving rise to the reduced form, losing violet colour to yield a pale yellow colour, which is absorbed at a

wavelength of 518nm.

Determination of Percentage (%) inhibition of lipid peroxidation

The lipid peroxidation inhibition potential of the extracts was determined by the method of Sadighara (2012).

Lipid peroxidation was induced in egg yolk with an oxidizing agent (FeSO₄), and the level of lipid peroxidation

product was determined by the pink colour developed, which absorbed at a wavelength of 532nm.

Determination of Percentage (%) inhibition of Proteinase activity

Proteinase inhibition of the plant extracts was determined by the method described by Cotabarren et al. (2023)

with slight modification. The extracts inhibit the activity of trypsin protease, preventing interaction with

substrate, hence inhibiting its proteolytic activity. Trypsin reacts with the extract and egg white at room

temperature. Trichloroacetic acid was added, and the supernatant was picked. Na₂CO₃and Folin were added,

and incubated until the colour changed, and read at 660nm. EDTA was used as a standard.

Determination of Percentage (%) inhibition of Protein Denaturation

Inhibition of protein denaturation was determined by the method described by Madhuranga and Samarakkon

(2023). Egg albumin solution was exposed to heat in the presence and absence of plant extracts at 70^oC for

5minutes. The extent of protein denaturation was measured from the supernatant at the wavelength of 660nm.

Non–steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (Aspirin) was used as the standard.

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Anti-glycation Assay

Antigycation assay was determined by the method of Rahbar and Figarola (2003). Glucose glycated material

was prepared. Protein (BSA) and Sugar (glucose) were incubated in the presence and absence of plant extracts.

The amount of advanced glycated end products (AGEs) formed was measured per week for the period of four

weeks at the wavelength of 530nm. Aminoguanidine hydrochloride was used as a standard, while a mixture of

BSA, glucose, phosphate buffer, and 1% DMSO was used as a control alongside the test samples.

Determination of Percentage (%) inhibition of Tyrosinase Activity

Anti-tyrosinase activity of the plant extracts was determined by the method of Ashraf et al. (2017) with slight

modification. Drosophila/mushroom tyrosinase was incubated with varying concentrations of extracts, and 3,4-

dihydroxyphenylalanine (LDOPA) was added. The absorbance of dopachrome formed was measured at the

wavelength of 475nm. Kojic acid was used as a reference inhibitor, while phosphate buffer was used as a

negative tyrosinase inhibitor.

Statistical Analysis

The results were analysed using graphpad prism 5 and were expressed as Mean ± Standard error of Mean (SEM)

of duplicate tests, One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparison of relative expression levels

of different groups. Value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Antioxidant Potential

Table 3.1a: Result showing Total Flavonoids content (Quercetin Equivalent(QE)) of Ethylacetate leaves extract

of Adansonia digitata, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina and Canna indica.

Concentration Total Flavonoids content Total

Flavonoids Total

of content

Flavonoids Total

Flavonoids

of

Adansonia digitata content

of content of Canna

(µg/ml) (QE)

Ethylacetate

Leaves Bryophyllum

Vernonia

indica Ethylacetate

extract (mg/g)(QE) Mean pinnatum

amygdalina

Ethylacetate

extract Leaves

Leaves

(mg/g)(QE) Mean

extract ± SEM

extract

± SEM

Ethylacetate

Leaves

(mg/g)(QE) Mean (mg/g)(QE) Mean

± SEM

50

0.080 ± 0.003^a

0.128 ± 0.005^a

0.160 ± 0.002^a

0.192 ± 0.001^a

0.256 ± 0.002^a

0.288 ± 0.003^a

0.320 ± 0.001^a

0.400 ± 0.002^a

0.250 ± 0.001^b

0.350 ± 0.001^b

0.501 ± 0.008^b

0.800 ± 0.003^b

1.250 ± 0.003^b

1.50 ± 0.003^b

1.800 ± 0.00^b

1.900 ± 0.009^b

0.272 ± 0.002^b

0.336 ± 0.002^b

0.640 ± 0.008^c

0.800 ± 0.002^b

0.960 ± 0.004^c

1.09 ± 0.005^c

1.220 ± 0.016^c

1.520 ± 0.003^c

0.107 ± 0.002^c

0.160 ± 0.005^c

0.187 ± 0.005^a

0.240 ± 0.001^c

0.320 ± 0.002^d

0.533 ± 0.001^d

0.667 ± 0.001^d

0.800 ± 0.001^d

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

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The values were expressed as Mean ± SEM of duplicate tests. Means with different alphabets at the same

concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05), Means with the same alphabets at the same concentration

are not significantly different.

