INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue I, January 2026

An Experimental Study on the Performance of Nano-Silica Concrete

under Varying Replacement Ratios

¹Chanda Samant, ¹Sharad Kumar, ¹Ashutosh Singh, ¹Sushil Kumar Jha, ¹Rahul Bhatnagar, ²Vikas

Sharma

¹School of Engineering & Technology, Shri Venkateshwara University, Gajraula, U.P. India

²Department of Computer Applications, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Delhi NCR Campus,

Ghaziabad, U.P. India

DOI : https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150100022

Received: 07 January 2026; Accepted: 12 January 2026; Published: 27 January 2026

ABSTRACT

This study presents an experimental investigation on the performance of nano-silica–modified concrete under

varying cement replacement ratios. Nano-silica, owing to its high surface area and pozzolanic reactivity, was

incorporated as a partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement at different percentages to evaluate its

influence on concrete properties. A comprehensive experimental program was conducted to assess fresh and

hardened characteristics, including workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, and durability-related

parameters. The results demonstrate that the inclusion of nano-silica significantly enhances the mechanical

performance and microstructural densification of concrete up to an optimum replacement level, beyond which

marginal reductions in performance were observed due to particle agglomeration and reduced workability. The

findings highlight the potential of nano-silica as an effective supplementary cementitious material for producing

high-performance and sustainable concrete, offering improved strength and durability while reducing cement

consumption.

Keywords—Nano-silica concrete; Cement replacement; Mechanical properties; Durability performance;

Sustainable construction materials.

INTRODUCTION

Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world due to its versatility, durability, and cost-

effectiveness. However, the extensive use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in concrete production has raised

serious environmental concerns, as cement manufacturing is a major contributor to global carbon dioxide

emissions and energy consumption. In recent years, the construction industry has increasingly focused on

developing sustainable and high-performance concrete by incorporating supplementary cementitious materials

(SCMs) that can enhance mechanical properties while reducing cement content. Among these emerging

materials, nano-silica has gained significant attention owing to its unique physical and chemical characteristics.

Nano-silica is an ultrafine material with particle sizes typically in the nanometre range and an exceptionally high

specific surface area. Unlike conventional mineral admixtures such as silica fume or fly ash, nano-silica exhibits

superior pozzolanic reactivity, enabling it to actively participate in the hydration process of cement. When added

to concrete, nano-silica reacts rapidly with calcium hydroxide produced during cement hydration to form

additional calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) gel. This reaction not only enhances the strength development of

concrete but also leads to a denser and more refined microstructure, thereby improving durability-related

properties. Previous studies have reported that the incorporation of nano-silica can significantly improve

compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete, particularly at early ages. The

improvement in mechanical performance is primarily attributed to two mechanisms: the pozzolanic reaction and

the filler effect. The pozzolanic reaction contributes to the formation of additional binding phases, while the

filler effect allows nano-silica particles to occupy micro-voids within the cement matrix, reducing porosity and

enhancing particle packing density. As a result, concrete modified with nano-silica exhibits reduced permeability

and increased resistance to aggressive environmental conditions such as chloride ingress, sulphate attack, and

www.ijltemas.in

Page 286

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue I, January 2026

carbonation. Despite these advantages, the performance of nano-silica concrete is highly dependent on the

dosage and method of incorporation. At lower replacement levels, nano-silica effectively enhances strength and

durability; however, excessive replacement may lead to particle agglomeration due to its high surface energy.

Agglomeration adversely affects workability and can create weak zones within the concrete matrix, ultimately

reducing mechanical performance. Furthermore, higher nano-silica content increases water demand, which may

necessitate the use of chemical admixtures to maintain adequate workability. Therefore, identifying the optimum

replacement ratio of nano-silica is critical for achieving balanced performance in concrete.

