INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025
www.ijltemas.in Page 1110
Electricity Generation from Solar Energy: A Contemporary Study
Integrating Physical Applications and Islamic Sharia Guidelines
Sciences, Buraidah Colleges, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2025.1412000099
Received: 27 December 2025; Accepted: 01 January 2026; Published: 09 January 2026
ABSTRACT
Maintaining the natural environment and striking a balance when using its resources is one of the main goals of
Islamic law. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been a leader in the search for alternative energy sources in order
to meet life's demands and attain economic progress. It is working hard to generate renewable energy, the
majority of which is derived from solar radiation. The Almighty God spoke the truth when He declared: "And
He has subjected to you the night and the day and the sun and the moon, and the stars are subjected by His
command. Surely , in this are proofs for a people who understand." (An-Nahl, ( 12)) . Allah has created the sun
obedient to humans, and people have realized this and sought to take use of it. It is an amazing energy source
whose significance stems from its enormous potential, which may be applied wherever. When utilized in
numerous fields, it is regarded as clean energy since it is a free and limitless fuel supply. As a result, it need to
be researched and used since it is a valid goal, particularly given the limited supply of conventional energy
sources. To participate The Kingdom has prioritized investing in the field of solar energy for electricity
production, working to reduce gas emissions, and paying attention to developing renewable energy sources, the
most important of which is solar energy, which is something that Sharia calls for and urges, in order to achieve
the goals of the Kingdom's Vision 2030 in diversifying the economy and transforming the Kingdom from an
advanced oil-exporting country to an exporter of sustainable energy. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is blessed
by God with an abundance of solar radiation in the Arab world. The intensity of solar radiation in the Arab region
reaches 1000 watts/square meter at midday and an average of 250 to 300 watts/square meter per day, which is
equivalent to 6 kilowatt-hours/square meter per day. Additionally, the Kingdom receives approximately 2200
kilowatts of photovoltaic energy annually. The King Abdullah University of Science and Technology's solar
power generation project, the solar village project, the National Initiative for the Production of Water and
Electricity Using Solar Energy under the auspices of King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, and other
initiatives have been proposed by the government to capitalize on this. We must overcome some obstacles in
order for the Kingdom to profit from solar energy. In addition to encouraging research in solar energy and
scientific exchange with other nations, the government has offered material and spiritual support. As we shall
discuss the function of solar energy in sustainable development, its significance and components, and how to
take advantage of it as a clean energy source, the significance of this research is clear. The benefits of employing
solar cells as a source of energy will also be discussed, along with how photovoltaic cells can be used to generate
power. All of this will be connected to the specific scientific miracles stated in the Holy Quran and the Prophetic
Sunnah, which demand advancement and modernization.
In order to promote and realize Vision 2030, which the
beloved Kingdom has called for, this research closes by showcasing advancements in solar energy technologies
and applications.
Keywords: -Solar energy - Applications - Challenges - Islamic law - Initiatives - Photocells – Electrical energy
INTRODUCTION
The sun and moon were made by Allah to serve as symbols of His omnipotence and majesty of might. He created
light on Earth from the sun's rays and light from the moon's surface reflected rays. And He responded, "He is
O. S. Ahmed, * Adel. E. M. Elsawy
Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
Associate Professor of Islamic Sharia Department of Law, college of Administrative and Human
1
1
2
2
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025
www.ijltemas.in Page 1111
exalted."
: “It is He who made the sun a
shining thing and the moon as a light and measured out for it stages that you
might know the number of years and the reckoning .Allah did not create this but in truth. He explains the Ayat
(proofs ,evidences, verses, lessons , signs, revelations ,etc.) in detail for people who have knowledge.” (Yunus,
( 5) ). The sun moves through outer space according to precise calculation, as the Almighty says in (Surah Ar-
Rahman ( 5)): “The sun and the moon run on their fixed courses (exactly) calculated with measured out stages
for each (for reckoning). This indicates that the Earth's orbit around the sun is fixed, and any departure would
cause abrupt changes in the planet's temperature, structure, and atmosphere. God Almighty alone has the ability
to transform the searing sun into a source of warmth, mercy, and vitality. The sun is comparable to Physically,
it emits electromagnetic waves with energy spread throughout a spectrum, much like blackbody radiation. The
nature of the energy that the sun emits into space can be ascertained by examining its structure and composition.
