INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
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ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue II, February 2026
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A Study on Quality of Electric Bikes on Customer Satisfaction in Erode
District, Tamilnadu.
R. Kowsalyadevi
1
; Dr. D. Anbupriya
2
1
Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, VET Institute of Arts and Science College, Erode.
2
Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, VET Institute of Arts and Science College, Erode.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.15020000011
Received: 12 February 2026; Accepted: 17 February 2026; Published: 25 February 2026
ABSTRACT
The growing adoption of electric bikes has transformed personal transportation, therefore, the study
examines the quality of electric bikes and its impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty. The study
collects 400 samples; primary data are collected from electric bike users using questionnaire. The
demographic analysis reveals that electric bike usage is more prevalent among middle-aged, educated,
and economically active customers. Factor analysis identified performance quality, durability, comfort,
safety, economic efficiency, and after-sales support as key determinants of customer satisfaction.
Regression results confirmed that these quality dimensions have a significant positive impact on
satisfaction. The Friedman test stressed battery reliability, operating cost, and riding comfort as major
drivers of customer loyalty. The study also reveals dangerous problems such as limited battery backup,
long charging time, and inadequate charging infrastructure. Findings provide implications for
manufacturers, service providers, and policymakers to enhance electric bike quality, strengthen customer
loyalty, and promote sustainable mobility.
Key Words: Customer Satisfaction, Electric Bikes, Quality, Customer Loyalty, Problems.
INTRODUCTION
The automobile market has experienced significant transformation over the past few decades due to rapid
urbanization, rising fuel costs, environmental concerns, and changing consumer preferences. Traditionally
dominated by internal combustion engine vehicles, the market is now experiencing a gradual shift towards
alternative modes of transportation that emphasize energy efficiency and sustainability. Two-wheelers occupy a
vital position in the automobile sector, particularly in developing regions, as they offer affordability,
convenience, and suitability for short- and medium-distance travel. In this evolving scenario, electric bikes have
emerged as a promising solution to address economic, environmental, and mobility-related challenges. Electric
bikes represent an important segment of electric mobility; it combines the flexibility of conventional two-
wheelers with electric propulsion technology. They operate using rechargeable batteries and electric motors,
resulting in reduced dependence on fossil fuels and lower emissions. Electric bikes are increasingly preferred
for daily commuting due to their low operating cost, minimal maintenance requirements, and ease of use.
As governments and regulatory bodies encourage the adoption of electric vehicles through supportive policies
and incentives, the electric bike market has witnessed steady growth. The growth is particularly visible in semi-
urban and urban regions, where traffic congestion and fuel expenses significantly influence transportation
choices. The electric bike market has become highly competitive, with numerous manufacturers offering models
that differ in design, battery capacity, performance, safety features, and price. In such a competitive environment,
product quality plays a decisive role in influencing customer satisfaction. Quality in electric bikes is not limited
to physical appearance alone but extends to performance reliability, battery efficiency, riding comfort, safety
mechanisms, economic value, and after-sales service support. Customers evaluate electric bikes based on their
overall experience during usage, and consistent performance strengthens positive perceptions towards the
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product. The quality expectations are met or exceeded, customers are more likely to feel satisfied with their
purchase decisions.
Customer satisfaction is a critical determinant of success in the electric bike market, as it directly influences
future buying behavior and brand perception. Satisfied customers tend to continue using the product, recommend
it to others, and show resistance towards switching to competing brands. Therefore, understanding the impact of
electric bike quality on customer satisfaction is essential for manufacturers and dealers aiming to sustain market
growth. Factors such as smooth riding experience, dependable battery performance, durability, safety during
travel, and cost efficiency significantly form satisfaction levels. A lack of consistency in any of these aspects
may lead to dissatisfaction and negative perceptions. Closely associated with customer satisfaction is customer
loyalty, which reflects the willingness of customers to repurchase, recommend, and maintain a long-term
relationship with a particular brand. In the context of electric bikes, loyalty is influenced by both functional and
emotional factors. Reliable performance, low operating expenses, and trust in the brand contribute to repeated
usage and continued preference. Technological advancements, ease of commuting, and accessibility of service
facilities further reinforce loyalty among customers.
