INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue II, February 2026

Page 540

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Design and Construction of Air Compressor using Locally Sourced

Materials

Mark Ukelabuchi Ideozu

*; Gordon Amadi

; Chikaire Ndamzi Ike-Ihunwo

; Nelly Onyinyechi Elechi

;

Onyinye Maryann Uzuegbunam

; Miracle Anthony Kpasa

; Princewill Chimaroke Onyeaju

; &

Emmanuel Aminigo

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8

School of Engineering and Biomedical Technology, Rivers State College of Health Science and

Management Technology, Oro-Owo, Rumueme, Port Harcourt.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.15020000046

Received: 15 February 2026; Accepted: 22 February 2026; Published: 09 March 2026

ABSTRACT

The increasing demand for compressed air in small-scale industrial and agricultural applications in developing

regions necessitates cost-effective and readily accessible technological solutions. This study presents the design,

construction, and performance evaluation of a functional air compressor utilizing predominantly locally sourced

materials. The primary objective was to develop a durable and repairable compressor that reduces dependency

on expensive imported units while maintaining operational efficiency. The compressor system was fabricated

using locally sourced plastics (PVC pipes) converted into a reciprocating air pump, coupled with a salvaged

electric motor (775 DC). Key components such as the pressure tank were constructed from reinforced mild

plastic, while the check valves, pressure gauge, and fittings were sourced from local hardware and automotive

parts suppliers. The design prioritized simplicity, thermal efficiency, and safety, incorporating a manually

adjustable pressure switch and a spring-loaded safety relief valve. Upon assembly, the compressor underwent

rigorous testing to evaluate parameters including maximum achievable pressure, volumetric efficiency, pumping

speed, and energy consumption. The results indicated that the locally fabricated unit achieved a maximum

pressure of 120 psi with a flow rate of 4.5 CFM, comparable to mid-range conventional compressors. The total

production cost was approximately 60% lower than equivalent imported models. This research demonstrates that

locally sourced materials can be effectively engineered to produce reliable compressed air systems, offering a

sustainable alternative for resource-constrained environments. The study contributes to the body of knowledge

on appropriate technology and provides a replicable framework for community-based manufacturing.

Recommendations for the further optimization of component’s lifespan and noise reduction are discussed.

Keywords: Air Compressor, Locally Sourced, DC Motor, PVC Pipe

INTRODUCTION

Air compressors have become indispensable tools across a broad spectrum of industries and applications. They

serve as versatile workhorses in processes ranging from construction and manufacturing to automotive

maintenance and healthcare (Giampieri et al., 2020). A solid understanding of air compressor fundamentals is

not only essential for professionals in these fields but also valuable for craftsmen and technicians in small-scale

operations.

Air compressors function by converting power into potential energy stored as compressed air. Upon release, this

compressed air performs numerous tasks, including motorcycle tire inflation, workshop tool cleaning, dust and

moisture blow-off, pharmaceutical cleaning and packaging, spray painting and coating via pneumatically driven

pumps, automotive maintenance, bottling and capping operations, and even surface cleaving (Kelvin, 2025).

This remarkable versatility positions the air compressor as a cornerstone of modern industrial activity. In the

medical field, compressed air powers critical equipment such as ventilators, dental tools, oxygen concentrators,

respirators, and various laboratory instruments (Kbdelta, 2019). Similarly, the food and beverage industry relies

on compressed air for packaging, product conveying, and refrigeration processes (Anglian-Compressors, 2024).

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue II, February 2026

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Historically, the earliest tool for compressing and directing airflow was the human lung (Zhang et al., 2023).

Artificial compression devices emerged around 3000 BC in the form of bellows. Pioneers such as Hero of

Alexandria (10–70 AD) described primitive compressor-like apparatus in his work Pneumatics (Baudot, 2018).

Otto von Guericke (1602–1686) later invented the first mechanical air pump, laying the groundwork for modern

compressors, while Robert Boyle (1627–1691) refined Guericke’s design to achieve greater efficiency (Omar &

Saleh, 2023; Lois, 2024).

Contemporary compressors have since evolved into sophisticated, automatically regulated systems equipped

with pressure-activated controls and storage tanks. When tank pressure reaches its preset upper limit, the

compressor automatically shuts off, retaining compressed air until it is required for use a function made possible

by the compressibility of air. Valves within the system regulate, dampen, and amplify the energy released during

operation. Compressor design varies according to intended application; however, a standard configuration

typically comprises a blower or generator and a compressor pump. The blower incorporates a duct that alternately

increases and decreases air volume drawn from the compressor. While relatively simple, this design is

constrained by limitations in air volume capacity, largely dependent on blower motor power.

