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Obtaining and Investigation of Compositions with Improved
Performance Properties Based on SKI-3 Rubber
Rasad Alizade
Master's student, Department of Organic Substances and Technology of Macromolecular Compounds,
Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, AZ1010, Azerbaijan, 20 Azadliq Avenue
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.15020000049
Received: 19 February 2026; Accepted: 23 February 2026; Published: 09 March 2026
ABSTRACT
Obtaining and investigation of compositions with improved performance properties based on SKI-3 rubber is
devoted to obtaining rubber based on SKI-3 grade rubber with improved physical-mechanical properties. For
carrying out this work, for modification of SKI-3 rubber, butadiene-nitrile rubber of BNK-18 grade and
polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were used. At the same time model rubber mixtures based on the optimal
formulation were prepared. Based on the study of properties of model rubber mixtures of non-crystallizing
special-purpose rubber BNK-18 and crystallizing general-purpose rubber SKI-3 it was established that in the
composition of formulations of industrial elastomer compositions it is most expedient to use mechanically
activated material in a planetary mill for 3 min To study the rheological properties of binary systems SKI-3 +
BNK-18 compositions were prepared on rolls at a temperature of 140°C during 15 minutes and the obtained
single-phase compositions under different loads and temperatures (from 130 to 173°C) had the melt flow indices
of this composition determined. Thus as a result the technology of processing rubber mixtures based on SKI-3 +
BNK-18 was determined; namely; processing temperature 175°C and pressure 12 MPa. On the basis of SKI-3 +
BNK-18 rubber mixtures were prepared and vulcanization parameters were determined; vulcanization time 23
min and temperature 160°C. Study of physical-mechanical properties of vulcanizates showed that the tensile
strength of the obtained rubber is 23 MPa, these indicators are 1.6 times greater than the standard.
Keywords: SKI-3 and butadiene-nitrile rubber of BNK-18 grade, modification, vulcanization, melt indices of
the composition, tensile strength.
INTRODUCTION
For modification composite of isoprene rubber (SKI-3) many authors on the basis of silicon dioxide was
developed and obtained using multifunctional silane, 2-aminoethyl-2-(3triethoxysilylpropyl) aminoethyldisulfide
(ATD) as coupling agent [1-7]. Such modification significantly improved dispersion of silicon dioxide in the
corresponding composites, which was confirmed by SEM observation. And hardness, tensile strength, stress at
certain elongation, tear strength and increase of temperature, as well as value of dynamic loss coefficient in the
range from 0°C to 80°C of vulcanized silica/IR composites, significantly improved, especially at low dosage of
ATD (2–4 phr) [8-14]. This modification of IR composite based on silicon dioxide using ATD as coupling agent
provides simple and effective way of obtaining rubber composites based on silicon dioxide with improved
mechanical properties and low hysteresis. Elastomer materials for sealing devices operated in conditions of the
Far North, including in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), must possess resistance to working media, frost
resistance and wear resistance at acceptable physical-mechanical properties. Some of the listed properties are
mutually exclusive and not always achievable in materials based on individual rubbers. Thus one of the promising
methods of sealing elastomer materials is the use of rubber mixtures [15-19]. In this work model mixtures based
on butadiene-nitrile (BNKS-18), butadiene (SKD) and isoprene (SKI-3) rubbers were investigated [20-25]. As
component of mixture responsible for resistance to working media butadiene-nitrile rubber was chosen, and as
components responsible for frost resistance – diene rubbers (SKD and SKI-3). Addition of SKI-3 also suppresses
crystallization of butadiene rubber SKD. Increase of BNKS-18 content increases physical-mechanical properties,
wear resistance and resistance to non-polar oils. Also decrease of low-temperature properties and resistance to
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polar oils was observed [26-29].
METHOD
In this work on the basis of SKI-3 and BNKS-18AMN formulation of model rubber mixtures was developed.
(Table1).