Eighty percent hydrogen, nineteen percent helium, and one percent other elements make up the sun, a flaming
ball of gas. It is situated about 1.5 x 10² kilometers from the Earth's surface and has a diameter of 1.39 x 10¹
kilometers. It is thought to have a density that is 80–100 times that of water. Because of this, the sun produces
massive amounts of energy every day that are sufficient to supply all of humankind's demands. Electromagnetic
waves that contain visible and ultraviolet light are how the Earth obtains solar energy. Geographical position is
one of several elements that affect how much solar energy is received at a certain area. The spherical form of the
Earth, the tilt of its axis, the latitude and longitude angles, the time of day, the seasons, and the degree of
transparency or clarity all affect how much solar radiation reaches the surface. The air's natural condition, as
well as variations in temperature, humidity, wind speed, and altitude above sea level. [1-5]
Research Problem: How Employing Electricity energy generation technologies based on physical principles,
considering Islamic legal restrictions and current issues?
This research will address the following topics: -
- The concept of solar energy and its environmental challenges
- Advantages and disadvantages of solar energy
- Some problems and solutions for using solar energy
- Solar energy technologies
- Employing Electricity energy generation technologies based on physical principles
- The current state of solar energy in Arab countries
- The importance of solar energy for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Solar energy resources in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Initiatives to utilize solar energy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Opinion of Contemporary jurists regarding renewable energy challenges
1- Solar Energy and Environmental Challenges:
The substantial increase in temperatures brought on by pollution created by humans is one of the most
challenging issues facing the people of Earth today. Heat-absorbing gases such carbon dioxide (CO2), methane,
nitrous oxide, and halocarbons are released into the atmosphere as a result of various human activities .The
energy balance gradually shifts as a result of these gases absorbing infrared radiation from the Earth and then
reemitting it to its surface. The average temperature rose by half a degree Celsius throughout the 20th century.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that fossil fuels account for 75% of CO2
emissions, with the remaining 25% coming from changes caused by humans on land.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025
www.ijltemas.in Page 1112
2- Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy:
Benefits of Solar Energy: Solar energy has several benefits that promote its use and adoption. Among the most
significant of these benefits are: - It is a renewable energy source; - Sunlight is limitless and constantly accessible
everywhere. It can be utilized for a number of purposes, including the generation of heat and energy, the
desalination and distillation of water, particularly in places where clean water is scarce, and the powering of
satellites.
- Low maintenance costs: Despite the large initial outlay, upkeep is easily accessible and reasonably priced. It
can endure for many years with the right maintenance and hygiene.
- Ongoing developments in solar energy technology, especially in quantum physics and nanotechnology, with
the goal of enhancing future solar power generation systems' efficacy and efficiency.
3- Disadvantages of Solar Energy: Despite its advantages, solar energy also has some disadvantages,
including:
Weather variations: Its efficacy is diminished by the differences in summer and winter weather. - Because it
cannot be used in the evening, a battery or other energy-storing device must be used.
- For maximal solar energy collection and optimal utilization, large regions are needed.
- The requirement for cutting-edge technologies to create solar power producing systems is the reason for its
high cost. The cost of producing power from solar energy is five times higher than that of producing electricity
from fossil sources.
4- Solar Energy Technologies:-
In recent years, solar energy technology has advanced remarkably, not only in terms of the kind and form of
solar panels but also in terms of the materials and energy storage techniques that are employed. Up until recently,
photovoltaic cells—which are distinguished by their black color and are frequently found in various calculators,
watches, and other gadgets—were the most common method of utilizing solar energy. For these uses,
photovoltaic cells are advantageous since the sun's energy is stored as electricity in tiny batteries, giving us
power in the absence of sunlight.
- The Technology of Photovoltaic Cells Is Unsuitable for Large-Scale Projects However, it is difficult to generate
substantial amounts of energy for use in houses and enterprises using photovoltaic cells. vast battery electricity
storage systems still need a lot of work because batteries are costly and cannot hold vast amounts of electricity.