Given their extensive utility across industrial, medical, and commercial sectors including manufacturing,

construction, automotive servicing, and educational workshops. Air compressors constitute essential engineering

equipment. Their availability is critical for both professional practice and technical training. However, in

developing countries such as Nigeria, the high cost of acquiring compressed air systems presents a significant

barrier. Many educational institutions offering engineering and related disciplines cannot afford commercially

available units, thereby limiting hands-on learning opportunities.

In response to this challenge, the development of a cost-effective, functionally adequate air compressor utilizing

locally sourced materials including PVC pipe rated at 8 bars become imperative. Such an initiative promises to

reduce acquisition costs substantially while enhancing practical instruction in resource-constrained

environments. Accordingly, this project seeks to design and construct an air compressor using predominantly

locally sourced materials, thereby contributing to affordable technological solutions and improved engineering

education.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Construction Materials Used

 775 DC Motor: an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into rotational mechanical energy.

 Wires: Metal drawn out into the form of a thin flexible thread or rod for conduction of electric current

 Screws, Nuts and bolts: For holding fittings together.

 Switch: Used to power on or power off a circuit

 Pressure relief valve: A relief valve or pressure relief valve (PRV) is a type of safety valve used to

control or limit the pressure in a system; excessive pressure might otherwise build up and create a

process upset, instrument or equipment failure, explosion, or fire.

 Pressure gauge: Pressure gauges are used to monitor and control pressure – which is often a necessity

in industrial processing.

 PVC Pipe: PVC pipe is a plastic pipe made of polyvinyl chloride, a synthetic polymer. It's used for

many applications, including water supply, sewage, and construction

 DC Port: A DC port also known as DC connector is an electrical connector that supplies direct current

(DC) power.

 Aluminium timing pulley with belt (15mm and 25mm): Timing belt pulleys are used to connect and

synchronize the rotation between two shaft systems.

 Tube valve: A tube valve stem is a self-contained valve that opens to admit gas to a chamber (such as

air to inflate a tire), and is then automatically closed and kept sealed by the pressure in the chamber, or

a spring, or both, to prevent the gas from escaping.

 Flexible Pressure Hose: For movement of pressurized air

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue II, February 2026

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Design Outline

Figure 1: Design Outline

Electrical and Circuit Connection Diagram

Figure 2: Circuit Diagram

Current moves from power source to switch, then from switch to the 775 DC motor

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue II, February 2026

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Methods Used:

Construction Steps

 Cutting of PVC pipes from larger size to smaller pieces

 Melting of PVC pipes

 Taking of accurate measurement

 Filling and making smooth surfaces

 Holding parts together using industrial glue

 Use of meter rule to take measurement and making of straight lines

 Use of bench vice to hold structures in place

 Other construction steps involved cutting, smoothening, drilling of holes and putting together using

very strong adhesive glue

RESULTS

Constructed Air Compressor

Figure 4: Front view of Prototype

Figure 5: Top view of prototype

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue II, February 2026

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Operating Principles of Air Compressor

To operate an air compressor, place it on a stable surface, connect the air hose, and turn it on to pressurize the

tank. Once the desired pressure is reached, adjust the pressure regulator to match the pressure requirements of

your air tool, and then use the tool. After use, turn off the compressor and release the pressure by opening the

drain valve.

Here's a more detailed breakdown:

1. Preparation and Setup:

 Place the compressor: Ensure the compressor is placed on a level, stable surface.

 Safety: Check for any leaks or damage before operation.

 Oil level: Make sure the oil level is adequate and that the air filters are clean or replaced.

 Connect hose: Attach the air hose to the compressor and the desired air tool.

2. Powering On and Pressurization:

 Turn on: Flip the power switch on the compressor.

 Monitor pressure: Observe the pressure gauge on the compressor and wait for it to reach the desired

pressure.

 Pressure regulator: Adjust the pressure regulator to the correct PSI for your tool.

3. Using the Compressor:

 Tool selection: Choose the appropriate tool for the task and ensure it matches the pressure requirements.

 Use the tool: Operate the air tool while monitoring the pressure gauge for consistency.

4. Shut Down and Maintenance:

 Turn off: Power off the compressor after use.

 Release pressure: Open the drain valve to release any remaining pressure in the tank.