In addition to mechanical performance, the use of nano-silica in concrete aligns with the broader objectives of

sustainable construction. Partial replacement of cement with nano-silica contributes to reduced cement

consumption and lower carbon emissions, while simultaneously enhancing material efficiency and service life

of concrete structures. The development of nano-engineered concrete materials represents a promising approach

to meeting the growing demand for high-performance and environmentally responsible construction solutions.

Although considerable research has been conducted on nano-silica–based concrete, variations in experimental

conditions, material characteristics, and replacement levels have led to differing conclusions regarding its

optimal usage. Moreover, limited studies provide a comprehensive evaluation of both fresh and hardened

properties under multiple replacement ratios. In this context, the present study aims to experimentally investigate

the performance of nano-silica concrete under varying cement replacement ratios. The focus is on evaluating

workability, strength characteristics, and overall performance to identify an optimal nano-silica content that

maximizes benefits without compromising practical applicability. The outcomes of this research are expected to

contribute to the effective utilization of nano-silica in advanced and sustainable concrete construction.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The use of fine and ultrafine materials in concrete has gained considerable attention due to their ability to enhance

durability and long-term performance. Nayak and Joshi [1] provided an early overview of fine and ultrafine

materials, highlighting their role in pore refinement, reduced permeability, and improved resistance to

environmental degradation. Their work emphasized that particle size reduction leads to denser cementitious

matrices, forming the basis for later research on nano-scale materials in concrete. Research on modifying concrete

with alternative materials to improve mechanical and physical behavior has also been widely explored. Najim [2]

investigated crumb rubber–modified structural concrete and demonstrated that material modification can

significantly alter mechanical and thermo-physical properties. Although focused on rubberized concrete, this

study established important methodologies for evaluating modified concrete systems, which are applicable to

nano-material-based concrete as well. The synergistic use of micro- and nano-scale materials has been shown to

further enhance durability. Sharkawi et al. [3] examined the combined influence of micro- and nano-silica on

cementitious materials and reported substantial improvements in durability performance due to enhanced

pozzolanic activity and microstructural densification. Similarly, Shahrajabian and Behfarnia [4] studied the effect

of nanoparticles on alkali-activated slag concrete and found improved resistance to freeze–thaw cycles,

confirming the beneficial role of nanoparticles in harsh environmental conditions. The fundamental characteristics

of nano-silica in cementitious systems were investigated by Heikal et al. [5], who analysed blended cements

containing nano-silica and observed accelerated hydration and increased formation of calcium silicate hydrate

(C–S–H) gel. Earlier, Li [6] demonstrated that incorporating nano-SiO₂ into high-volume fly ash concrete

significantly enhanced early-age strength and reduced porosity, providing one of the earliest experimental

validations of nano-silica’s effectiveness. Wang et al. [7] further extended these findings by reporting improved

strength and reduced shrinkage and cracking sensitivity in lightweight aggregate concrete with nano-SiO₂

addition. Although reference [8] focuses on secure routing in mobile ad hoc networks, it underscores the broader

trend of performance optimization through advanced material and system design, reflecting the interdisciplinary

emphasis on optimization and efficiency that parallels developments in advanced construction

materials.Durability aspects of nano-modified concrete have also been extensively studied. Ying et al. [9]

investigated the pore structure and chloride diffusivity of recycled aggregate concrete incorporating nano-SiO₂

and nano-TiO₂, reporting refined pore structures and reduced chloride penetration. Raheem et al. [10] examined

ultra-high-performance concrete and highlighted the importance of microstructural control in achieving superior

mechanical and fracture properties, reinforcing the relevance of nano-scale additives. Foundational material

science principles relevant to nano-material behavior are documented in the Encyclopaedia of Materials: Science

www.ijltemas.in

Page 287

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue I, January 2026

and Technology by Buschow et al. [11]. The role of supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) in concrete has

been comprehensively discussed by Panesar [12], Malhotra [13], Papadakis and Tsimas [14], Siddique and Khan