Table 3.1b: Result showing Percentage Hydroxyl radical (OH^-) scavenging activity of Ethylacetate leaves extract

of Adansonia digitata, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina and Canna indica.

Concentration

(µg/ml)

Percentage

(%) Percentage

(%)

radical

Hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl

(OH^-) scavenging (OH^-) scavenging (OH^-) scavenging (OH^-)

scavenging

activity

Adansonia

digitata

Ethylacetate

Leaves extract

of activity

Bryophyllum

of activity

Vernonia

of activity of

Canna

indica Ethylacetate

Leaves extract

pinnatum

Ethylacetate

Leaves extract

amygdalina

Ethylacetate

Leaves extract

50

66.57^a

58.26^a

54.45^a

53.35^a

44.34^a

37.24^a

33.03^a

26.43^a

84.38^b

84.18^b

81.68^b

77.08^b

68.57^b

59.66^b

71.87^b

66.57^b

62.66^c

55.26^a

47.95^c

46.55^c

36.44^c

39.24^a

28.53^c

26.53^c

86.29^b

85.49^b

83.68^d

83.08^d

77.27^d

61.06^b

57.66^d

48.25^d

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

values with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05), values with

the same alphabets at the same concentration are not significantly different.

Table 3.1c: Result showing Percentage DPPH radical scavenging activity of Ethylacetate leaves extract of

Adansonia digitata, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina and Canna indica.

Concentration

(µg/ml)

Percentage

(%) Percentage

(%)

DPPH scavenging DPPH scavenging DPPH scavenging DPPH scavenging

activity

of activity

Vernonia

of activity of Canna

indica Ethylacetate

Leaves extract

Adansonia digitata Bryophyllum

pinnatum

Ethylacetate

amygdalina

Ethylacetate

Leaves extract

Ethylacetate

Leaves extract

50

44.00^a

58.88^a

64.53^a

64.62^a

48.08^a

54.47^b

54.63^b

55.83^b

54.71^b

58.63^a

60.80^c

61.82^a

28.51^c

29.79^c

30.83^d

34.10^c

100

150

200

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250

300

350

400

63.00^a

63.50^a

60.62^a

53.80^a

56.07^b

59.03^b

60.62^a

61.98^b

61.50^c

62.14^a

62.30^a

62.06^b

39.29^d

21.17^c

27.87^c

45.20^c

values with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05), values with the

same alphabets at the same concentration are not significantly different.

Table 3.1d: Result showing Percentage Inhibition of lipid peroxidation of Ethylacetate leaves extract of

Adansonia digitata, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina and Canna indica.

Concentration

(µg/ml)

Percentage

(%) Percentage

(%)

inhibition of lipid inhibition of lipid inhibition of lipid inhibition of lipid

peroxidation

Adansonia digitata Bryophyllum

of peroxidation

Vernonia

of peroxidation

Canna

of

indica

Ethylacetate

pinnatum

amygdalina

Ethylacetate

Leaves extract

Ethylacetate

Leaves extract

Ethylacetate

Leaves extract

50

18.41^a

18.53^a

18.73^a

19.41^a

19.61^a

21.65^a

28.68^a

26.60^a

20.01^b

20.29^b

20.57^b

20.69^b

20.77^b

21.21^a

21.29^b

21.49^b

23.76^c

24.08^c

24.24^c

24.28^c

24.52^b

24.84^c

24.96^b

21.45^d

22.52^d

22.88^d

23.00^d

23.32^c

23.36^c

23.84^c

33.07^c

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

values with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05), values with the

same alphabets at the same concentration are not significantly different.