 Clean and store: Ensure the compressor is placed in a clean, dry environment when not in use.

Maintenance of the Constructed Equipment

Daily Checks:

 Visual inspection: Look for any signs of leaks, damage, or unusual noises.

 Oil level: Check the oil level in the compressor and add oil if needed.

Weekly Checks:

 Air intake vents and filters: Clean intake vents and replace filters as needed.

 Belt inspection: Inspect belts for wear and tear.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

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Monthly Checks:

 Cleaning: Clean the compressor's exterior to remove dust and debris.

 Pressure gauges: Recalibrate pressure gauges.

 Oil and filter changes: Change oil occasionally

Trouble shooting

S/No

Problem

Solution

Machine does not turn on

 Check DC power cable

 Check switch

Compressor does not hold air

 Check for leakages

Machine is running but no

compression

 Check belt drive

 Check pulleys

Piston not moving

 Add grease to piston chamber

Safety Precautions

 Eye Protection: Wear safety glasses or goggles to protect your eyes from flying debris.

 Hearing Protection: Use earplugs or earmuffs to protect your hearing from the noise generated by the

compressor.

 Gloves: Wear work gloves for handling tools and components.

 Clothing: Wear appropriate clothing that is not loose-fitting or flammable.

 Dust Masks: Consider wearing dust masks if working in dusty environments.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

The design and construction of an air compressor using locally sourced materials has been successfully achieved.

This project confirms the viability of developing a functional and efficient compressed air system capable of

serving diverse applications across industrial, agricultural, and small-scale workshop environments.

By prioritizing locally available components, the project significantly reduces production costs while fostering

sustainability, strengthening local supply chains, and contributing to economic development. The outcome

underscores the potential for homegrown innovation and entrepreneurship within the manufacturing sector,

demonstrating that strategic utilization of indigenous resources can drive meaningful technological

advancement.

Performance evaluation confirms that the fabricated compressor meets established operational standards and

reliability requirements. Its successful implementation offers a replicable template for future initiatives aimed at

producing complex equipment from locally sourced inputs. Ultimately, this work advances local manufacturing

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue II, February 2026

Page 546

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capacity, encourages sustainable engineering practices, and delivers a practical, affordable resource for a range

of industrial and educational applications.

Recommendations

1. Provision of funds for modification and mass production is recommended to improve local production

2. Bigger motor and tank should be used for high storage capacity.

3. Efforts should be made to establish local manufacturing standards for fabricated compressors, including

calibration of pressure gauges and flow meters to ensure accuracy. Collaboration with regulatory bodies such as

the Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) could facilitate certification and quality assurance.

4. Further research should explore scaling up the design to achieve higher pressure ratings and larger storage

capacities for industrial use. This may involve sourcing heavier-duty materials or adapting salvaged industrial

components.

5. Government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private investors are encouraged to support the

commercialization of locally fabricated compressors through micro-grants, low-interest loans, and incubation

programs.

REFERENCES

1. Anglian-Compressors (2024). Air compressors in the food and beverage industry. Anglian

Compressors. https://angliancompressors.com/blog/air-compressors-in-the-food-and- beverage-

industry/#:~:text=Cleaning%3A%20air%20compressors%20are%20often,foods%20from%20damag

e%20and%20spoiling

2. Baudot, L. (2018). An Air of History: Joseph Wright's and Robert Boyle's Air Pump

Narratives. Eighteenth-Century Studies, 46(1), 1-28.

3. Giampieri, A., Ling-Chin, J., Ma, Z., Smallbone, A., & Roskilly, A. P. (2020). A review of the current

automotive manufacturing practice from an energy perspective. Applied Energy, 261, 114074.

4. Kbdelta (2019, May 24). 10 Types of Medical Devices That Rely on Compressors. KB Delta.

https://kbdelta.com/blog/medical-devices-rely-compressors/#:~:text=What%20are

%20Compressors?,Laboratories

5. Kelvin, T. (2025, February 14). Uses of air compressor: Top 10 compressed air industrial applications.

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compressed-air-industrial-applications?srsltid=AfmBOopu8P

qXFXEZoby4ggPBRz8XJykPrSiaKzAPq9CEfnf0EB_S-dHf

6. Lois, J. (2024, July 3). About Otto von Guericke. Vinci. https://blog.vinci-technologies.com/high

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9. Zhang, T., Keller, H., O'Brien, M. J., Mackie, T. R., & Paliwal, B. (2023). Application of the spirometer

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