High levels of loyalty not only strengthen brand image but also reduce marketing costs and create a stable
customer base. Despite the advantages offered by electric bikes, customers face several challenges during usage
that may affect satisfaction and loyalty. The most frequently reported problems is limited battery backup, which
creates uncertainty during long-distance travel. Long charging time and inadequate availability of charging
stations further add to customer inconvenience. High battery replacement costs raise concerns about long-term
affordability, while limited service centers and difficulties in repair and maintenance reduce confidence among
users. Performance issues such as reduced speed under heavy load and poor riding comfort on rough roads also
affect the overall user experience. Additionally, low resale value and uncertainty regarding battery lifespan
discourage some customers from fully committing to electric bike usage. These problems highlight the gap
between customer expectations and actual usage experience. The electric bikes offer economic and
environmental benefits, unresolved quality and infrastructure-related issues may slow down adoption rates.
Hence, it becomes essential to identify and analyze the demographic profile of users, evaluate the impact of
electric bike quality on customer satisfaction, assess customer loyalty patterns, and understand the major
problems faced by users. The investigation provides for manufacturers, service providers, and policymakers to
improve product quality, enhance customer experience, and strengthen the electric bike ecosystem.
Problem Statement
Electric bikes have gained attention due to rising fuel prices, concerns over pollution, and supportive government
initiatives promoting electric mobility. Despite the growing presence of electric bikes in the market, their
acceptance and continued usage largely depend on how customers perceive product quality, satisfaction, and
overall riding experience. However, customer responses towards electric bikes are not uniform, indicates the
presence of underlying issues that require systematic examination. The manufacturers emphasize technological
advancement and cost efficiency; customers often encounter practical difficulties during actual usage. Issues
such as limited battery backup, long charging duration, insufficient charging infrastructure, high battery
replacement cost, and inconsistent performance on different road conditions continue to affect user experience.
These challenges may reduce customer satisfaction and weaken loyalty, even when electric bikes offer long-
term economic benefits. Moreover, inadequate after-sales service and limited service centers further contribute
to dissatisfaction among users.
Customer satisfaction is a main factor that determines repeat purchase behavior and positive word-of-mouth,
which are essential for the sustainable growth of the electric bike market. However, there is limited empirical
evidence explaining how different dimensions of electric bike quality influence customer satisfaction and
loyalty, particularly at the regional level. Understanding whether product performance, durability, comfort,
safety, and economic efficiency significantly affect satisfaction and loyalty remains an important concern. In
addition, customers’ demographic characteristics such as age, income, education, and occupation may shape
their expectations and evaluation of electric bike quality. Pay no attention to these aspects can lead to a mismatch
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between product offerings and customer needs. Therefore, the central problem addressed is the lack of
comprehensive understanding regarding the relationship between electric bike quality, customer satisfaction,
customer loyalty, and the problems faced during usage. The provision of proper solution is essential for
improving electric bike quality, enhancing customer experience, and supporting the long-term development of
electric mobility.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Automobile industry indicates that the transition from conventional fuel-based vehicles to electric mobility has
been driven by rising fuel costs, environmental concerns, and growing awareness of sustainable transportation
(Goutham and Kumaran, 2021). Two-wheelers, particularly electric bikes, have received considerable attention
due to their affordability, ease of use, and suitability for daily commuting. The acceptance of electric bikes is
strongly influenced by customer perceptions of quality, performance, and long-term value rather than initial
purchase motivation alone (Parmar and Pradhan, 2022). Electric bike quality highlights that customers evaluate
quality through multiple dimensions such as battery performance, durability, riding comfort, safety features, and
technological reliability. Battery efficiency and range are frequently identified as the most essential aspects, as
they directly affect daily travel convenience (Kim et al., 2022). Consistent performance, smooth riding
experience, and low noise operation are also reported to enhance positive user perception. Electric bikes deliver
stable and dependable performance, customers develop confidence in the product, which strengthens satisfaction
levels (Ukesh et al., 2022).
Customer satisfaction reveals that satisfaction is not solely dependent on technical specifications but is shaped
by the overall usage experience. Factors such as ease of charging, maintenance requirements, availability of
spare parts, and service support play a significant role in shaping satisfaction (Thakur et al., 2024). It indicates
that customers tend to express higher satisfaction when the operating cost is low and maintenance is simple.
