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ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue II, February 2026
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Obtaining a Binary System Based on Styrene–Butadiene–Styrene
Polymer using Carbon Nanotubes and Determination of the Flow
Index of the Composition Melt.
Sharif Hajiyev Mahir, Aysun Rzazadə Mubariz
Master's Student, Department of Organic Substances and Technology of Macromolecular Compounds,
Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, AZ1010, Azerbaijan, 20 Azadliq Avenue
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.15020000044
Received: 06 February 2026; Accepted: 13 February 2026; Published: 09 March 2026
ABSTRACT
This work is devoted to the preparation and investigation of a composite based on styrene–butadiene–styrene
(SBS) polymer using carbon nanotubes. Nanocomposites based on styrene–butadiene–styrene polymer (SBS)
and carbon nanotubes were prepared by the emulsion mixing method, while the vulcanization process was carried
out in accordance with standard test methods used for SBS evaluation.
The incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into the rubber compound improved the compatibility of the
components, and the resulting nanocomposite exhibited high thermal stability. The nanomaterial enhanced the
process ability of SBS rubber–based composites. Compared with rubber reinforced solely with carbon black, the
use of nanomaterials led to a 27% increase in stress at 100% permanent elongation. In addition, partial
replacement of carbon black resulted in an increase in the elongation at break of the vulcanization from 424.5%
to 554.0%.
The mechanical properties of the obtained rubbers demonstrated that they can be regulated by
Keywords: Styrene–butadiene–styrene rubber, carbon black, CNT, modification, vulcanization, rheology.
INTRODUCTİON
Styrene–Butadiene–Styrene (SBS) is a triblock copolymer belonging to the class of thermoplastic elastomers,
and it is one of the most important materials combining both elastic and thermoplastic properties [1–4]. Its
structure consists of a linear PS–PB–PS block chain, where polystyrene (PS) blocks are located at both ends and
a polybutadiene (PB) segment is positioned in the middle. This unique architecture provides SBS with rubber-
like elasticity as well as thermal form stability. The polybutadiene segment imparts flexibility and elongation
capability, while the polystyrene domains act as rigid phases that ensure mechanical strength. Consequently, SBS
behaves as an elastomer under ambient conditions, whereas upon heating it softens like a thermoplastic and
becomes moldable [5–11].
METHOD
Preparation and Mixing Technology of SBS-CNT Composites
For the preparation of the nanocomposites, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were first dispersed in a
predetermined amount of toluene and subjected to ultra-sonication in a Bandelin Sonora Super RK106 ultrasonic
bath for 6 hours. This step was intended to reduce nanotube agglomeration and to ensure good dispersion within
the solvent. Subsequently, SBS polymer was added to the dispersion at a defined ratio (5.5 mL of toluene per 1
g of SBS) and mechanically stirred until complete dissolution was achieved. The resulting homogeneous solution
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was cast as a thin layer onto a clean glass surface and allowed to evaporate at room temperature, yielding thin,
elastic, and homogeneous composite films.
The distribution and morphology of MWCNTs within the SBS matrix were examined using scanning electron
microscopy (SEM, Philips X230 FEG) based on both surface and fracture images. Prior to SEM analysis, the
samples were cryogenically fractured in liquid nitrogen and subsequently gold-coated by sputter deposition to
prevent surface charge accumulation and to enhance image quality.
The electrical conductivity and resistance of the composites were measured using a Kiteley 487 automated Pico
ammeter/voltage source. During the measurements, the applied voltage was varied from −10 V to +10 V. Based
on the obtained current–voltage (I–V) characteristics, the electrical resistance (R) was determined, after which
the volume resistivity (ρ) was calculated using the following equation:
(1)
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Study of rheological properties
Determination of the melt flow index (MFI) of polymer composite systems is of great importance for establishing
their processing parameters. Taking these considerations into account, a composite based on SBS + CNT was
prepared according to the formulation given below (Table 1 ).
Table 1. Formulation of the CNT-based composite.
Names of Components
Sample K-1
Component
amount, gr
Sample K-2
Component
amount, gr
Sample K-3
Component
amount, gr
Sample K-4
Component
amount, gr
Sample K-5
Component
amount, gr
Styrene–butadiene–styrene rubber
100
100
100
100
100
Carbon Nanotube
1
2
3
4
5
Total
101
102
103
104
105
The binary mixture was prepared in an extruder at a temperature of 190 °C for 3 minutes.
