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GIS Base Mapping of Groundwater Aquifer and their Movements in
Horana Divisional Secretariat Division.
Santhasiri, P.J.
1
, Sumanajith Kumara.
1
, Geethalankara, A.M.A.R.
1
, Niriellage, N.S.C.
2
, Mahalingam, B.
3
1
Department of Geography, University of Sri Jayewardanepura, Sri Lanka.
2
Western Provincial Council, Sri Lanka.
3
Department of Geography, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, India.
DOI:
hps://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.1501000103
Received: 29 January 2025; Accepted: 07 February 2026; Published: 18 February 2026
ABSTRACT
The favourable water aquifers serve as critical water resources for agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes.
Understanding the distribution, movement, and potential of saturation ability of these aquifers is essential for
efficient water management and planning. Horana Divisional Secretariat Division (DSD) has different thickness
water aquifer layers perpendicular to the soil structures and topographical variations.
The present research aims to analyse the groundwater aquifer and its movements by analysing geographic
information systems (GIS). The mapping of groundwater aquifer characteristics and movement patterns,
interactions were analysed using geophysical data, the dug well depths and geological information. The electrical
sound resistivity (VES) method was used to identify each layer using resistivity (ohm - m) (Ω) values, which
were collected from the local provincial council (Western Province) applied survey project reports.
The 27 dug well points were measured using measuring tape to verify the water aquifer layers' depth values, as
well as soil percolation test, and their rates were calculated using the “(cm/hour)” method (Joleha et al., 2023).
The USGS satellite image was downloaded to prepare the digital elevation model (DEM). The 100m contours
and the groundwater flow direction map were prepared by the dug well location depth with contours using
ArcGIS 10.4.1 software.
The result indicates a clear relationship between dug well depths and resistivity valves, which shows topsoil, not
saturated, water saturated, weathered and fractured bedrocks and bedrock layers. The dug well depths showed
the water aquifer depths in the research area. Contours and dug well depths were used to prepare the groundwater
flow map. This flow pattern linked the topography of this area.
The above finding mentioned that groundwater storage, capacities, layers and flow patterns can be mapped using
the ArcGIS application. According to the area aquifer and flow patterns, the analysis will help with the
groundwater exploration and its planning in the Horana (DSD) area.
Keywords: Groundwater aquifer, GIS Base Mapping, Groundwater movement.
INTRODUCTION
Groundwater is a critical resource that is used for agriculture, industry and domestic water demand, which are
used for surface and subsurface water. Over the past 50 years, groundwater has been widely used for household
and technical purposes, irrigation and other purposes (Moniruzzaman et al., 2022). Slope, elevation, rainfall,
lithology, land use, land cover and soil are most important for groundwater restoration (Arabameri et al., 2021).
Groundwater aquifers, subsurface formations that store and transmit water, play a vital role in ensuring water
security (Thamodi and Sumanajith Kumara, 2025).
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Resistivity maturity is employed to identify variations in subsurface electrical sounding conductivity, which
correlate with water saturation levels in the aquifers. The geophysical survey resistivity method is essential for
soil and rock layer detection (Javed et al., 2019). Resistivity measures the resistance of the direct electrical
current (ohm) (Ω) travelling through the soil in different layers (Aziman et al., 2018).
Lower resistivity readings indicate higher water content, providing valuable insights into the presence and extent
of groundwater reserves. The depth of dug wells, representing the physical abstractions points for groundwater,
is also incorporated into the analysis to determine the vertical profile of the aquifer system and its potential
yields. The soil percolation and its percolation rate present the nature of how water is transmitted through soil
(Joleha et al., 2023).
GIS provide powerful tools for special analysis and visualisation of subsurface hydrogeological modelling
conditions (Singh et al., 2025). Special analytical values can be in to ArcGIS geodatabase to generate the special
distribution map, 3D inverse distance weighted IDW and groundwater flow pattern applications (Nur et al., 2012;
Santhasiri et al., 2025).
The GIS-based groundwater modelling has gained attention for its ability to combine multiple special data sets,
such as geology, soil types, land use and dug wells data to create comprehensive groundwater maps and
movement models (Shelar et al., 2023).
The integration of these data layers into GIS provides a comprehensive, dynamic model for groundwater aquifer
management, supporting informed decision-making in water resource planning, sustainable usage, and
conservation strategies.