Antioxidant potential

2.0

b

A.digitata

B.pinnatum

V. Amygdalina

C.Indica

c

b

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

b

c

bb

d

c

d

b

a

bb

a

d

a

b

a

b

c

a

c

a

c

a

ml

/

g

u

0

5

0

5

0

5

0

5

0

4

1

2

3

Concentration

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Figure 3.1a: Total Flavonoids content (Quercetin Equivalent) of Ethylacetate leaves extract of Adansonia

digitata, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina and Canna indica.

Bars with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05).

Bars with the same alphabet at the same concentration are not significantly different from each other.

100

A.digitata

b

d

b

d

B.pinnatum

V. Amygdalina

C.Indica

80

60

40

20

0

b

a

b

c

b

a

d

a

d

c

a

c

a

c

a

ml

/

g

u

0

u

0

5

0

5

0

5

0

5

0

1

2

3

4

concentration

Figure 3.1b: Percentage Hydroxyl radical (OH^-) scavenging activity of Ethylacetate leaves extract of Adansonia

digitata, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina and Canna indica.

Bars with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05).

Bars with the same alphabet at the same concentration are not significantly different from each other.

80

A digitata

a a

c

a

B.pinnatum

V.Amygdalina

C.indica

a

a c

bb

aaa

a

60

40

20

0

b

b b

b

a

c

a

d

c

d

c

ml

/

g

u

0

5

0

5

0

5

0

5

0

1

2

3

4

concentration

Figure 3.1c: Percentage DPPH radical scavenging activity of Ethylacetate leaves extract of Adansonia digitata,

Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina and Canna indica.

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Bars with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05).

Bars with the same alphabet at the same concentration are not significantly different from each other.

40

A.digitata

c

B.pinnatum

a

30

20

10

0

V.amygdalina

C.Indica

a

b

c

b

c

c c

c

d

a

b b

d

a

b

a

ml

/

g

u

0

u

0

u

0

u

0

5

0

5

0

5

0

5

0

1

2

3

4

concentration

Figure 3.1d: Percentage Inhibition of lipid peroxidation of Ethylacetate leaves extract of Adansonia digitata,

Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina and Canna indica.

Bars with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05).

Bars with the same alphabet at the same concentration are not significantly different from each other.

Anti-inflammatory potentials

Table 3.2a: Result showing Percentage inhibition of Proteinase activity of Ethylacetate leaves extract of

Adansonia digitata, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina and Canna indica.

Concentration

(µg/ml)

Percentage

inhibition

(%) Percentage

of inhibition

(%) Percentage

of inhibition

(%) Percentage

of inhibition

(%)

of

proteinase activity proteinase activity Proteinase activity Proteinase activity

of

Adansonia of

Bryophyllum of

Vernonia of

Canna indica

digitata

pinnatum

amygdalina

Ethylacetate

Leaves extract

50

82.36^a

84.83^a

86.24^a

87.48^a

87.83^a

88.36^a

91.71^c

91.36^b

91.18^b

90.48^b

90.12^b

89.07^a

91.71^c

88.89^c

87.30^a

84.83^c

82.72^c

81.13^b

90.65^c

92.59^a

92.96^b

93.12^d

93.30^d

93.65^c

100

150

200

250

300

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350

400

89.42^a

90.50^a

87.30^b

77.60^c

94.18^d

85.89^b

76.19^c

94.88^d

values with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05), values with the

same alphabets at the same concentration are not significantly different.

Table 3.2b: Percentage Inhibition of Protein denaturation of Ethylacetate leaves extract of Adansonia digitata,

Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina and Canna indica.

Concentration

(µg/ml)

Percentage

inhibition

Protein

(%) Percentage

of inhibition

Protein

(%) Percentage

of inhibition

Protein

(%) Percentage

of inhibition

Protein

(%)

of

denaturation

Adansonia digitata Bryophyllum

of denaturation

Vernonia

of denaturations

Canna

of

indica

Ethylacetate

Leaves extract

pinnatum

Ethylacetate

Leaves extract

amygdalina

Ethylacetate

Leaves extract

Ethylacetate

Leaves extract

50

79.30^a

74.31^a

67.58^a

62.84^a

56.11^a

46.31^a

44.14^a

36.40^a

87.28^b

82.79^b

78.80^b

76.06^b

72.07^b

68.83^b

65.59^b

59.60^b

78.05^a

72.82^a

66.83^a

59.60^c

53.37^a

46.13^b

42.37^a

32.92^c

86.78^b

86.28^c

84.54^c

81.79^d

82.04^c

79.30^c

79.55^c

71.82^d

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

values with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05), values with the

same alphabets at the same concentration are not significantly different.