Economic efficiency, including reduced fuel expenses and affordable servicing, is widely recognized as a main
advantage that improves satisfaction with electric bikes (Ranjan et al., 2022). Customer loyalty has been widely
discussed as a vital outcome of sustained satisfaction. Satisfied customers are more likely to continue using
electric bikes, recommend them to others, and remain committed to a particular brand (Chawla et al., 2023).
Trust in product reliability, brand reputation, and service responsiveness are identified as important contributors
to loyalty. Loyalty is strengthened when customers perceive electric bikes as a reliable long-term mobility
solution rather than a temporary alternative (Mahera et al., 2024).
The challenges faced by electric bike users, which often act as barriers to adoption and continued usage.
Commonly reported problems include limited battery backup, long charging time, lack of adequate charging
infrastructure, and high battery replacement cost (Hong et al. 2024). These issues are found to generate anxiety
among users, especially for long-distance travel. Poor performance on uneven roads, limited service centers, and
difficulty in repair further contribute to dissatisfaction (Selva and Arunmozhi, 2020). The demographic
characteristics influence customer perceptions and expectations. Younger and middle-aged users are often more
receptive to electric mobility, while economically active users emphasize cost efficiency and reliability (Dongree
and Nimbhorkar, 2025). The need for integrated research that examines electric bike quality, customer
satisfaction, loyalty, and usage problems together. Such an approach is essential for developing strategies to
improve product quality, enhance customer experience, and support the sustainable growth of the electric bike
market (Boonchunone et al., 2023).
Research Objectives
The study is carried out with the following objectives.
1. To assess the demographic profile of electric bike customers in Erode district.
2. To examine the impact of electric bike quality on customer satisfaction.
3. To investigate the customer loyalty on electric bikes.
4. To analyse the various problems faced by the customers in using electric bikes.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The study aimed to collect a sample of 400 e-bike customers who are using electric bikes in Erode district,
Tamilnadu. The sample is identified on the basis of availability of e-bike customers and their willingness to take
part in the survey. The study used primary data, it is directly collected from the electric bike customers using
electric bikes. The study employed descriptive research design and samples are drawn on the basis of simple
random sampling technique. A well-structured and non-disguised questionnaire has been utilized to collect data
from the electric bike customers. The questionnaire has been prepared with four parts; such as demographic
profile, impact of e-bike quality on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty on electric bikes, and problems
faced by customers in using electric bikes. The survey instrument is pretested with 40 customers and based on
the comments and views, the survey instrument has been modified to collect accurate data. This study widely
used simple percentage analysis, factor analysis, multiple linear regression test, and weighted-ranking analysis.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Analysis of Demographic Profile
Demographic characteristics play a significant role in developing customer satisfaction related to the quality of
electric bikes. The demographic profile such as age, income, education, and occupation influence purchase
decisions, usage patterns, and perceptions of product performance. Therefore, the demographic profile of 400
respondents is examined, and the findings are presented in Table-1.
Table-1: Demographic Profile of Customers
Profile
Distribution
Frequency
Percentage
Gender
Male
311
77.75%
Female
89
22.25%
Age
18 – 25 Years
91
22.75%
26 – 40 Years
149
37.25%
41 – 59 Years
109
27.25%
60 & Above
51
12.75%
Marital Status
Married
275
68.75%
Unmarried
125
31.25%
Educational
Qualification
Uneducated
13
3.25%
School Education
127
31.75%
UG
165
41.25%
PG
95
23.75%
Monthly Income
Less than 30,000
73
18.25%
30,000 – 60,000
127
31.75%
60,001 – 1,00,000
155
38.75%
Above 1,00,001
45
11.25%
Occupation
Housewife
41
10.25%
Employed
135
33.75%
Business
163
40.75%
Agriculture
61
15.25%
Source: Primary Data
Table-1 reveals that the gender-wise distribution of customers shows that 77.75% of the customers are male,
while 22.25% are female. The age composition of customers shows that 22.75% belong to the 18–25 years’ age
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group, 37.25% fall within the 26–40 years’ category, followed by 27.25% in the 41–59 years’ group, and the
remaining 12.75% are aged 60 years and above. Marital status shows that a majority of the respondents (68.75%)
are married, whereas 31.25% are unmarried. Educational qualification of the customers discloses that 3.25% are
uneducated, 31.75% have completed school education, 41.25% are undergraduate degree holders, and 23.75%
possess postgraduate qualifications. The monthly income distribution reveals that 18.25% of the customers earn
less than Rs.25,000 per month, 31.75% earn between Rs.25,000 and Rs.50,000, 38.75% fall in the income range
of Rs.50,001 to Rs.75,000, and 11.25% earn above Rs.75,001 per month. Occupation shows that 10.25% belong
to the housewife category, 33.75% are employed in private or public sector organizations, 40.75% are engaged
in business activities, and 15.25% are involved in agriculture.