The interaction of GIS with hydrological data to map aquifer extents, analyse groundwater flow patterns, monitor
depletion trends and assess the sustainability of groundwater uses. Contour data is used to generate surface
topography, enabling a better understanding of the geological structures influencing groundwater flow.
Combining this data in a GIS framework allows for the special visualisation of aquifer boundaries, flow
directions, and recharge areas, thereby facilitating a deeper understanding of the dynamics governing
groundwater resources.
Using ArcGIS and QGIS software applications can be used for Qualitative and quantitative data analysis (Prasani
Anjalika et al., 2023). Those methods can be applied to a wide range of regions, offering significant benefits for
both scientific research and practical applications in groundwater management.
This study has a focus on groundwater depths and flow patterns in the Horana DSD area. By combining
geophysical data with dug well measurements, researchers seek to identify water-saturated soil layer variables
and areas with groundwater flow directions in the research area.
Study Area
This research was conducted in the Horana DSD area in Kaluthara district in the Western Province figure 01. It
is located between 6.818728, 79.967449 – 6.759158, 80.113269 latitude and 6.818728, 80.081544 – 6.693151,
80.061391 longitude with an area extent of 110 km
2
.
The topography of this area is generally flat land and a small amount of hill land with varying heights from 30
m to 200 m with a gentle slope towards. That elevation range includes valley and paddy lands with a small
amount of hill areas. The majority of the area is covered by paddy agricultural fields with gardens. The annual
precipitation in this area is between 2500mm and 5000mm.
Those available from convection processes with southwest and northeast monsoon activities. The bedrock is
mostly charnockite biotite gneiss, and major soil types are Red Yellow podzolic, Red Yellow podzolic with
laterite formations and alluvial deposits.
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Figure 01: Study Area Map
METHODOLOGY
The 18 resistivity survey points were plotted and mapped, and 27 dug well depth locations were taken from hand
GPS coordinates. The resistivity analysis, which was conducted using a resistivity meter, and soil percolation
test were conducted dug well sample locations using the soil percolation test. Primary data was collected using
a field survey from January to December 2024 to analyse the seasonal variations. The GIS and RS techniques
were used for the above data processing and visualisations. This research was conducted in several stages to
achieve this goal. The stages are as follows.
Geophysical Application:
Resistivity (VES) method data carried out at the field survey, such as buildup area survey, groundwater
exploration surveys and past resistivity surveys. Those reports were taken from the physical planning division
of the Provincial Council’s survey projects of Horana, Figure 02 C. The Garmin Origin 550 handheld GPS were
used to take the coordinates of survey locations and plotted with surrounding geological data.
Field Survey and Field Maturement:
Dug well depth and soil percolation testing samples were taken during the field survey. The dug well depths
were measured from the maturity of the depth of groundwater on the surface using a measuring tape Figure 02
B, and soil percolation testing was carried out using a hand auger, and a hole was filled with water absorption
within one hour at a certain time. The soil percolation rate was calculated as: area in units of length/time –
(cm/hour) equation (Joleha et al., 2023). Figure 02 A. The analysis locations' coordinates were taken from the
handheld GPS. All the above valves were statistically calculated for data
GIS Analysis:
The groundwater aquifer and layers, the well depth and the aquifer layer were mapped, and the groundwater
flow pattern was analysed using topography analysis with ArcGIS applications, as well as the structural details
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of resistivity reports values were mapped using a GIS application. The IDW maps were prepared for each
resistivity survey value to identify the structural Layes, as well as to prepare the soil percolation rate distribution
map.
The 3D map was prepared with calculated resistivity (Ohm) values. DEM were downloaded from USGS Earth
Explorer to prepare the 100m contours using ArcGIS and compared with the saturated soil thickness, which
matured by resistivity survey report. Both of the dug wells’ depths with contour lines were used to prepare the
groundwater flow pattern map using the hydrology tool of ArcGIS.
Their directional arrows were prepared using “Eight Direction Pour Point Model” and “Eight Direction Pour
Point Angle” Models of ESRI Direction Encoding Table 01 and 02. Furthermore, the groundwater flow pattern
map and soil percolation map were compared with each other to detect the relationship between soil percolation
and the underground directional movements.