Figure 3.2a: Percentage inhibition of Proteinase activity of Ethylacetate leaves extract of Adansonia digitata,

Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina and Canna indica.

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Bars with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05).

Bars with the same alphabet at the same concentration are not significantly different from each other.

100

A.digitata

b b

c

b

d

c

a

c

b

a

B.pinnatum

V.amygdalina

C.Indica

a

80

60

40

20

0

b

a

c

b

a

b

a

c

b

a

a a

a

l

m

2

m

2

m

/

m

/

g

u

0

5

0

5

0

5

0

5

0

1

3

4

concentration

Figure 3.2b: Percentage Inhibition of protein denaturation of Ethylacetate leaves extract of Adansonia digitata,

Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina and Canna indica.

Bars with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05).

Bars with the same alphabet at the same concentration are not significantly different from each other.

Anti-ageing potential

Table 3.3a: Result showing Percentage Anti-tyrosinase activity of Ethylacetate leaves extract of Adansonia

digitata, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina, Canna indica and Kojic acid.

Concentration Percentage

(%) Percentage

Anti-tyrosinase

of activity

(%) Percentage

Percentage

Anti- (%) Anti-

tyrosinase

of activity

Anti-tyrosinase

activity

Adansonia digitata Bryophyllum

Anti-tyrosinase

of activity

Vernonia

(%)

of tyrosinase

activity

(mg/ml)

of

Ethylacetate

Leaves extract

pinnatum

Ethylacetate

Leaves extract of

amygdalina

Ethylacetate

Leaves extract

Canna indica Kojic acid

Ethylacetate

Leaves

extract

0.03125

0.0625

0.125

0.25

13.25^a

19.43^a

22.14^a

31.45^a

43.99^a

51.24^a

23.85^b

32.16^b

44.52^b

46.29^b

67.49^b

77.56^b

5.48^c

9.54^c

23.49^d

27.21^d

30.57^e

53.00^e

75.79^e

82.16^e

24.56^c

30.92^c

48.94^c

75.97^c

87.28^c

14.66^d

15.90^d

27.56^d

34.63^d

44.35^d

0.50

1.00

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IC₅₀

0.57± 0.013^a

0.32± 0.011^b

0.28± 0.006^c

1.05 ± 0.02^d

0.03±0.00^e

values with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05), values with the

same alphabet at the same concentration are not significantly different.

Table 3.3b (week 1): Percentage Anti-glycation activity of Ethylacetate leaves extract of Adansonia digitata,

Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina, Canna indica and standard; Amino guanidine

Concentration

(mg/ml)

Percentage (%) Percentage

(%) Percentage (%) Percentage (%) Percentage

(%)

of

Anti-glycation

of activity of activity

Canna

Anti-glycation

activity

of activity

indica Aminoguanidine

Adansonia

digitata

Bryophyllum

pinnatum

Vernonia

amygdalina

Ethylacetate

leaves extract

Ethylacetate

leaves extract

Ethylacetate

leaves extract

Ethylacetate

leaves extract

0.3125

0.625

1.250

2.500

5.000

50.00^a

50.79^a

52.27^b

60.29^a

63.30^a

1.09^b

4.25^b

9.69^b

36.89^b

47.08^b

42.53^c

52.82^c

65.48^c

69.14^b

71.22^c

30.27^d

45.99^d

49.46^d

51.04^d

58.75^d

39.30^e

43.20^e

49.85^d

50.55^d

59.25^d

values with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05), values with the

same alphabet at the same concentration are not significantly different.