As a result, we discover that alternative energy firms have recently adopted a new method of utilizing solar
energy: heating water or other liquids with the sun's heat so they may be stored and used when sunshine is scarce.
-Solar Thermal Power Plants: A new class of power plants known as solar thermal power plants makes advantage
of this innovative technology. These plants are distinguished by their affordability and ease of use. The majority
of the new generation of solar thermal power plants use reflective mirrors at a central location to concentrate
sunlight. High temperatures allow, for instance, the melting of salt at 565 degrees Celsius, which is then kept in
special tanks and used to heat water when sunshine is scarce, or the conversion of saltwater into steam to power
turbines. In many regions of the world, this new kind of power plant will become common. For instance, this
kind of facility will be necessary to provide electricity to the proposed Masdar City near Abu Dhabi. In a similar
vein, these factories are being built in numerous parts of the United States. Plans for a huge solar power project
in Arizona with a 280 megawatt producing capacity were revealed in February 2008. In contrast, the biggest
solar power plant on the market now only generates 20 megawatts.[6-8]
5- Employing Electricity energy generation technologies based on physical principles
Solar power production systems use specific scientific principles that control the behavior of electromagnetic
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025
www.ijltemas.in Page 1113
radiation and its interaction with materials to capture solar radiation and transform it into electrical energy.
Designing solar systems and maximizing their efficiency and safe, sustainable operation require a physical grasp
of these concepts. The internal photovoltaic effect, which occurs when semiconductors (like silicon) absorb
photons, electrons shift from the valence band to the conduction band, and a potential difference is produced at
a p-n junction, is what powers solar cells.
6- The Reality of Solar Energy in Arab Countries
- The Arab world has unrealized potential for solar energy. In Syria, for instance, solar energy produces 2,300
kWh per square kilometer, whereas in Germany, it only produces 1,000 kWh. In addition, Syria has the second-
highest sun irradiance of any Arab nation.
- Some Gulf nations, like Kuwait, are situated in regions at latitude 28 that have been recognized by international
assessments as ideal places for solar energy. With a total area of 863 square kilometers, or roughly 5% of Kuwait,
Bubiyan Island has the capacity to generate more than twice as much electricity as Kuwait. In Kuwait, the first
projected cost of building a 100 megawatt concentrated solar power facility is [amount missing].
- Numerous Arab nations have made investments in solar energy after realizing its benefits. Among them is the
United Arab Emirates, which has contributed to a thin-film solar power facility and the $15 billion Masdar
project. A 200 megawatt solar power facility was developed in Morocco, and a 150 megawatt plant was
completed in Egypt. Libya and Algeria were among the other nations that did the same. Saudi Arabia built the
solar hamlet in Al-Uyaynah, making it one of the first Arab nations to use solar energy.
One of the most significant nations in the Middle East for encouraging the use of solar energy and for creating,
manufacturing, and developing solar water heaters is the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. According to official
figures, they are used in 40% of residential dwellings, with about 15,000 units added each year. They are also
utilized in many industrial, service, and agricultural settings, including hospitals, schools, hotels, and swimming
pools. Solar water heaters can be placed as an independent, permanent system or as an addition to central heating
and water heating systems. They are appropriate for all applications, regardless of size.
7- The Importance of Solar Energy for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia:
Extending the life of oil-based energy and creating a new energy source to supplement the existing oil supply
are two significant advantages of using alternative energy sources. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's electricity
usage is rising at a pace of five percent every year. Over the next 25 years, $117 billion is anticipated to be
invested in the Saudi energy sector. By 2023, the Kingdom's 25,000 megawatt power generation capacity is
projected to increase to 66,400 megawatts.
- lowering Saudi Arabia's carbon emissions.
-Increasing the capacity to export oil since it can be sold at the world price rather than being used in
manufacturing.
- Preventing the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's budget from being heavily burdened by the use of oil-based
electricity. Additionally, this requires a large amount of excavation work, which may impact ongoing projects
like roads and the installation of lengthy power lines, raising the cost of this energy. According to estimates,
producing power in the Kingdom with solar energy costs $0.12 per kWh.