[15], and Targan et al. [16]. These studies collectively emphasize that SCMs improve concrete performance while

reducing environmental impact, providing a strong sustainability rationale for partial cement replacement. Further

investigations into ultrafine materials such as ground granulated blast-furnace slag and alccofine have

demonstrated notable improvements in strength and durability. Teng et al. [17] reported enhanced mechanical

and durability properties in high-strength concrete containing ultrafine slag. Reddy and Ramadoss [18], Sumathi

et al. [19], and Reddy and Naqash [20] confirmed that alccofine and ultra-fine slag significantly improve the

mechanical behavior and durability of advanced concrete systems. Mohan and Mini [21] and Parveen et al. [22]

highlighted the synergistic effects of combining silica fume, ultra-fine GGBS, and alccofine on strength and

microstructural development. Finally, Ardalan et al. [23] demonstrated that colloidal nano-SiO₂ significantly

enhances permeability resistance and abrasion resistance of concrete, confirming the effectiveness of nano-silica

in improving surface and durability characteristics.

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

The proposed methodology is designed to systematically evaluate the performance of nano-silica concrete under

varying cement replacement ratios through a rigorous experimental framework consistent with journal-level

research standards. The methodology encompasses material selection and characterization, mix design,

specimen preparation, testing of fresh and hardened properties, and data analysis.

1. Materials and Characterization: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) conforming to relevant IS/ASTM

standards is used as the primary binder. Nano-silica is employed as a partial replacement of cement; its physical

and chemical properties, including particle size distribution, specific surface area, morphology, and chemical

composition, are characterized using techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron

microscopy (SEM), and particle size analysis. Fine aggregates (natural river sand) and coarse aggregates

(crushed stone) are selected in accordance with standard grading requirements. Potable water is used for mixing

and curing. A high-range water-reducing admixture (superplasticizer) is incorporated where necessary to

maintain workability, particularly at higher nano-silica contents.

2. Mix Proportioning: A control concrete mix is designed using standard mix design guidelines (e.g., IS 10262

or ACI 211) to achieve the target strength. Nano-silica is introduced as a partial replacement of cement at varying

replacement ratios (for example, 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% by weight of cement). The water-to-binder ratio is

kept constant across all mixes to ensure consistency and to isolate the effect of nano-silica content on concrete

performance. Proper dispersion of nano-silica is ensured by pre-mixing it with water or using ultrasonic

dispersion to minimize agglomeration.

3. Specimen Preparation and Curing: Concrete mixing is carried out in a laboratory concrete mixer following

a standardized procedure to ensure uniformity. Fresh concrete is cast into moulds of appropriate dimensions for

different tests, such as cubes or cylinders for compressive strength, cylinders for split tensile strength, and prisms

for flexural strength. All specimens are compacted using vibration to eliminate entrapped air. After 24 hours,

the specimens are demoulded and cured in water at controlled temperature conditions until the designated testing

ages (e.g., 7, 14, and 28 days).

4. Testing of Fresh Properties: The workability of fresh concrete mixes is evaluated using standard tests such

as the slump test or flow table test, in accordance with relevant standards. The influence of nano-silica content

on workability and consistency is recorded and analysed to assess practical feasibility in construction

applications.

5. Testing of Hardened Properties: The hardened properties of concrete are assessed through a series of

mechanical and durability-related tests. Compressive strength tests are conducted at different curing ages using

a calibrated compression testing machine. Split tensile strength and flexural strength tests are performed to

evaluate tensile behavior. Durability performance is examined through tests such as water absorption, sorptivity,

and resistance to chemical attack, where applicable. Microstructural analysis using SEM and X-ray diffraction

www.ijltemas.in

Page 288

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue I, January 2026

(XRD) is conducted on selected samples to study hydration products and pore structure refinement due to nano-

silica incorporation.