Table 3.3b (week 2): Percentage Anti-glycation activity of Ethylacetate leaves extract of Adansonia digitata,

Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina, Canna indica and standard; Amino guanidine

Concentration

(mg/ml)

Percentage (%) Percentage (%) Percentage

Percentage (%) Percentage

Anti- Anti-glycation Anti-glycation

activity of activity

(%)

of

Anti-glycation

(%)

activity

Adansonia

digitata

of activity

of glycation

activity

Bryophyllum

pinnatum

of Canna indica Aminoguanidine

Ethylacetate

Vernonia

Ethylacetate

leaves extract

Ethylacetate

leaves extract

amygdalina

Ethylacetate

leaves extract

0.3125

0.625

1.250

2.500

5.000

58.56^a

66.52^a

72.35^a

74.93^a

75.96^a

24.73^b

38.48^b

42.04^b

49.46^b

51.43^b

64.59^c

27.20^d

28.68_d

35.80^d

46.88^d

52.62^b

72.80^e

78.30^e

80.55^e

81.20^c

82.20^d

77.25^c

78.73^c

82.39^c

87.54^c

Values with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05), values with the

same alphabet at the same concentration are not significantly different.

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Table 3.3b (week 3): Percentage Anti-glycation activity of Ethylacetate leaves extract of Adansonia digitata,

Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina, Canna indica and standard; Amino guanidine.

Concentration

(mg/ml)

Percentage (%) Percentage (%) Percentage

Percentage

Anti- (%)

glycation

of activity

Canna indica

Percentage

Anti- Anti-glycation

activity

(%)

of

Anti-glycation

(%)

activity

Adansonia

digitata

of activity

of glycation

activity

Bryophyllum

pinnatum

of Aminoguanidine

Vernonia

Ethylacetate

leaves extract

Ethylacetate

leaves extract

amygdalina

Ethylacetate

leaves extract

Ethylacetate

leaves extract

of

0.3125

0.625

1.250

2.500

5.000

75.47^a

76.56^a

81.16^a

82.99^a

83.68^a

34.12^b

44.51^b

49.06^b

51.04^b

53.02^b

71.51^c

82.19^b

85.36^c

85.60^c

86.20^c

39.96^d

43.82^b

50.45^b

51.14^b

59.94^d

75.80^e

76.05^a

83.05^d

83.10^d

85.10^e

values with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05), values with the

same alphabet at the same concentration are not significantly different.

Table 3.3b (week 4): Percentage Anti-glycation activity of Ethylacetate leaves extract of Adansonia digitata,

Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina, Canna indica and Amino guanidine

Concentration

(mg/ml)

Percentage (%) Percentage

(%) Percentage (%) Percentage (%) Percentage

(%)

of

Anti-glycation

of activity

Ethylacetate

Anti-glycation

of activity

Ethylacetate

Anti-glycation

of activity

activity

of activity

Ethylacetate

Aminoguanidine

leaves extract of leaves extract of leaves extract leaves extract of

Adansonia

digitata

Bryophyllum

pinnatum

of

Vernonia Canna indica

amygdalina

0.3125

0.625

1.250

2.500

5.000

75.37^a

80.81^a

81.36^a

81.60^a

82.83^a

49.46^b

52.42^b

59.05^b

61.91^b

63.89^b

70.72^c

27.00^d

42.28^d

73.44^d

78.04^d

78.29^d

74.20^e

77.05^e

83.80^e

85.25^e

87.95^e

84.27^c

87.64^c

88.92^c

90.06^c

values with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05), values with the

same alphabet at the same concentration are not significantly different.

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(a) Anti-tyrosinase activity

100

80

60

40

20

0

A.digitata

c

e

b

B.pinnatum

V.amygdalina

C.Indica

c e

b

d

a

c

b

a

d

Kojic acid

d

b

a

c

e

d

c

b

d

a

d

a

d

c

l

d

/

m

/

m

/

g

m

1

5

.

5

2

5

2

.

0

1

3

6

1

.

0

.

0

.

0

concentration

Figure 3.3a: Percentage Anti-tyrosinase activity of Ethylacetate leaves extract of Adansonia digitata,

Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina, Canna indica and Kojic acid

Bars with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05).

Bars with the same alphabet at the same concentration are not significantly different from each other.

(b) Anti-glycation potential (Week 1 – week 4)

WEEK 1

80

A.digitata

c

a

B.pinnatum

V.amygdalina

C.Indica

a

e

d

60

40

20

0

a

c

a

d

e

a

e

d

b

d

c

e

b

Amino guanidine

d

b

l

m

/

m

/

m

/

m

/

g

m

5

.

5

2

.

2

1

6

.

1

3

.