02 A 02 B 02 C
Figure 02 A, Soil Percolation Testing Picture / Figure 02 B, Dug Well Measurement Picture / Figure 02
C, A Picture of Resistivity Profile Analysis Curve, (VES) Method
Source: field survey (2024)
Table 01 Table 02
Eight Direction Pour Point Model Eight Direction Pour Point Angle
ESRI Direction Encoding
Table 01: Eight Direction Pour Point Model / Table 02. Eight Direction Pour Point Angle
Source; https;//pro.arcgis.com > tool-reference > spatial-analyst
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RESULT AND DISCUSSION
04.1. Resistivity Survey Locations and Their Depths
Location
Number
Location Name
Latitude
Longitude
Top
Soil
Layer
Depth
m
Not
Saturated
Layer
Depth m
Bedrock
Depth
Layer m
Saturated
Soil
Thickness
Depth m
01
Thalagala West
6.792123
80.028126
1
4
20
15
02
Thalagala
6.792231
80.032347
1
1
20
18
03
Ankuttawala
6.790667
80.027433
1
0.8
8
6.2
04
Thalagala
North
6.791307
80.038676
1
2.1
5.7
2.6
05
Olaboduwa
Temple
6.768605
80.029591
1
4.7
8
2.3
06
Olaboduwa
6.766048
80.037847
2
6
10.97
2.97
07
Olaboduwa
Kanda
6.770913
80.017397
0.5
2
4.57
2.07
08
Batuwita
6.742484
80.039197
1
3
6
2
09
Kirigala
6.738200
80.083774
1
7.61
10.67
2.06
10
Kindelpitiya
6.776718
80.093866
2
3
10
5
11
Green Park
6.736830
80.072708
1
4.4
8
2.6
12
Kumbuka
6.750911
80.010047
1.5
6
10.97
3.47
13
Moragahahena-
Gangoda
6.779150
80.060388
0.5
0
3.7
3.2
14
Uduwa
6.775154
80.065724
1
3
8
4
15
Dhambara
6.755662
80.106478
1
1
8
6
16
Halbarawa
6.808651
80.073797
3
0.66
5
1.34
17
Miriswatta-
Millawa
6.784250
80.072330
4
0
10
6
18
Ilimba
6.721328
80.090850
1
0.6
4.5
2.9
Table 03 Resistivity and Bedrock Depth Layers Values
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Figure 03 Electrical Sounding Resistivity Layer Maps
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Figure; 04 Electrical Sounding Resistivity 3D Layer Map
Topsoil layer
Resistivity analysis shows the topsoil layer thickness ranges between 0.5 m and 4 m. The lower soil thickness is
0.5 m in Moragahahena Gangoda and Olaboduwa Kanda locations. The maximum soil thickness is shown in
Miriswatta Millawa as 4 m. Secondary heist top soil thickness is Halbarawa location as 3 m as well, and 2 m is
present in Kindelpitiya and Olaboduwa locations.
Other locations show 1 m of topsoil thickness in these locations. The depth shows in the NE part, and the
minimum part shows in the south regions, and other areas show moderate depth. Figure 03, 04 and Table 03.
Not saturated layer
This layer has various ranges, such as 0 m – 7.61 m. The lowest saturated soil layer is shown in Miriswatta
Millawa and Moragahahena Gangoda locations, which shows no thickness, and the maximum saturated
thickness is 7.61 m in Kirigala locations, and other locations show a range between 0.66 m and 6 m. The
maximum depth shows the southern and western part, and the minimum depth shows the NE part and the Eastern
part of the locations. Figure 03, 04 and Table 03.
Top of the aquifer layer
The resistivity draft suddenly becomes low and can be identified as a saturated layer. The top of the aquifer
layers shows various ranges. The minimum saturated top of the aquifer layer is 1.6 m in the Ilimba location, and
the maximum top of the aquifer layer is 8.61 m in the Kirigala location.
The western and southern part shows maximum depth, and the north and eastern parts show minimum depth.
Other areas show moderate depth in the study area. Figure 03, 04 and Table 03.
Bedrock depth
The minimum bedrock depth is 3.7 m in the Moragahahena Gangoda location, and the maximum bedrock depth
is 20 m in Thalagala West and Thalagala locations. The maximum depth shows on the northern parts, and the
minimum depth is shown in the south, NE part locations, and other areas show moderate depths. Figure 03, 04
and Table 03.