- lowering reliance on oil and turning the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia into a source of electricity.
8- Solar Energy Resources in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: -
Abundant desert regions with year-round sunshine. About 7,000 watts of energy per square meter are produced
by sunlight every day for 12 hours. Because the Kingdom's landmass stretches from east to west rather than
north to south, it is exposed to sunlight for longer periods of time, allowing for the creation of more energy.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025
www.ijltemas.in Page 1114
According to some research, the Kingdom has more solar energy potential than it now produces from oil. This
is because of the Kingdom's large size and ongoing exposure to intense light and solar electromagnetic radiation.
The Kingdom receives 2,200 kilowatt-hours of solar energy per square meter on average each year.
-At the Copenhagen Climate Conference, several nations, including Saudi Arabia, pledged to lessen the adverse
effects of energy production. Consequently, the Kingdom's solar power plant expansion will aid in lowering
harmful emissions that fuel climate change and global warming.
- The Kingdom's rural settlements are small, dispersed, and isolated. It might not be viable or affordable to
connect these settlements to the main electrical grid. Therefore, using solar energy is a sensible alternative in
these isolated villages. [9-13]
9- Solar Energy Utilization Initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia:
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology announced a national initiative to use solar energy to produce
water and electricity at a cost of less than one riyal per cubic meter of water and three halalas per kilowatt-hour
of electricity. The cost of producing water and power is predicted to drop by 40% as a result.
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology's Solar Power Generation Project: This project intends to
use photovoltaic cells connected to the Saudi power grid to generate two megawatts of electricity. An yearly
production of 3,300 megawatt-hours of clean energy is anticipated.
One of the Kingdom's earliest solar energy initiatives is the Solar Village Project. The Solar Village project,
which was founded in Al-Uyaynah in 1980 to generate 350 kilowatts of power, is regarded as the first solar
energy research station.
In the Al-Jawf region of Saudi Arabia, the Sakaka Solar Power Plant is a 300 MW photovoltaic solar farm built
on a 6-square-kilometer plot of land close to Sakaka. Sakaka Solar Energy Company (SSEC), a joint venture
between ACWA Power (70%) and Al-Jazirah (30%), created and runs it. As part of Saudi Vision 2030, which
aims to meet the Kingdom's renewable energy targets of producing 58.7 GW of renewable energy by 2030, the
National Renewable Energy Program launched a number of renewable energy projects, the first of which is a
utility-scale solar power project in Saudi Arabi
The Al-Jawf area is home to the Dumat Al-Jandal wind power project. It is a ground-breaking project that
embodies the Kingdom's dedication to realizing its lofty objectives in the development of renewable energy. The
goal of the 400 megawatt Dumat Al-Jandal wind power project is to provide electricity to 70,000 dwellings. [14-
15]
Opinion of Contemporary jurists regarding renewable energy challenges.
The permissibility of utilizing renewable energy: According to jurists, Islamic law permits the use of renewable
energy sources, such as solar energy, since these are among the resources that God Almighty has made available
to humanity, as stated in the Quran: ”And He has subjected to you whatever is in the heavens and whatever is
on the earth - all from Him. Indeed in that are signs for a people who give thought’’ Surah Al-Jaathiyah : 13 .
Achieving the public interest: According to jurists, increasing the use of renewable energy promotes public
interests including protecting the environment, lowering pollution, and achieving energy security, all of which
are consistent with the idea of bringing about benefits and preventing harms.
Conformity with the goals of Islamic law: Because renewable energy is a sustainable and safe energy source,
scholars confirm that it is in line with the goals of Islamic law, especially the preservation of life, property,
progeny, and the environment.
The duty to preserve the environment: jurists concur that employing clean energy sources is a part of improving
the planet rather than polluting it, and that conserving the environment is a religious duty.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025
www.ijltemas.in Page 1115
METHODOLOGY:
Solar thermal energy conversion is based on the use of thermal materials and solar collectors (dishes) to
transform solar radiation into thermal energy. When an insulated, dark-colored object is exposed to sunlight, it
absorbs the radiation and becomes hotter. This heat is utilized for energy production, water heating, heating, and
cooling. The most common application of solar thermal energy conversion is solar water heaters.