0

concentration

Figure 3.3b (i): Percentage Anti-glycation activity of Ethylacetate leaves extract of Adansonia digitata,

Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina, Canna indica and standard; Amino guanidine (Week 1)

Bars with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05).

Bars with the same alphabet at the same concentration are not significantly different from each other.

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WEEK 2

100

80

60

40

20

0

A.digitata

c

e

c

e

c

e

B.pinnatum

c

a

e

a

V.amygdalina

C.Indica

c

a

d

b

d

Amino guanidine

b

d

b

l

m

/ml

/

/ml

g

m

5

.5

2

.2

1

.6

0

.3

0

Figure 3.3b (ii): Percentage Anti-glycation activity of Ethylacetate leaves extract of Adansonia digitata,

Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina, Canna indica and standard; Amino guanidine (Week 2)

Bars with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05).

Bars with the same alphabet at the same concentration are not significantly different from each other.

WEEK 3

100

A.digitata

B.pinnatum

V.amygdalina

C.Indica

Amino guanidine

c

e

a

d

c

d

a

e

a

80

60

40

20

0

a

c

d

b

d

b

l

m

/ml

/

/ml

g

m

5

.5

2

.2

1

.6

0

.3

0

Figure 3.3b (iii): Percentage Anti-glycation activity of Ethylacetate leaves extract of Adansonia digitata,

Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina, Canna indica and standard; Amino guanidine (Week 3)

Bars with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05).

Bars with the same alphabet at the same concentration are not significantly different from each other.

Figure 3.3b (iv): Percentage Anti-glycation activity of Ethylacetate leaves extract of Adansonia digitata,

Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina, Canna indica and Amino guanidine (Week 3)

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Bars with different alphabets at the same concentration are significantly different at (P< 0.05).

Bars with the same alphabet at the same concentration are not significantly different from each other.

DISCUSSION

Reactive Oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the etiology of ageing, and the antioxidant system has

been reported to control ageing effects occasioned by ROS by decreasing the rate of free radical-mediated

oxidative damage, thereby increasing the life expectancy of an organism (Kazeem et al., 2012). Ageing is a

complex and pleiotropic phenomenon, a natural and irreversible process that affects living organisms by

adversely impacting the tissue and cells' functionality and morphology, and is responsible for various disease

conditions like hypertension, atherosclerosis, Dementia, Diabetes, Osteoporosis, and Cancer, and have ever

increasing economic impact on the health of people worldwide (Parmark et al., 2022).

Flavonoids are a ubiquitous group of polyphenolic secondary metabolites in plants with a number of medicinal

benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties (Ullah et al., 2020). Flavonoids are present in

various fruits and vegetables and are also responsible for their colours and defense mechanism (Miao et al.,

2022). Flavonoids function as antioxidants by neutralizing free radicals that can damage cells, hence, preventing

or reducing free radical-mediated cellular damage, which can result in ageing (Jin et al., 2022). Total flavonoid

content was highest in Bryophyllum pinnatum (1.90 mg/g/Quercetin Equivalent) compared to the other three

plants across various concentrations in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, Vernonia amygdalina

(1.50mg/g/Quercetin Equivalent) also showed significant total flavonoid contents next to Bryophyllum

pinnatum, while Canna indica (0.80mg/g/Quercetin Equivalent) has total flavonoid contents lower than both

Bryophyllum pinnatum and Vernonia amygdalina. Adansonia digitata showed the lowest total flavonoid content

(0.40 mg/g/Quercetin Equivalent). The total flavonoid content of these plants may reflect their individual ability

to scavenge free radicals and also, a pointer to their therapeutic abilities to prevent, manage, or cure various

oxidative stress-related and degenerative diseases.

Hydroxyl radical (OH-) is recognized as the most potent but short-lived of the reactive oxygen species radicals.

It is a powerful oxidant produced via the Fenton reaction in the biological system (Richard et al., 2015). Hydroxyl

radicals have been reported to be implicated in the ageing process by causing oxidative damage to various cells

and tissues of the body (Gurgoze et al., 2007). The hydroxyl radical scavenging potential of the four plants was

concentration dependent, decreasing with increasing concentration. Canna indica displayed the highest

scavenging ability from (100 µg/ml to 300 µg/ml) with the percentages (86.29%, 85.49% and 83.68).