For the binary mixtures, the flow time of the composite melts through a 2 mm capillary over a fixed distance (S
= 0.002 cm) was determined (in seconds) at different temperatures (150, 170, 190, and 210 °C) under four
different applied loads. The obtained results are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Time required for the flow of the melts of the SBS/CNT binary system (in seconds)
145
Loads
Samples
G
1
G
2
G
3
G
4
K-1
43.18
40.12
41.35
10.92
18.85
11.24
8.47
7.74
8.09
5.29
4.62
4.95
K2
44.86
46.12
45.58
13.78
13.45
13.22
9.61
10.38
9.97
6.67
6.15
6.34
K3
47.32
48.05
47.61
16.71
13.64
13.41
13.18
13.64
13.41
8.76
7.94
8.33
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K4
49.42
53.18
51.09
17.94
16.86
17.85
14.48
14.91
14.65
8.18
9.48
8.83
165
K1
31.02
29.85
30.21
8.62
9.19
8.41
6.23
5.48
5.79
2.41
3.28
2.89
K2
31.58
31.12
30.89
9.15
9.57
9.31
6.74
5.48
6.35
3.21
3.15
3.18
K3
33.42
33.65
33.29
11.08
8.42
9.74
7.29
7.48
7.36
3.81
4.08
3.96
K4
33.89
31.05
32.41
9.62
10.15
9.88
7.58
7.76
7.69
4.23
4.36
4.29
185
K1
19.92
19.15
19.48
6.48
6.01
6.24
4.79
4.23
4.51
1.74
2.04
1.88
K2
21.54
18.72
20.05
6.64
5.98
6.29
4.45
4.20
4.33
1.72
1.54
1.62
K3
20.56
18.74
19.52
4.51
4.65
4.58
5.17
6.59
5.92
2.27
3.25
2.78
K4
23.94
22.45
23.08
6.47
6.02
6.25
5.63
6.98
6.31
3.24
3.46
3.35
The applied loads were, respectively: G1 = 11.75 kg, G2 = 20.85 kg, G3 = 26.85 kg, and G4 = 34.85 kg. The
pressure generated on the sample surfaces due to the applied loads was calculated primarily using the following
equation (2).
(2)
P
1
=
kg/sm
2
P
3
=
kg/sm
2
P
2
=
kg/sm
2
P
4
=
kg/sm
2
After modification of the SBS polymer with carbon nanotubes, the prepared samples were extruded through a
capillary. For this purpose, the shear stress was calculated (Equation (3)).
(3)
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Here, P is the pressure generated on the sample surface as a result of the applied loads; τ is the shear stress; r is
the radius of the capillary used; and l is the length of the capillary. The calculations were performed as follows:
Ʈ₁ =
Pa
Ʈ
2
=
Ʈ
3
=
Ʈ
4
=
To calculate the volumetric flow rate of the melts of the composites modified with carbon nanotubes at different
compositions, Equation (4) was used.
(4)
The values calculated based on the given equation and their decimal logarithms are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Calculated volumetric flow rate (Q) values of the SBS+CNT composite (cm³/s)
145
Samples
G1
G2
G3
G4
K1
0,0003625
0,0013289
0,0018426
0,0030184
K2
0,0003341
0,0011423
0,0015089
0,0023547
K3
0,0003184
0,0009628
0,0011297
0,0018126
K4
0,0002961
0,0008796
0,0010364
0,0017068
165
K1
0,0004986
0,0017894
0,0025867
0,0053182
K2
0,0004862
0,0016128
0,0023795
0,0047429
K3
0,0004528
0,0015489
0,0020696
0,0038247
K4
0,0004685
0,0015297
0,0019823
0,0035069
185
K1
0,0007765
0,0024158
0,0033486
0,0080943
K2
0,0007569
0,0023947
0,0034972
0,0093986
K3
0,0007751
0,0032864
0,0025698
0,0054681
K4
0,0006589
0,0024183
0,0023875
0,0044862
In this study, the volumetric flow rate of the composite (log Q) was calculated, and the obtained results are
presented in Table 4.
Table 4. Calculated volumetric flow rate of the SBS/CNT mixture (log Q values).
150
Samples
G1
G2
G3
G4
K1
−3.4682
−2.9014
−2.7586
−2.5449
K2
−3.5039
−2.9687
−2.8468
−2.6543
K3
−3.5261
−3.0395
−2.9756
−2.7698
K4
−3.5586
−3.0859
−3.0134
−2.7957
170
K1
−3.3296
−2.7718
−2.6119
−2.2974
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K2
−3.3403
−2.8169
−2.6487
−2.3476
K3
−3.3728
−2.8334
−2.7105
−2.4419
K4
−3.3871
−2.8398
−2.7282
−2.4806
190
K1
−3.1354
−2.6298
−2.4986
−2.0345
K2
−3.1471
−2.6431
−2.5098
−2.0492
K3
−3.1665
−2.6649
−2.6147
−2.2853
K4
−3.2098
−2.6895
−2.6446
−2.3719
Based on the calculations corresponding to the data presented in the tables, the log γ–log τ dependence (shear
rate and shear stress) for the SBS/CNT binary system at 150 °C, 170 °C, and 190 °C was constructed, and the
resulting curves are shown in Figures 1, 2, and.3.
RESULTS
To improve the photo stability of SBS-based composites, 3–5 parts by weight of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were
added. These additives enhance the stability of the material under solar radiation, ensuring long-term durability.
The results show that nanomaterials such as CNTs and carbon black scatter and reflect UV radiation, preventing
its penetration into the polymer structure and reducing macromolecular degradation. Their combined use
increases surface area and improves resistance to photo degradation.
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