6. Data Analysis and Performance Evaluation: The experimental results are statistically analysed to compare

the performance of nano-silica concrete mixes with the control mix. Performance trends are evaluated to identify

the optimal nano-silica replacement ratio that provides maximum enhancement in mechanical and durability

properties. Correlations between nano-silica content, workability, strength, and microstructural characteristics

are established to support the findings.

RESULT & ANALYSIS

This section presents and analyses the experimental results obtained from the investigation of nano-silica

concrete with varying cement replacement ratios. The performance of nano-silica–modified concrete is evaluated

in terms of fresh properties, mechanical strength, durability indicators, and microstructural characteristics. The

results are compared with the control mix to assess the effectiveness of nano-silica incorporation.

1. Workability of Fresh Concrete: The workability of concrete mixes was evaluated using the slump test using

equation (1). TABLE I. summarizes the slump values for all mixes.

푆₀− 푆_푖

∆푆% = (

) × 100 − − − − − − − (1)

푆₀

COMPOSITION OF ALN–FLY ASH COMPOSITE SAMPLES

Mix ID

NS0

Nano-Silica Content (% by wt. of cement)

Slump (mm)

0 (Control)

NS1

NS2

NS3

NS4

A gradual reduction in slump was observed with an increase in nano-silica content. This reduction is attributed

to the extremely high specific surface area of nano-silica particles, which increases water demand and reduces

free water in the mix. Although workability decreased, mixes up to 3% replacement exhibited acceptable

consistency for practical applications with the use of superplasticizer. Beyond this level, significant loss of

workability was noted, indicating limitations at higher nano-silica dosages.

Variation of Concrete Workability with Nano-Silica Content

www.ijltemas.in

Page 289

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue I, January 2026

Fig. 1. showing the relationship between nano-silica replacement level (0% to 4%) and slump value in

millimeters. The graph indicates a steady decrease in slump as nano-silica content increases, demonstrating

reduced workability at higher replacement levels.

2. Compressive Strength Analysis: Compressive strength tests were conducted at 7, 14, and 28 days. The

results are presented in TABLE II.

COMPOSITION OF ALN–FLY ASH COMPOSITE SAMPLES

Mix ID

Nano-Silica (%)

Compressive Strength (MPa)

7 Days

24.6

27.8

30.4

32.1

30.9

NS0

NS1

NS2

NS3

NS4

The incorporation of nano-silica resulted in a significant improvement in compressive strength at all curing ages.

The maximum strength was achieved at 3% nano-silica replacement, showing an increase of approximately 28%

compared to the control mix at 28 days. The enhancement is primarily due to accelerated hydration and increased

formation of C–S–H gel through pozzolanic reaction. However, at 4% replacement, a marginal reduction in

strength was observed, likely due to particle agglomeration and reduced workability, leading to non-uniform

dispersion.

Effect of Nano-Silica Content on 28-Day Compressive Strength

Fig. 2. illustrating the effect of nano-silica replacement level on 28-day compressive strength of concrete. The

strength increases from 0% to 3% nano-silica replacement and slightly decreases at 4%, indicating an optimal

performance at 3% replacement.

3. Split Tensile Strength: The split tensile strength results at 28 days are shown in TABLE III.

www.ijltemas.in

Page 290

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue I, January 2026

COMPOSITION OF ALN–FLY ASH COMPOSITE SAMPLES

Mix ID

NS0

Nano-Silica (%)

Split Tensile Strength (MPa)

3.1

3.4

3.7

3.9

3.6

NS1

NS2

NS3

NS4

Like compressive strength, split tensile strength increased with nano-silica addition up to 3%. The improved

tensile performance is attributed to better interfacial bonding between the cement paste and aggregates due to

pore refinement. A slight decline at 4% replacement confirms the adverse effects of excessive nano-silica

content.

Influence of Nano-Silica on Tensile Strength Development

Fig. 3. depicting split tensile strength at 28 days versus nano-silica replacement level. The tensile strength

increases progressively up to 3% nano-silica content and shows a minor reduction at 4%, highlighting improved

bonding up to an optimal dosage.