Impact of E-Bike Quality on Customer Satisfaction
Factor analysis is carried out to examine the impact of e-bike quality on customer satisfaction. Customer opinions
regarding the quality of electric bikes are assessed through six major quality dimensions related to product
performance, comfort, safety, durability, economy, and service support. Based on these dimensions, principal
component factor analysis is applied to identify the key factors influencing customer satisfaction. To examine
the internal consistency and reliability of the data, Cronbach’s alpha test is employed, and the results indicate a
high level of reliability, with values ranging between 0.91 and 0.95. The results of the factor analysis are
presented in Table-2.
Table 2: Factor Analysis
Factors (Mean)
Factor
Loadings
Eigen
Value
% of
Variance
Explained
Performance
Quality (2.82)
0.832
11.94
26.18
0.821
0.804
0.786
0.742
0.713
Durability and
Reliability (2.55)
0.819
8.87
17.36
0.794
0.772
0.738
0.706
Comfort and
Design (2.41)
0.803
6.14
12.02
0.781
0.752
0.698
Safety Features
(2.32)
0.812
4.68
8.64
0.779
0.724
0.691
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Economic
Efficiency (2.21)
0.766
3.09
5.21
0.731
0.702
After-Sales Support
(2.16)
0.781
2.47
4.08
0.724
0.689
Source: Primary Data
Table-2 presents the results of factor analysis examines the impact of e-bike quality on customer satisfaction.
The factorial mean values designate that performance quality (2.82) is the most influential factor, followed by
durability and reliability (2.55), comfort and design (2.41), safety features (2.32), economic efficiency (2.21),
and after-sales support (2.16). The analysis is conducted using six factors with 25 components, collectively
explaining 73.49 percent of the total variance in the data. Performance quality arises as the dominant factor
influencing customer satisfaction, accounting for 26.18 percent of variance with an Eigen value of 11.94. Battery
efficiency, motor performance, and riding smoothness are the key contributors under this factor. Durability and
reliability explain 17.36 percent of variance with an Eigen value of 8.87, highlights the importance of battery
lifespan and build quality in shaping satisfaction. Comfort and design explain 12.02 percent of variance, specifies
that ergonomic features and visual appeal significantly affect customer perception. Safety features contribute
8.64 percent of variance, accentuates the role of braking efficiency and ride stability. Economic efficiency and
after-sales support also influence customer satisfaction, explains 5.21 percent and 4.08 percent of variance
respectively. The results confirm that e-bike quality has a strong and positive impact on customer satisfaction.
The reliability of the results obtained from factor analysis are further examined using multiple linear regression
analysis. Customer satisfaction with electric bikes is influenced by various quality-related factors identified
through factor analysis. Accordingly, e-bike quality dimensions are treated as independent variables, and
customer satisfaction is considered as the dependent variable. To determine the extent and direction of influence
of each quality dimension on customer satisfaction, multiple linear regression analysis is employed. The results
are presented in Table-3.
Table-3: Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
Independent Variables
Dependent
Variable
Un-standardized
Coefficients
Beta
Coefficients
t
Sig.
B
S.E.