How a Photovoltaic Cell Works:
An electric current flows as a result of electrons being knocked off a metal's surface by light (or electromagnetic
radiation). The wave-particle duality of light was verified by this phenomena, known as the photoelectric effect,
which is based on light being made up of small energy packets called photons or light quanta .
There are numerous uses for the photoelectric effect. The photocell, which is utilized in the construction of solar
cells, is arguably the most important application. By generating voltage, a photocell converts light into electrical
energy. They can therefore be employed as light-detecting sensors .Silicon is one type of semiconductor material
found in solar cells. An electric current, or electricity, flows when light strikes the solar cell because it removes
electrons from the atoms of the semiconductor material. Photovoltaic modules are created by soldering several
solar cells onto circuit boards; these modules are then connected to create solar cell arrays, which produce a
larger quantity of electricity . Image sensors, photomultipliers, photoelectron spectroscopy, photocopiers,
photodiodes, phototransistors, and astronomy are some further uses for photoelectric current. The phototube, a
vacuum tube having a metal cathode with a modest work function to facilitate the easy emission of electrons,
was the first device to use the photoelectric effect. An anode maintained at a high positive voltage in relation to
the cathode would collect the current discharged by the plate .In spectroscopic research, the photomultiplier
tube—an extension of the phototube that increases photocurrent—is quite helpful. Measuring weak light sources
is frequently required. The semiconductor-based photodiode, which can detect light and convert it into electrical
energy, took the place of the phototube. Imaging methods employ both phototubes and photodiodes .
Other uses for the photoelectric effect include astronomy and scintillators. When the scintillator draws radiation
from a cosmic or laboratory source, it releases light. The photoelectric effect is utilized in astronomy applications
to measure star temperatures and intensities [17- 25].
Photovoltaic modules are created by soldering several solar cells onto circuit boards. You can utilize each
module separately. However, a number of modules can be linked together to create arrays that produce more
electricity (see figure 4) . The electrical grid system is linked to the arrays. PV systems can be constructed to
satisfy nearly any electric power requirement, regardless of size, thanks to their modular design. There are
roughly thirty modules in a typical home rooftop solar system installation. Refer to figure 5. Additionally, the
system contains an inverter that transforms the DC electric current generated by the modules into the AC needed
to run all of the household appliances.
The Photoelectric Effect:-
Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist, discovered in 1887 that he could use UV light to make sparking more
sensitive. Later, in 1897, J.J. Thompson discovered the electron and ascribed the enhanced sensitivity to light
driving electrons . Nevertheless, the aforementioned conclusion—that light acted like transverse waves—did not
align with the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation. Until Albert Einstein said that light is
a distinct quanta of energy, or photons, it was unclear. Planck's formula states that photon energy is proportional
to their frequencies :
where v is the electromagnetic radiation's frequency, c is the speed of light (3*108 m/s), E is the electromagnetic
radiation's energy, and ℏ is the Planck's constant, which has a value of 1.055*10-34 J.s. As a result, light (or
electromagnetic radiation) can only be emitted or absorbed as discrete elements, but it propagates according to
linear wave equations. As a result, it simultaneously behaves as a particle and a wave. Therefore, when incident
light strikes a metal's surface, photons smash with the atoms and, if the photon's frequency is high enough, knock
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025
www.ijltemas.in Page 1116
electrons out of the metal atom. As shown in figure (1)
Figure (1) : illustrate photo electric effect
The Photocells :- A sensor is a photocell. Its resistor's resistance varies with the amount of light it receives. We
refer to this phenomena as photoconductivity. They are employed in circuits for light-sensitive detectors.
Thus, light can be detected by a photocell. functions on the basis of the photoelectric effect, also known as
semiconductor photoconductivity, in which electrons are knocked off the surface of the semiconductor by photon
energy from incident light. As a result, there is less resistance and current flows since the electrons are moving.
The amount of incident light affects its sensitivity. Thus, it can function as a switch that is controlled by light .