Bryophyllum pinnatum, at the last two concentrations (350µg/ml and 400µg/ml), exhibited the highest hydroxyl

radical scavenging ability (66.57% and 67.37%). Adansonia digitata also exhibited good scavenging potential

across all the concentrations, while Vernonia

amygdalina showed the lowest scavenging ability across all concentrations. The plant extracts ability to scavenge

hydroxyl radical also corroborated their potential to eliminate biological cells generated free radicals that may

lead to ageing and other oxidative stress-related diseases (Adedosu et al., 2018).

DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical is a stable compound used to ascertain the antioxidant activity of

various substances while in solution (Njoya et al., 2021). It is a free radical used to study antiradical activity

(Bouabid et al., 2020). It comprises an unpaired electron located on one of the atoms of the nitrogen bridge

responsible for its characteristic violet colour. The efficacy of plants with antioxidant potentials is measured by

a decrease in violet colouration. The liberation of the unpaired electron as a result of the trapping of radicals by

antioxidant molecules correlates with their antiradical potentials (Bouabid et al., 2020). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-

picrylhydrazyl free radical Scavenging ability of the ethylacetate extracts of the plants showed that they exhibited

concentration-dependent inhibition up to 200µg/ml. Adansonia digitata exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging

potential from 100µg/ml to 300µg/ml, while Vernonia amygdalina showed the highest inhibition at 400µg/ml

(62.06%). Bryophyllum pinnatum also, at 400µg/ml, showed a significant scavenging ability (61.98%) while

Canna Indica showed the lowest DPPH scavenging potential across all the concentrations. Scavenging potential

of these plant extracts might be attributed to a significant amount of phenolics present in them and a pointer to

their possible antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ageing abilities (Kazeem et al., 2012; Chu et al., 2002).

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Lipid peroxidation refers to oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, by free radicals which has been linked to

various disease pathologies, as a result of oxidation products formed during such process, which includes

reactive aldehydes such as malondialdehyde which can form adducts with proteins as well as DNA, resulting in

alteration of their functions leading to ageing and various free radicals mediated diseases (Nam, 2011). Inhibition

of lipid peroxidation of the four plant extracts was not concentration dependent, but seemed to be more

pronounced at the last two concentrations (350µg/ml and 400µg/ml). Vernonia amygdalina showed the highest

inhibition across various concentrations up to 300 µg/ml (24.52%), followed by Canna indica (23.36%). At the

highest concentration (400 µg/ml), Canna indica exhibited the highest inhibition (33.07%), followed by

Adansonia digitata (26.60%). However, Adansonia digitata exhibited the lowest inhibition up to 250 µg/ml.

This also corroborates the abilities of these plant extracts; they may be utilized in the management and treatment

of oxidative stress diseases. This effect may be traced to active secondary metabolites embedded in the leaves

of these plants. (Adedosu et al., 2017).

Proteinase, otherwise called protease or peptidase, is an enzyme that performs the function of catalyzing

proteolysis as well as breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or individual amino acids (Lopez-Otin

and Bond, 2008). They play important roles in various biological processes, like cell migration, immunity,

wound healing, as well as cell death (Morohashi and Tomita, 2013). Protease, when activated, triggers the release

of mediators of inflammation, and protease-mediated inflammation has been reported to promote insulin

resistance, resulting in diabetes and other oxidative stress-related diseases (Lin et al., 2020). Inhibition of

proteinase activities of the extracts of the four plants was not concentration-dependent. However, Canna indica

exhibited the highest proteinase inhibition across all concentrations. Bryophyllum pinnatum exhibited significant

inhibition at concentrations below 400µg/ml than Adansonia digitata, while at the highest concentration (400

µg/ml), Adansonia digitata inhibition of proteinase activity (90.50%) was higher than Bryophyllum pinnatum

(85.89%). Vernonia amygdalina inhibition decreases as the concentration increases, and exhibits the lowest

inhibition of proteinase activity. Protease inhibitors have been reported to serve as anti-inflammatory agents that

can terminate inflammation by modulating cytokine expression, tissue remodeling, as well as signal transduction

(Shigetomi et al., 2010 ; Machado et al., 2022).