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Saturated soil thickness
The saturated soil thickness varies in this area. The maximum soil thickness present in Thalagala and Thalagala
west, and Ankuttavala in the northern part of the region, represents 15 m and 18 m thickness. The minimum
saturated soil thickness is 1.34 m in the Halbarawa location, and other areas' soil thickness ranges between 6 m
and 1.34 m. Figure 05 and Table 03.
Dugwell depths and saturated soil thickness
27 dug well depth locations were used for these experiments, and the maximum dug well depth was 17.68 m in
the Dibbadda location, and the minimum dug well depth was 2.44 m in the southern part. The moderate depth
shows in the northern part, and the minimum depth shows in the SW part. The saturated water aquifer and the
dug well depth show their interaction. The minimum part in the south and central parts of the range of 1.3 – 4.7
m in that area, and the maximum part in Thalagala Junction North part of the map range of 16 – 18 m area, as
well as other North and Eastern parts between ranges of 8.11 – 11 m areas are moderate interaction, of dug well
and saturated soil thickness show same aquifer depths in research area and resistivity layer valves proff the dug
well depth analysis. The dug well depth has been different, according to the topographical variations. Figure 05
and Tables 03, 04.
Figure 05 Dug Well Depths and Saturated Soil Thickness Map
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Soil percolation and percolation Rate
The soil percolation testing carried out in the field observation in the dry season using the percolation test, Figure
5. The soil percolation is the absorption capacity of the soil to allow water through the soil cavities within a
certain time, causing the soil to become saturated (Joleha et al., 2024). The dug well analysis (m) and soil
percolation testing (cm) were conducted in the field. The soil percolation was measured of depth (cm) within
one hour. The soil percolation shows different variations in the study area, with the maximum percolation of
3.33 cm/hour in Pokunuwita and the minimum of 0.146 cm/hour in Gurugoda. Other areas show a moderate
percolation record in the northern and central parts of the study area. The clay-dominant soil presents a minimum
percolation rate, and clay + sand + a small amount of gravel soil shows a moderate percolation rate, and Gravel
+ sand with a small amount of clay represents the maximum soil percolation rate. Figure 06 – B and Table 04.
Location
Number
Location Name
Latitiude
Longitiude
Dug Well
Depth -m
Soil
Percolation
Rate cm/hour
1
Kubuka
6.750428798
80.00728013
10.97
1
2
Mepagala
6.77174996
80.0297088
10.97
0.333
3
Pokunuwita Kanewala
6.720494684
80.03368419
6.10
3.333
4
Horana Galedadugoda
6.718805241
80.04892673
3.66
0.45
5
Batuvita
6.748085265
80.0355348
6.10
1.5
6
Thalgahawila Junction
6.785251783
80.06484537
7.32
0.3
7
Kindelpitiya
6.77586609
80.09035407
4.57
0.483
8
Moragahahena
6.784365479
80.05460303
9.76
0.833
9
BDL Gunasekara Road
6.724143363
80.0672264
9.15
0.266
10
Wevala
6.700261632
80.06799119
4.88
0.75
11
Ilimba
6.720973051
80.08876339
4.57
0.666
12
Gurugoda
6.724812923
80.09478569
3.35
0.1416
13
Meevanapalana
6.742280754
80.09557454
4.27
1.3043
14
Thalgahawila
6.779589867
80.07584362
4.57
0.6666
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15
Amupitiya-Uduwa
6.763931864
80.05438639
3.66
0.35
16
Handupalpola
6.763316085
80.09074937
12.80
0.5
17
Kuda Uduwa
6.750240679
80.07636378
10.97
0.7142
18
Sithadola
6.744300676
80.0712828
2.44
0.325
19
Aramanagolla
6.736960124
80.05288582
3.81
0.3916
20
Thalagala Junction
6.796856799
80.03516006
12.80
0.666
21
Korilima
6.766247588
80.00219523
10.06
1.5
22
Millawa-
Dhammanandapedesa
6.801630791
80.07860123
4.57
0.2666
23
Kotigamgoda-Padukka
6.809718027
80.08208651
8.23
1
24
Valigampitiya-kumbuka
6.735288917
80.02959754
7.62
0.333
25
Olaboduwa Kanda
6.776156998
80.01922362
4.57
0.75
26
Dibbadda
6.763004573
80.02391264
71.68
0.275
27
Godigamuwa
6.756874166
79.99774464
4.57
0.2
Table 04 Dug Depth – m and Soil Percolation Rate 1h/ cm Valiev Table
Map of groundwater flow pattern
An analysis of groundwater potential is determined based on the resistivity (VES) method and observation of
the measurements of the groundwater depth. Soil permeability in dug well sample locations, Figure 03, shows
dug well locations and the groundwater flow pattern was created by the data into the GIS applications using
geostatistical analysis, contours and dug well depths with bars, which were used to predict groundwater flow
direction at the research location.