4. Durability Performance: Durability was assessed using water absorption and sorptivity tests using equation

(2). The results are presented in TABLE IV.

푊 − 푊

푠

푊 % = (

^푑) × 100 − − − − − − − (2)

푎

푊

푑

COMPOSITION OF ALN–FLY ASH COMPOSITE SAMPLES

Mix ID

NS0

Nano-Silica (%)

Water Absorption (%)

4.6

4.1

3.7

3.3

NS1

NS2

NS3

www.ijltemas.in

Page 291

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue I, January 2026

NS4

3.5

The results indicate a substantial reduction in water absorption and sorptivity with increasing nano-silica content

up to 3%. This improvement reflects the densification of the cement matrix and reduction in capillary pores due

to nano-silica’s filler and pozzolanic effects. Slight deterioration at 4% replacement further supports the

existence of an optimal dosage.

Change in Water Absorption with Nano-Silica Addition

Fig. 4. representing water absorption percentage as a function of nano-silica replacement level. The graph shows

a decreasing trend up to 3% nano-silica, followed by a slight increase at 4%, reflecting enhanced matrix

densification at moderate replacement levels. Based on the experimental results, a nano-silica replacement level

of approximately 3% by weight of cement was identified as optimal. At this level, concrete demonstrated

improved mechanical strength, enhanced durability, and acceptable workability. The findings validate the

effectiveness of nano-silica as a high-performance supplementary cementitious material and support its

application in sustainable and advanced concrete construction.

CONCLUSION

This study successfully demonstrated the design and optimization of sustainable aluminum nitride (AlN)–fly ash

based composite materials with tailored thermal conductivity for eco-friendly thermal management applications.

By systematically varying the composition of AlN and fly ash, a significant enhancement in thermal conductivity

was achieved while maintaining environmental sustainability through industrial waste utilization. Experimental

results revealed that increasing AlN content effectively improves heat transfer performance by forming

continuous conductive pathways, whereas fly ash contributes to cost reduction and eco-efficiency without

severely degrading thermal behavior. Microstructural analysis confirmed that uniform particle dispersion and

strong interfacial bonding play a crucial role in minimizing thermal resistance and enhancing composite

performance. An optimized formulation containing 15 wt.% AlN and 5 wt.% fly ash exhibited the best balance

between thermal conductivity and sustainability, making it suitable for applications such as electronic packaging,

energy systems, and sustainable construction materials. Future work may focus on advanced surface treatments

for fillers, hybrid reinforcement strategies, and computational modeling to further enhance thermal performance.

Additionally, long-term reliability studies, mechanical property evaluation, and scalability assessment will

support the practical deployment of AlN–fly ash eco-thermal composites in next-generation thermal

management systems.

REFERENCES

1. N. V. Nayak and Y. Joshi, "Fine and Ultrafine Materials for Concrete Durability," Civil Engineering &

Construction Review, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 48–56, 2019.

2. K. B. Najim, Determination and Enhancement of Mechanical and Thermo-physical Behaviour of Crumb

www.ijltemas.in

Page 292

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue I, January 2026

Rubber Modified Structural Concrete, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Nottingham, 2012, pp. 1–284.

3. A. M. Sharkawi, M. A. Abd-Elaty, and O. H. Khalifa, "Synergistic influence of micro-nano silica mixture

on durability performance of cementitious materials," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 164, pp.

579–588, 2018.

4. F. Shahrajabian and K. Behfarnia, "The effects of nanoparticles on freeze and thaw resistance of alkali-

activated slag concrete," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 176, pp. 172–178, 2018.

5. M. Heikal, S. Abd El Aleem, and W. M. Morsi, "Characteristics of blended cements containing nano

silica," HBRC Journal, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 243–255, 2013.