Constant
Customer
Satisfaction
-0.198
0.614
-1.522
0.136
Performance Quality
0.412
0.086
0.384
4.786
0.001
Durability and Reliability
0.168
0.079
0.171
2.127
0.035
Comfort and Design
0.152
0.074
0.163
2.054
0.042
Safety Features
0.137
0.071
0.148
1.928
0.048
Economic Efficiency
0.121
0.068
0.129
1.779
0.039
After-Sales Support
0.109
0.065
0.117
1.674
0.044
R 0.801
R
2
0.64
Adjusted R
2
0.59
F Value 28.614
Source: Primary Data
Table-3 reveals the results of multiple linear regression analysis conducted to examine the impact of e-bike
quality dimensions on customer satisfaction. The value of R (0.801) indicates a strong correlation between the
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independent variables and customer satisfaction. The R² value of 0.64 and adjusted R² of 0.59 indicate that 64%
of the variation in customer satisfaction is explained by the selected e-bike quality factors, approves the strength
of the model. The F value of 28.614 is statistically significant, proves the whole fitness of the regression model.
Among the independent variables, performance quality emerges as the most influential factor affecting customer
satisfaction, with the highest beta coefficient (β = 0.384) and a statistically significant t-value at the 5 percent
level. It indicates that battery efficiency, riding performance, and smooth operation play a dominant role in
improving customer satisfaction with electric bikes.
Durability and reliability, comfort and design, and safety features also show positive and statistically significant
relationships with customer satisfaction, reveals the importance of long-term usability, riding comfort, and safety
assurance. Further, economic efficiency significantly influences customer satisfaction, advises that lower
operating and maintenance costs increase customer value perception. After-sales support also exhibits a positive
and significant effect, accentuating the role of service availability and warranty coverage. The regression results
confirm that all six e-bike quality dimensions have a significant and positive impact on customer satisfaction.
The findings validate that it establishes e-bike quality as a key determinant of customer satisfaction.
Customer Loyalty on Electric Bikes
Customers exhibit loyalty towards electric bikes based on their experience, perceived benefits, and satisfaction
with product performance and services. Loyalty is influenced by multiple factors such as reliability, cost
efficiency, convenience, safety, and long-term value. To assess the level of customer loyalty towards electric
bikes, the Friedman chi-square test is applied. The null hypothesis is framed stating that there is no significant
difference in the ranking of customer loyalty factors towards electric bikes. For a stable sample size, a higher
chi-square value indicates greater variation among the rank sums of the loyalty variables and their expected
values. The computed chi-square value is 138.472, with degrees of freedom equal to the number of variables
minus one. The asymptotic significance value indicates that the observed rankings are statistically meaningful.
Hence, the results advocate that customer loyalty towards electric bikes is influenced by the identified factors.
Table-2: Descriptive Statistics
Consumer Loyalty
Mean
Rank
Mean
Score
Std.
Deviation
Chi-
Square
Reliable battery performance
10.34
3.684
1.24873
138.472
P-value
0.000*
Low operating cost
9.96
3.571
1.53624
Smooth riding experience
9.81
3.218
1.79261
Attractive design
7.42
3.294
1.66318
Safety during riding
6.59
2.614
1.48942
Ease of daily commuting
8.64
2.735
1.59826
Control and handling
7.83
3.456
1.65987
Environmental friendliness
7.92
2.784
1.53164
Use of modern technology
9.67
3.362
1.37954
Affordable purchase price
6.31
2.594
1.27483
Saves travel time
7.64
3.512
1.90518
Easy availability of service
8.41
3.015
1.53647
Trust in brand
7.68
3.746
1.85642
Quick service support
6.52
3.148
1.58276
Fulfilment of travel needs
7.48
2.183
1.42361
Source: Primary Data
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* Significant at 1% level
Table-4 presents the results of the Friedman test conducted to analyze customer loyalty towards electric bikes.
The results reveal significant differences in the ranking of loyalty-related factors, indicating that customers do
not perceive all factors equally. Among the various factors, reliable battery performance holds the highest mean
rank (10.34), shows that battery reliability is the most influential determinant of customer loyalty. It is followed
by low operating cost (9.96) and smooth riding experience (9.81), it shows the importance of economic and
performance-related benefits. Further, use of modern technology (9.67), ease of daily commuting (8.64), and
easy availability of service (8.41) are ranked higher, it displays that technological advancement and service
accessibility strengthen customer loyalty. Factors such as environmental friendliness, control and handling, and
trust in brand occupy moderate ranks, it reveals their supportive role in reinforcing loyalty. Lower-ranked factors
include affordable purchase price, quick service support, and safety during riding, discloses that while these
factors are relevant, they exert comparatively lesser influence on loyalty decisions. The chi-square value of
138.472 at the 1 percent significance level leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis. It is concluded that
customer loyalty towards electric bikes is significantly influenced by the identified factors.