Proteins are large biological molecules that comprise various amino acid residues joined together by a peptide

bond. They have a vast array of functions in living organisms, which include: catalyzing various metabolic

reactions, Structural roles, and transportation of molecules from one location to another in the body system

(Anyazor et al., 2019). Protein denaturation results in loss of structural and biological functions. Denatured

proteins have been reported to trigger an inflammatory response, and also, inflammation can result in the

denaturation of proteins (Anyasor et al., 2019). Agents that can inhibit protein denaturation can function as anti-

inflammatory substances (Bachheti et al., 2023). The anti-inflammatory activities of the four plant extracts were

tested by the egg albumin denaturation assay. Most age-related disorders have been linked to inflammation,

which is a significant factor for morbidity as well as mortality in old age (Ameena et al., 2023). Inhibition of

protein denaturation was concentration-dependent, as it decreased with increasing concentration across all

concentrations. Canna indica showed the highest inhibition of protein denaturation across all concentrations,

followed by Bryophyllum pinnatum. Adansonia digitata showed a slight increase in inhibition than Vernonia

amygdalina, but not statistically significant (P< 0.05). All the four plant extracts showed notable abilities to

inhibit protein denaturation, reflecting their anti-inflammatory activities and their potential to stabilize or

maintain the integrity of structural and functional proteins, as well as their therapeutic abilities, which might be

traceable to phenolic compounds present in them (Zeb, 2020).

Tyrosinase, a key enzyme in Melanogenesis, protects the skin against ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure that

may result in pathological skin conditions. Excessive production or abnormal accumulation of Melanin can result

in age spots and hyperpigmentation (Majeed et al., 2020). Suppression of activities of tyrosinase results in down-

regulation of melanogenesis and reduces skin hyperpigmentation, which can prevent premature ageing as well

as abnormal pigmentation of skin (Saeedi et al., 2019; Majeed et al., 2020; Mostafa et al., 2021). All the four

plant extracts exhibited good anti-tyrosinase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Bryophyllum

pinnatum, at the first three concentrations (0.03125mg/ml, 0.0625mg/ml and 0.125mg/ml) exhibited highest

anti-tyrosinase potentials (23.85%, 32.16% and 44.52%) compared with other three plants extracts and standard

(Kojic acid), while Vernonia amygdalina, displayed highest anti-tyrosinase activity at concentrations 0.25mg/ml

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(48.93%), 0.5mg/ml (75.97%), and 1mg/ml (87.28%)) respectively. Adansonia digitata also exhibited good anti-

tyrosinase activity across all the concentrations, while Canna indica showed the lowest anti-tyrosinase activity

throughout all the concentrations. These plant extracts possess various polyphenols having potential to suppress

or inhibit tyrosinase activity, hence, may be employed as anti-ageing remedies.

Glycation refers to a non–enzymatic condensation reaction that occurs between the amino group of protein and

reducing sugars, which latter undergo various rearrangements resulting in stable Ketoamines, leading to the

formation of Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) implicated in ageing (Kazeem et al., 2012). All the four

plant extracts displayed good anti-glycation potential in a concentration-dependent manner from week 1 to week

4. Vernonia amygdalina exhibited the highest antiglycation potential across all concentrations throughout the

four weeks. Moreover, the antiglycation potential of Vernonia amygdalina was higher than that of

Aminoguanidine (standard) throughout the four weeks. Vernonia amygdalina and Adansonia digitata displayed

higher antiglycation activity than Canna indica, while Bryophyllum pinnatum displayed the lowest antiglycation

potential. Glycation as well as AGE-induced-Toxicity have been reported to be associated with increased free

radical production, hence, agents with good antioxidant potentials, mopping up free radicals, can also inhibit

AGE formation. (Nakagawa et al., 2002; Ahmad and Ahmed, 2006).

CONCLUSION:

The extracts of Adansonia digitata, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia amygdalina, and Canna indica exhibited

remarkable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, as well as anti-ageing activities, hence, may be employed in the

treatment and management of ageing, related oxidative stress phenomenon such as inflammation and tissue

degeneration, and as a possible template for drug design in the management and treatment of other oxidative

stress-related diseases. The results also validated the medicinal uses of these plants as anti-ageing agents in

Southwest Nigeria.

Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this

work.

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