The special information on the groundwater flow patterns map of the study area. The flow direction arrows were
prepared by the ArcGIS application using contours and groundwater table values. The maximum flow locations
are shown in SE areas with minimum dug well depths, and the minimum flow locations are shown in the North,
central and west areas with maximum dug well depths. The arrows are mostly directed at the valley, and paddy
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areas have the maximum areas with red colour, and hill areas have divergent arrows to the valley areas. Figure
06 - A.
Figure 06 A – Groundwater Flow Direction Map, B - Soil Percolation Rate (cm/hour) Map
Groundwater Movement and Soil Percolation
The soil percolation rate map shows the maximum rate in Pokunuwita in the southern part of the area, and
moderate rates are located in the eastern part, ranging between 0.79 and 2.1 cm/hour. Other areas are showing a
minimum percolation rate according to the groundwater flow directions arrows, mostly (In and Out directions)
located in South and BDL Gunasekara places in the centre part with good storage and their movement capacity
with minimum dug well depths.
It shows the good storage conditions both during wet and dry periods because of that terrains have good water
storage capacity. According to the soil percolation rate and groundwater flow directions, the favourable
conditions for groundwater saturations year-round and in other parts, the variable storage conditions are shown
yearly. The northern part has maximum dug well depths, with groundwater flow directions mostly directed to
the dug well locations.
Which are shown in dry periods because these terrains don’t have good water storage capacity, Figure 07. The
slope of the study area mostly directed from North to South areas, as well as the canals start from rainfall, and
they have an angle perpendicular to the area slope.
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Figure 07 Groundwater Movement and Soil Percolation
CONCLUSION
This research concludes that, based on field survey and mapping results in the Horana DSD area. The
groundwater aquifer was mapped using resistivity, the vertical electrical sounding (VES) method used to detect
the top soil, saturated soil thickness and bedrock depths in each layer. Their structural layers were mapped using
ArcGIS 10.4.1 software. The depth shows the north part of the map in the Thalagala region, the top layer of over
20 m and the deepest depth range area 3.7 m in Moragahahena, Gurugoda area, also saturated soil thickness
range 18 m to 1.34 m monitored.
The dug well analysis was carried out by measuring tape and its range from 17.68 m to 2.44 m in the Dibbadda
to Ilimba areas, respectively. The dug well has mined until the saturated soil layers and mapped them using
ArcGIS software for their distribution pattern identification. Soil percolation in these locations was carried out
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by hand auger to dig the hole and fill it with water and manure, using a tape for one hour, using a percolation
test. The maximum percolation recorded was in 0.14 – 0.78 cm/hour in Pokunuwita, and the minimum was
recorded in 2.8 – 3.3 cm/hour. The soil percolation helps with the groundwater movement. Above the mentioned
testing parameters, the vertical electrical sounding (VES) method values, soil percolation testing valives and dug
well depths values were mapped and compared using ArcGIS software. Furthermore, the groundwater flow
pattern was prepared using the hydrological application of this software, which was used to make up the arrows
of flow directions and showed that hill areas to valley and paddy region have good saturated and good storage,
and other lands have moderate water demand. Flow directions and soil percolation test overlap analysis show
good groundwater storage conditions in the yearly under the minimum – maximum percolation condition.
Furthermore, the southern part shows better storage capacity with maximum to moderate percolation conditions
than the other areas, which were analysed and mapped using the ArcGIS software. The rapid land use
consumption for different purposes, such as settlements, that consume high groundwater extraction for
agriculture, industries and domestic purposes, may affect the groundwater aquifer storage. This research proper
way for future management and sustainability developments in the research area, as the GIS techniques
application for hydrogeological applications.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue I, January 2026
Page 1283
www.rsisinternational.org
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