Problems Faced by Customers in Using Electric Bikes
Customers using electric bikes encounter several practical and operational problems that may affect their
satisfaction and continued usage. Therefore, the problems faced by customers in using electric bikes are analyzed
using Weighted Average Score Analysis. The score value for each problem is computed by dividing the total
weighted score by the number of respondents. Based on the weighted average scores, the problems are classified
as high-level problems (score above 4), medium-level problems (score above 3), and low-level problems (score
below 3). The results of the analysis are presented in Table-5.
Table-5: Weighted Average Score Analysis
Variables
SA
A
N
DA
SDA
Score
Rank
Limited battery backup
58
17
10
9
6
4.12
1
Long charging time
55
16
12
10
7
4.03
2
Limited service centers
50
17
13
10
10
3.86
7
High battery replacement cost
53
18
11
9
9
3.98
4
Uncertainty about battery lifespan
47
18
15
11
9
3.81
8
Lack of charging stations
56
15
10
11
8
4.01
3
Poor performance on rough roads
49
19
12
11
9
3.87
6
Reduced speed on heavy load
48
20
14
9
9
3.88
5
Low resale value
44
19
15
11
11
3.74
10
Difficulty in repair and maintenance
46
21
13
10
10
3.79
9
Source: Primary data
Table-5 presents the results of the weighted average score analysis carried out to identify the major problems
faced by customers in using electric bikes. The analysis reveals that limited battery backup is the most significant
problem, it secures the highest weighted average score of 4.12, indicating a high level of concern among
customers. The problem directly affects daily travel convenience and creates range anxiety among users. The
second major problem identified is long charging time, which obtained a weighted score of 4.03, followed by
lack of charging stations with a score of 4.01. These problems highlight infrastructural and technological
constraints that limit the effective usage of electric bikes. High battery replacement cost also emerges as a notable
issue with a score of 3.98, it reflects customer concern over long-term ownership expenses. Problems such as
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reduced speed under heavy load (3.88), poor performance on rough roads (3.87), and limited service centers
(3.86) are categorized as medium-level problems, it shows operational challenges faced during regular usage.
Further, uncertainty about battery lifespan (3.81), difficulty in repair and maintenance (3.79), and low resale
value (3.74) receive comparatively lower scores, though they still contribute to customer dissatisfaction.
CONCLUSION
The study provides a widespread analysis of electric bike usage with a focus on customer satisfaction, loyalty,
and challenges associated with electric bikes. The demographic profile indicates that electric bikes are
predominantly used by male, middle-aged, educated, and economically active customers, advises that
practicality, cost efficiency, and commuting needs strongly influence adoption decisions. The demographic
pattern provides a strong foundation for understanding customer expectations related to electric bike quality.
The factor analysis reveals that e-bike quality is a multi-dimensional construct, with performance quality
emerging as the most influential factor affecting customer satisfaction. Durability, comfort, safety features,
economic efficiency, and after-sales support also play significant roles in shaping customer perceptions. The
regression analysis further validates that all identified quality dimensions significantly influence customer
satisfaction, with performance quality having the strongest impact.
Customer loyalty is mainly relied on battery reliability, low operating cost, and smooth riding experience as the
primary factors encouraging repeat usage and positive word-of-mouth. Technological features, ease of
commuting, and service accessibility also contribute meaningfully to loyalty, reinforcing the importance of both
product and service-related attributes. Despite positive perceptions, the study identifies several critical problems
faced by electric bike users. Limited battery backup, long charging time, lack of charging stations, and high
battery replacement costs emerge as major concerns. These challenges may hinder wider adoption if not
adequately addressed. The study concluded that improving battery performance, expanding charging
infrastructure, strengthening after-sales services, and ensuring cost efficiency are essential for enhancing
customer satisfaction and loyalty. Removing these problems will support sustainable growth of electric mobility
and encourage broader acceptance of electric bikes in the region.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue II, February 2026
Page 139
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