Light meters have been using photocells since the middle of the 20th century. They are utilized as safety sensors
in factories, fire and burglar alarms, counting devices, cameras, camcorders, and city street lights .
The Solar Cells:- When light strikes a solar cell, an electric circuit is created. They consist of two layers of
silicon and other semiconductor materials. One is negatively charged, and the other is positively charged.
Electrons are released from the semiconductor material's atoms when photons from light hit the solar cell. The
DC electric current is produced by the motion of electrons . Refer to figure 2.
Photovoltaic modules are created by soldering several solar cells onto circuit boards. You can utilize each
module separately. However, a number of modules can be linked together to create arrays that produce more
electricity (see figure 3). The electrical grid system is linked to the arrays. PV systems can be constructed to
satisfy nearly any electric power requirement, regardless of size, thanks to their modular design. There are
roughly thirty modules in a typical home rooftop solar system installation. Refer to figure 4 a. Additionally, the
system contains an inverter that transforms the DC electric current generated by the modules into the AC needed
to run all of the household appliances. Calculators, keyboards, lighting, notebooks, and garbage compacting bins
are all powered by solar cells. Battery charging is another usage for them. Mobile phone chargers, public power
sources in parks and streets, and fold-out car battery chargers are examples of portable solar-powered battery
chargers . Numerous solar panels at solar farms capture solar radiation to generate electricity that is subsequently
sent to the electrical grid. Refer to figure 4b .[26-30]
(a) (b)
Figure (2): illustrate the operation of solar cell
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025
www.ijltemas.in Page 1117
Figure 3. illustrate the multiple photovoltaic
(a) (b)
Figure (4): Solar cell illustration
Previous Studies:-
Dr. Sevan Omrani's paper, "The Reality and Future of Renewable Energy in the Kingom of Saudi Arabia in
Light of Vision 2030." This study uses a descriptive and analytical technique to support the study's topic in order
to highlight the reality and future of renewable energy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in light of the Vision.
According to the study's findings, Saudi Arabia has a lot of potential in the field of renewable energy and hopes
to create a competitive industry within it. The National Renewable Energy Program's Vision 2030 announcement
demonstrated this. Nevertheless, the policies implemented to promote the use of renewable energy sources are
still dependent on their capacity to meet the desired quantitative goals.
According to a study by Dr. Khaled Mohammed Al-Mohammadi of Taibah University's College of Engineering,
home solar energy is feasible in the Kingdom and the top cities are identified. According to the report, Hail,
Sakaka, and Jeddah are the top three cities for residential solar energy investment, with a minimum solar energy
production rate of 47% needed to attain competitive costs and a net cost of $18,000. Additionally, the survey
found that Taif and Al-Ahsa placed fourth and fifth, respectively, for the best grid-connected solar energy system
configurations in Saudi residential structures. Al-Ahsa outperformed Taif in terms of financial returns, with a
minimal solar energy % needed to be competitive, whereas Taif showed economic viability at a lower cost.
Makkah and Tabuk's net cost was $16,500; in order to attain competitive costs, a minimum energy production
percentage of 43% was needed. The availability of smart meters in every Saudi home, the potential for a full
grid connection to lower bills, achieve significant long-term financial savings, and reduce carbon emissions are
the main factors that the study confirmed support the Kingdom's investment in residential solar energy.
