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Impact of Industrial Activities on the Degradation of Soil pollution
and Functional Ecosystem of Duwani Wetland a Case Study of
Aluminium Factory in Teteliya Village, Kamrup Metropolitan
District of Assam, India
Bhashya Jyoti Talukdar
1
; Dr. Jyotishmoy Bora
2
1
Research Scholar, Bhattaderv University, Pathsala, Assam
2
Associate Professor, Bhattadev University, Pathsala, Assam
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.15020000024
Received: 12 February 2026; Accepted: 17 February 2026; Published: 03 March 2026
ABASTRACT
Wetlands are the most important natural function of the terrestrial surface of the earth. It is a habitat of many
aquatic plants and animals. On the other hand in industrialization is the processes of human development. In
India the industrial activities have been rapidly increasing and urbanization process has also been fastest
growing. Due to the industrial activities negative impacts on nature. In the study area the Duwani wetland is the
most valuable and productive wetland of Assam. Because this natural wetland is connected with the mighty
Brahmaputra river. The industrial activities on the bank of this wetland have mostly polluted the soil function.
In this research works soil quality of the wetland is tasted on laboratory. Various parameters have taken for
analysis. Some of the parameters like Potential of Hydrogen (pH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Organic Carbon
(OC), Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K), Phosphorus (P), Chloride (Cl) etc. The soil samples are measuring both the
WHO and USPH standard. From this analysis have found the amount of soil pollution and functional ecosystem
of Duwani wetlands
Keywords: Ecosystem, wetlands, Industrialization, Soil pollution, environment.
INTRODUCTION
In 21st century the industrialization processes is rapidly increases in globally. The urban development and
economic growth also fastest developed. India is the 5th largest economic developed countries in the world. In
Assam wetlands are locally known as beels. The area Duwani wetlands is located in the eastern part of Kamrup
Metropolitan district of Assam, India. Wetlands are the most productive and economically valuable ecosystems
in the world. Wetlands provide critical ecosystem goods and services, including carbon storage, biodiversity
conservation, fish production, fuel production, water purification, flood and shoreline surge protection and
erosion control, and recreation. In an ecosystem the relationship between living and non living organisms are
dynamic in nature.
The main reason behind this the non living organisms such as climate, soil, atmospheric activities is changeable.
The industrial activities also impact on climate. The climatic factors like rainfall, temperature, humidity, air
quality are influenced from the industrial release. The present study is try to focuses on the soil quality of Duwani
wetland from Teteliya village of Kamrup Metro district of Assam.
The growing numbers of urban centre and increasing industrial activities in India is a major key factors of
pollution. Here we try to focuses how industrial activities come under village or in rural areas and it's badly
impact on natural ecosystem.
Soil is vital in maintaining the productivity of water body. Soil quality is one of the three components of
environmental quality, besides water and air quality (
Andrews et al., 2002). It is one of the main interfaces
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through which nutrient is released to the water medium. Apart from helping mineralization of the organic
deposits at the bottom, soil provides shelter and food to the benthic fauna and flora, which play a significant role
in maintaining the nutrient status of overlying water. Distribution of soil types in Assam is four types. These are
namely old alluvial soil, red loam soil, laterite soil, recent alluvial. Soils of the floodplain wetlands receive
additional input in terms of organic matter, inorganic minerals, silt, and clay. Since most of the floodplain
wetlands are heavily infested with aquatic vegetation, there is a heavy accumulation of dead plant materials at
the bottom that undergoes decomposition. Consequently, the nature and properties of bottom soils of floodplain
wetlands changes from year to year.
Therefore, it is essential to study the soil of such water at frequent intervals in order to assess their role in actual
productivity (Ecology and Fisheries of Beels in Assam, P16,2000). In the study area the wetlands are rich in
local fishes. Some are productive wetland and some are unproductive wetland. The major wetlands Duwani and
Bomani are situated near the cement and aluminium industries. Both wetland are tasted the soil quality.The
permissible range of soil quality and productivity in freshwater for fish and fish culture with comparative soil
quality in Assam beels as suggested by P.N. Dutta and Lahon,
Table No :1 Recommended ranges of soil quality and productivity of fish in freshwater
Sl No
Parameters
Range in
Unproductive
water bodies
Range in
Average
productive
water bodies
Range in high
Productive
water bodies
1
pH
5.5-8.0
5.5-6.5
6.5-7.5
2
OC% (Organic
Carbon)
0.5-2.5
0.5-1.5
1.5-2.5
3
Phosphorous in
100mg
3.0-25.0
3.0-6.0
6.0-15.0
Source: Compendium, Workshop on Development of Beel Fishery in Assam, 1987.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The soil sample analysis in the study area, Duwani important wetlands have been selected. The soil sample of
the wetlands in the study area were collected during monsoon season in 2022 from the selected locations of the
surrounding areas.