6. G. Li, "Properties of high-volume fly ash concrete incorporating nano-SiO2," Cement and Concrete

Research, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1043–1049, 2004.

7. X. F. Wang, Y. J. Huang, G. Y. Wu, C. Fang, D. W. Li, N. X. Han, and F. Xing, "Effect of nano-SiO2

on strength, shrinkage and cracking sensitivity of lightweight aggregate concrete," Construction and

Building Materials, vol. 175, pp. 115–125, 2018.

8. R. Sharma, V. Sharma, T. K. Vashishth, S. Chaudhary, K. K. Sharma and S. Kaushik, "Securing Routing

in MANETs: A Comprehensive Review of Enhanced Optimized Link State Routing (EOLSR)," 2025

International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Knowledge Extraction (ICICKE), Bengaluru,

India, 2025, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ICICKE65317.2025.11136709.

9. J. Ying, B. Zhou, and J. Xiao, "Pore structure and chloride diffusivity of recycled aggregate concrete

with nano-SiO2 and nano-TiO2," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 150, pp. 49–55, 2017.

10. A. H. A. Raheem, M. Mahdy, and A. A. Mashaly, "Mechanical and fracture mechanics properties of

ultra-high-performance concrete," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 213, pp. 561–566, 2019.

11. K. J. Buschow, R. W. Cahn, M. C. Flemings, B. Ilschner, E. J. Kramer, and S. Mahajan, Encyclopedia

of Materials: Science and Technology, vol. 1, no. 11, 2001.

12. D. K. Panesar, "Supplementary cementing materials," in Developments in the Formulation and

Reinforcement of Concrete, pp. 55–85, Woodhead Publishing, 2019.

13. V. M. Malhotra, "Role of supplementary cementing materials in reducing greenhouse gas emissions,"

Concrete Technology for a Sustainable Development in the 21st Century, vol. 5, p. 6, 2000.

14. V. G. Papadakis and S. Tsimas, "Supplementary cementing materials in concrete: Part I: efficiency and

design," Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 1525–1532, 2002.

15. R. Siddique and M. I. Khan, Supplementary Cementing Materials, Springer Science & Business Media,

2011.

16. Ş. Targan, A. S. İ. M. Olgun, Y. Erdogan, and V. Sevinc, "Effects of supplementary cementing materials

on the properties of cement and concrete," Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 1551–

1558, 2002.

17. S. Teng, T. Y. D. Lim, and B. S. Divsholi, "Durability and mechanical properties of high strength

concrete incorporating ultra fine ground granulated blast-furnace slag," Construction and Building

Materials, vol. 40, pp. 875–881, 2013.

18. G. G. K. Reddy and P. Ramadoss, "Influence of alccofine incorporation on the mechanical behavior of

ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC)," Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 33, pp. 789–797, 2020.

19. A. Sumathi, K. Gowdham, and K. S. R. Mohan, "Strength and durability studies on alccofine concrete

with micro steel fibres," Revista Romana de Materiale, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 58–63, 2018.

20. P. N. Reddy and J. A. Naqash, "Properties of concrete modified with ultra-fine slag," Karbala

International Journal of Modern Science, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 150–157, 2019.

21. A. Mohan and K. M. Mini, "Strength and durability studies of SCC incorporating silica fume and ultra

fine GGBS," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 171, pp. 919–928, 2018.

22. Parveen, D. Singhal, M. T. Junaid, B. B. Jindal, and A. Mehta, "Mechanical and microstructural

properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete incorporating alccofine at ambient curing," Construction

and Building Materials, vol. 180, pp. 298–307, 2018.

23. R. B. Ardalan, N. Jamshidi, H. Arabameri, A. Joshaghani, M. Mehrinejad, and P. Sharafi, "Enhancing

the permeability and abrasion resistance of concrete using colloidal nano-SiO2 oxide and spraying nano

silicon practices," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 146, pp. 128–135, 2017.

www.ijltemas.in

Page 293