"The Impact of Adopting Renewable Energy Sources on Sustainable Development in the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia: A Qualitative Study," a study by Dr. Hakim bin Hussein et al., looks at how employing renewable energy
resources affects sustainable development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Partial least squares structural
equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to assess the research model using data gathered from 180 respondents
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025
www.ijltemas.in Page 1118
with knowledge of sustainability and energy utilizing a quantitative research approach. The findings show that
wind and hydropower have a major impact on social, environmental, and economic aspects of sustainable
development. However, Saudi Arabia's resource and physical limitations restrict hydropower's scalability. On
the other hand, wind energy has emerged as a competitive option, especially along the Red Sea coast where
reliable wind speeds are available. sun energy is frequently emphasized for its potential rather than its existing
quantifiable influence, even though the Kingdom receives significant amounts of sun irradiation. It's interesting
to note that the three renewable energy sources' contributions did not differ significantly from one another. This
suggests that the results should be interpreted carefully and that each energy source's sustainability trade-offs
should be understood. Given the Kingdom's geographic location and resource availability, hydropower is a good
choice, but solar and wind energy are scalable and pertinent to the local environment. Thus, the study's
conclusions highlight the strategic importance of a diversified and balanced renewable energy strategy, which
will assist Saudi Arabia in achieving Vision 2030's objectives and advancing sustainable development. [30-33]
Results: In addition to being eco-friendly, renewable energy is essential for reducing climate change, and the
One green energy source is solar power. Sunlight is limitless, constantly accessible, and useful for many
purposes, The most plentiful energy source currently known is solar energy. Solar cells are used in photovoltaic
conversion, which uses solar energy to produce electricity. The absence of air pollution is a distinguishing
feature of solar cells, Applications involving solar radiation—that is, without concentrators or lenses—are where
this technique works best. As a result, they can be mounted on building rooftops to produce power and light up
buildings and roadways, And there are numerous uses for the photoelectric effect. It is frequently utilized in
light detecting devices, such as "electric eye" door openers, because light triggers the electric current.
Photocopiers, photomultiplier tubes, photodiodes, phototransistors, scintillators, light meters used in
photography, measuring star intensities and temperatures in astronomy, and solar cell power production are
some other uses for the photoelectric effect, and Photovoltaic (PV) or solar cells are its primary use. PV cells
generate power for an electrical circuit and are composed of semiconductor materials such as silicon.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
Create a database of the temperature, dust levels, wind speed, solar radiation, and other periodic information
required for the utilization of solar energy.
- Encourage scientific consultation and exchange across Arab nations by holding frequent conferences and
seminars.
-Employees should receive solar energy training and equipment. Academics and researchers should be
encouraged to attend regional and international conferences on solar and renewable energy by universities and
specialized research institutes.
- It is necessary to update research on solar energy applications in the Arab world and to identify and assess
current applications.
- Every energy-saving strategy should be put into practice, and the most effective ones should be researched.
Citizens who use solar energy in their homes should also receive assistance.
CONCLUSION
There is a lot of interest in solar energy and alternative energy systems, particularly in light of the rising cost of
fuel and the growing pollution that comes from the overuse of petroleum goods. Everyone is now thinking about
creating alternate energy sources and techniques as a result. Building confidence in the usage and application of
alternative energy concepts requires raising awareness through workshops and carrying out useful initiatives.
As a result, the Kingdom's Vision 2030 objectives have made solar energy investment a top priority for
producing electricity.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025
www.ijltemas.in Page 1119
REFERENCES
1. https://dn790006.ca.archive.org/0/items/UploadWay2sona_20161017/The%20Holy%20Quran%20Transla
tion%20By%20Hilali%20and%20Khan.pdf
2. Abu Ayyash, Dr. Abdul-Ilah, "Prospects for Industrial Development in the Arab Gulf States," Publications
of the Journal of Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies, Kuwait University, Kuwait, 1979, p. 77.
3. Qubaisi, Dr. Hafez, "Solar Energy," Arab Development Institute, Beirut, Lebanon, 1978, pp. 19-51.
4. Al-Amin, Dr. Nizar, "Local Energy Policies in the Arab World," First Arab Energy Conference, March 4-
8, 1979, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
5. Oil and Alternative Energy Sources, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), April
1977, p. 76.
6. Osama Ibrahim Al-Zalouk, "Solar Energy," research published on the website of the Madinah Center for
Engineering Sciences. - Hassan Al-Banna Saad Fath, Solar Energy: A Promising Alternative, Faqih Journal
for Research and Development, Issue 4, December 2008
7. Mohamed Nabil Metwally and Abdel Majeed S. Alghamdi," Prospective Contribution of Solar Energy in
Thermal and Electrical Applications in Umm Alqura University at Makkah , Saudi Arabia.