The soil sample were collected from surface soil layer at a minimum depth 0 to 10cm in a clear one kilogram
capacity of polythene bags. After the collection of soil completely dried up under direct sunlight. The duration
of drying process was kept several months.
The laboratory tests of soil were carried out for the analysis of soil pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Organic
Carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sulfur (S),
Chloride (Cl), Manganese (Mn), Aluminium (Al3+), Hydrogen ( H+). The laboratory work has been done in"
Neoland Technologies" in Guwahati city Assam.
Study Area
The Duwani wetland is located in Teteliya village of Sonapur revenue circle. The Duwani wetland is a connected
water channel of Bomani wetland. In the eastern part a elongated wetland is named Duwani wetland. This
wetland was a very productive wetland among from all the wetlands of Kamrup Metro district. The length of
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Duwani wetland is around 3km. Both the north and south bank of Duwani wetland the agriculture practices by
local cultivator since from past.
The industrial and institutional development processes were start in the bank of Duwani from 2011. The halco
aluminium industries and RIPT group of institution, B.ed college were newly growth institute in the bank of
Duwani wetland. Presently the Duwani wetland facing problems due to industrial activity and institutional
development. Therefore the soil study in Duwani wetland are selected for research.
Figure No :-1 Location Of Duwani Wetland, Teteliya Village of Sonapur revenue circle, Kamrup Metropolitan
District, Assam
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Figure No: 2 Status of Duwani wetland in 2024
RESULT
The result of soil study in Duwani wetland recorded 4 soil sample from field. The East, West, North and South.
In the table no 1 has listed the records of result in various parameters Table No1 Result of Soil Sample of Duwani
Wetland. The record of soil sample result can investigate the soil quality of Duwani wetland and it's functional
mechanism.
Table No: 2 Result of Soil Sample of Duwani Wetland, Kamrup Metropolitan District, Assam
Sl No
Parameters
Duwani Wetland
East
West
North
South
1
pH
6.16
5.52
4.74
4.94
2
OC%
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.03
3
EC (dSm
-1
)
0.32
0.68
1.40
0.40
4
N (ppm)
47.41
100.76
207.44
59.27
5
P (ppm)
1.00
3.50
1.00
3.50
6
K (ppm)
87.50
81.25
108.25
71.25
7
Ca
0.12
0.06
0.04
0.07
8
Mg
0.05
0.04
0.02
0.02
9
S
50.00
57.81
14.06
74.22
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10
Cl
56.80
92.30
85.20
92.30
11
Mn (ppm)
206.40
223.60
258.00
223.60
12
Al
+
(meq/100gm soil )
0.1
0.1
0
0
13
H
+
(meq/100gm soil )
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.4
Source: Author field visit and analysed by author
1. p
H
: The soil p
H
of Duwani wetland are tasted on east, west, north and south bank of the wetland. In eastern
part it is 6.16, western part 5.52, northern part 4.74 and southern part 4.94. In four sides of the wetland resulted
various records. In eastern part the soil quality is as usual like other wetlands fishery of Assam, the western part
soil quality is low and it transforming towards acidic soil. On the other hand the soil quality of north and south
bank of the wetland is acidic soil. Both the north and south bank are affected from industries and human
activities. It basically polluted from aluminium factory.
2. Organic carbon (OC %): The result of organic carbon of Duwani wetland is varies in all sides of the wetland.
The entire four sides of the wetland resulted below one percent of organic carbon. It is very low percentage of
organic carbon present in soil. The of OC in east 0.03 %, west 0.02%, north 0.01% and south 0.03 %. The above
result of organic carbon of soil in Duwani wetland found very low amount.
3. Electrical Conductivity (EC): The electrical conductivity of soil in Duwani wetland are tasted. In eastern
and western sides of the wetland the EC is 0.32dSm
-1
and 0.68. dSm
-1
on the other hand northern side is resulted
1.40 dSm
-1
, lastly the southern part is 0.40dSm
-1
.
4. Nitrogen (N): Nitrogen is a essential compound of soil. It play important role in wetland ecology. For fish
production and development the nitrogen play important role. In the present study of Duwani wetland resulted
in east 47.41ppm, west 100.76ppm, north 207.44ppm and south 59.27ppm in kg/ha. The result of nitrogen in
Duwani is very low in all the parts. It is below tolerance limit.
5. Phosphorus (P): Phosphorus of soil is an important nutrients for plants. It play major role in plant nutrition
and growth. The present study of Duwani wetland phosphorus result is varies in east 1.00ppm, west 3.50ppm,
north 1.00ppm and south 3.50ppm in kg/ha. The phosphorus found in Duwani wetland is very low.
6. Potassium (K): Potassium minerals are the important elements of soil. In present study the soil quality of
Duwani wetland potassium is tasted. The result of potassium is in east 87.50ppm in kg/ha, west 81.25ppm in
kg/ha, north 108.25ppm in kg/ha and south 71.25ppm in kg/ha. The present status of Duwani wetland is below
acceptable limit or it is consider as very low.
7. Calcium (Ca): Calcium in soil is an important parameter. It play major role in aquatic life and fish production.
In Duwani wetland the calcium in soil is resulted in east 0.12ppm, west 0.06ppm, north 0.04ppm and south
0.07ppm. The result of calcium found in soil of Duwani wetland is very low. It is not fit for good maintaining
good soil quality.
8. Magnesium (Mg): Magnesium in soil of Duwani wetland is tasted on all four sides. The result of magnesium
in east 0.05ppm, west 0.04ppm, north0.02ppm and south 0.02ppm. The magnesium concentration in soil is found
below 1ppm. It is very low.
9. Sulfur (S): Sulfur is an important soil nutrient found in organic matter. In study area Duwani wetland is
resulted in east 50.00ppm, west 57.81ppm, north 14.06ppm and south 74.22ppm in kg/ha. The sulfur in Duwani
wetland crossed the tolerance limit accept northern part. The high sulfur is form soil acidification.
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10. Chloride (Cl): In Duwani wetland chloride found in east 56.80%, west 92.30%, north 85.20% and south
92.30%. The chloride percentage is very high in Duwani wetland. The west and south bank are found similar
result.
11.Manganese (Mn): Manganese is tasted on Duwani wetland. It is an important parameter of soil. The result
of manganese in east 206.40ppm, west 223.60ppm, north 258.00ppm and south 223.60ppm. Average manganese
of soil in Duwani wetland resulted 227.90ppm.
12. Aluminium: Aluminium is tasted in Duwani wetland for the analysis of soil quality. It is a toxic element
mixed with soil. Generally in the bank of Duwani wetland a aluminium manufacturing industry developed. This
industry were release industrial effluent, which are impact on soil. Therefore the aluminium as taken for research.
The result of aluminium found in soil in east bank 0.1ppm, west bank 0.1ppm and north and south bank is 0ppm
or nil result.
13. Hydrogen ion (H
+
): The result of hydrogen ion in Duwani wetland is in the eastern part 0.2, west 0.3, north
0.2 and south bank is 0.4 meq/100gm soil. In southern bank result of hydrogen ion is maximum and east and
northern bank is minimum.
DISCUSSION
The above result of soil quality in Duwani wetland resulted very poor soil quality. Because of the industrial
activity the soil quality of the wetland are gradually degraded. As a result of that the functional ecosystem of
Duwani wetland became very unproductive. As earlier before industrialization on that area these became reach
in fish production and soil quality is favourable for agricultural activity. The wetland ecosystem of Duwani
wetland reach in flora and fauna species. But the soil pollution has destroy fish diversity of Duwani wetland.
Many local fishes are extinct from that wetland.
This are namely puntius chola, swamp barb, green barb, chanda nama, Amblypharyngodon mola, Amphipnous
cuchia Botia dario-Hamilton, channa punctata-Bloch, Opsarius barna, Channa gachua, Devario aequipinnatus,
Danio rerio, Anabas testudineus and Trichogaster fasciata. Due to acidification of soil in Duwani wetland is
impact on the functional body of the wetland. On the other hand the degradation of soil quality also impact on
the surrounding environment of the area. Many times due to soil pollution unproductive soil is form in surface
soil horizon. It is the result of cause in the extinct fishes from Duwani wetland.
In present status soil pollution is a most important impact factors on the functional ecosystem. Soil play vital
role to produce food and essential nutrients for all survival plants and animal species. Therefore the degradation
of soil quality to be considered as unproductive soil.
In present status Duwani wetland also transforming towards unproductive wetland because of industrial activities
near the bank of wetlands. Therefore must need to follow up sustainable techniques to protect soil of the Duwani
wetland and surrounding environment. The global SDGS goal 9 have to demand for industry, innovation and
infrastructure that build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and forest
innovation. Therefore if development is needed then to follow up SDGS goal 9 with concern about environment.
Otherwise unplanned industrial growth can produce high rate of pollution.
The importance of protecting soil in 21st century is very must crucial. For the survival of life must needed to
protect our soil. The can gives basic essential for all living organisms. We human also consume basic needs like
food, shelter etc directly from soil. Therefore if soil pollution is increases in directly hampering on human health
also and other organisms also suffered from soil pollution. In present status the soil pollution of Duwani wetland
many aquatic organisms, plants, animals and human also suffered.
Many time local community of Teteliya village of Duwani wetland were protest against this soil pollution. But
due to some factors still the unplanned industrial activity is process on that area. Therefore to suggest a mitigation
role in scientific way to protect soil and the wetland and all living community also.
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Disclosure statement
The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.
FUNDING
This work was done from self funding of research. There was no financial support from any other organization.
Notes on contributors
Mr. Bhashya Jyoti Talukdar
Research Scholar department of Geography from Bhattaderv University, Pathsala, Assam
Dr. Jyotishmoy Bora
Associate Professor department of Geography from Bhattadev University, Pathsala, Assam
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