8. S.A.M.said , I.M.EL‐Amin and A.M.ALShehri, Renewable Energy Potentials in Saudi Arabia
9. M. Boxwell, “Solar Electricity Handbook”, Internet Link, 2017 Edition (Accessed on Dec 27, 2017)
10. S. Ashok, "Solar energy" ،www.britannica.com, Retrieved 28-5-2019. Edited.
11. "Solar Radiation Basics", www.energy.gov,21-8-2013 ،Retrieved 27-5-2019. Edited
12. Advantages and 5 Disadvantages of Solar Energy", www.greenmatch.co.uk,29-4-2019 ،Retrieved 28-5-
2019. Edited.
13. Sakaka Solar Project - The First Utility-scale Solar Farm in Saudi Arabia".
14. https://www.argaam.com › article › articledetail
15. The Collection of Rivers, by Abdullah Muhammad bin Sulaiman, Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, 1425 AH.
16. The introductory preliminaries to explain what the code’s regulations require of legal rulings and conclusive
findings on its most important and problematic issues, by Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn
Muhammad ibn Rushd al-Qurtubi, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, Beirut, Lebanon, first edition 1423 AH.
17. Al-Hawi Al-Kabir by Imam Abu Al-Hasan Ali bin Muhammad bin Habib Al-Mawardi, Commercial
Library, Beirut, Lebanon, 1414 AH.
18. Howell, E. (2017, April 25). Photoelectric effect: Explanation & applications. LiveScience. Retrieved
December 27, 2021, from https://www.livescience.com/58816-photoelectric-effect.html.
19. Gagnon, Y., Maharaj, A., & Sutton, S. (n.d.). Applications of the Photoelectric Effect. Photoelectric Effect.
Retrieved December 27, 2021, from
http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/physics/high_schools/2005/Photoelectric_effect/applications.html.
20. Solar Energy Technologies Office. (2019, December 3). PV cells 101: A Primer on the Solar Photovoltaic
Cell. Energy.gov. Retrieved December 31, 2021, from https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/pv-cells-
101-primer-solar-photovoltaic-cell.
21. Advameg, Inc. (n.d.). Photoelectric effect. Science Clarified. Retrieved January 1, 2022, from
http://www.scienceclarified.com/Oi-Ph/Photoelectric-Effect.html.
22. Scientist, G. (2021, November 2). Important applications of photoelectric effect. GK SCIENTIST. Retrieved
January 1, 2022, from https://gkscientist.com/applications-of-photoelectric-effect/.
23. Lynch, K. M., Marchuk, N., & Elwin, M. L. (2016). Embedded computing and mechatronics with the PIC32
microcontroller. Newnes.
24. Ada, L. (2012, July 29). Photocells. Adafruit Learning System. Retrieved January 1, 2022, from
https://learn.adafruit.com/photocells.
25. Bell, G. R., & Ramachers, Y. A. (2017). Photoelectric Solar Power Revisited. Joule, 1(4), 639–642.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2017.11.007.
26. Knier, G. (2008, August 6). How do photovoltaics work? NASA Science. Retrieved December 13, 2021,
from https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/solarcells.
27. Wikipedia. (2021, October 21). List of solar-powered products. Wikipedia. Retrieved December 31, 2021,
from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products.
28. Wikipedia. (2021, January 27). Solar Charger. Wikipedia. Retrieved December 31, 2021, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_charger.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2025
www.ijltemas.in Page 1120
29. Hyder, Z. (2019, April 23). What is a solar farm? costs, Land Needs & more. Solar Reviews. Retrieved
December 31, 2021, from https://www.solarreviews.com/blog/what-is-a-solar-farm-do-i-need-one.
30. http://kuwait‐solar.blogspot.com
31. Research Study Reveals the Viability of Residential Solar Energy in the Kingdom and the Best Cities for
Investment” published in the journal Utilities Policy, conducted by Dr. Khalid Mohammed Al-Mohamadi
April-2025
32. Hakim Laid Mouloud Benhaceneand Asaad Mubarak Hussien” The Impact of Adopting Renewable Energy
Resources on Sustainable Development in Saudi Arabia: A Qualitative View . Sustainability2025, 17(2),
768;https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020768.
33. Soufiane Omrani, University of Algiers, Algeria, "The Reality and Future of Renewable Energies in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in Light of Vision 2030," Journal of Legal and Economic Studies, 2023