Table 1. Formulation of model rubber compounds based on SKI-3 and BNKS-18
Ingredient
Based on BNKS-18AMN
Based on SKI-3
SKI-3
–
100.0
BNKS-18AMN
100.0
–
Ground sulfur
1.7
1.0
Altax (accelerator)
–
0.6
Zinc oxide
3.0
5.0
Guanidine F
–
3.0
Sulfenamide C
1.0
–
Industrial oil (SMZh)
40.0
40.0
Preparation of model rubber mixtures was carried out according to standard for SKI-3 and for BNKS-18AMN.
Samples for comparison were model elastomer compositions filled with industrial filler – low-grade carbon black
of N772 grade according to ASTM D1765-03.
SKI-3 Modification with PB and PMMA
The SKI-3 modification with PB and PMMA wires was tested at various temperatures (°C): 1 – 85; 2 – 90; 3 –
95; 4 – 100; 5 – 105. The images obtained are shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 1.SKI-3 modification versus modification reaction time at various temperatures.
As can be seen, the best results are achieved with a reaction time of 30 minutes and a temperature of 105°C.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Modification, %
Time, min
Dependence of SKI-3 modification from time to time
(different PB content)
1 (1,0%)
2 (1,5%)
3 (2,0%)
4 (2,5%)
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SKI-3 conversion versus modification reaction time at various PB contents, % (wt): 1 – 1.0; 2 – 1.5; 3 – 2.0; 4 –
2.5.
Figure 2.SKI-3 modified with PB.
To confirm the modification, IR spectra of SKI-3 modified with PB (2.5 wt%) were obtained. The data are
presented in Figure 3.
Gigure 3. IR spectra of SKI-3 modified with PB (2.5% by weight).
The dependence of the SKI-3 modification rate constant on temperature and PB concentration was subsequently
determined (Figures 3, 4, and 5).
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Figure 4. Dependence of the rate constant of modification of SKI-3 on temperature and on the concentration of
PB.
Figure 5. Dependence of the modification rate of SKI-3 on temperature at a PB initiator concentration of 1.5%
(mass).
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
355 360 365 370 375 380 385
T, K
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
355 360 365 370 375 380 385
T, K
concentration , % (mass)
rate of copolymerization of AA, h*10
2
half-life of AA, h
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Figure 6. Dependence of E₀ (1), Eₘ (3) and qₘ (2) of SKI-3 modified with PB on the PB content.
A study of the derivatograms of SKI-3 modified with PB (2 and 2.5; 3 and 5.0% by weight) showed that after
modification the composition increases its mechanical strength, which is clearly seen in Figure 6.
Figure7.Derivative patterns of SKI-3 modified with PB.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 20 40 60 80 100
E
0
, E
m
, MPa
LDPE content X, % ( mass)
τ
t, s
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A study of the IR spectra of the original SKI-3 and modified PB (2.5% by weight) showed that the modification
provides the best performance at a content of 2–5 parts by weight.
Figure8.IR spectra of the original SKI-3 and modified PB (2–5% by weight) extracted with benzene.
After the production of rubber compounds based on the formulation we selected, the vulcanization process was
carried out at a temperature of 158C for 26 minutes and the main parameters of the obtained vulcanizates were
determined (Table 2).
Table 2. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
№
Parameter name
Known value
Proposed values
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
Conditional tensile strength, MPa
17,4
16,3
16,7
18,3
19,9
19,8
2
Relative elongation, %
300
320
310
370
395
405
3
Relative residual deformation, %
13
16
10
13
13,6
13,9
4
Tear resistance, kN/m
62
67
69
68,7
69,4
69,1
5
Abrasion, cm³/(L·h)
66
67
62
59
55
56
6
Adhesion to metal, MPa: Steel 3
5,6
5,2
5,1
8.5
9
9,3
7
Adhesion to metal, MPa: Brass
3,1
-
3,4
5,2
6,7
7,5
8
Brittleness temperature, K
266
232
270
244
243
246
9
Stiffness TM-2, conventional unit
85
83
79
81
81
82
10
Swelling at 296 K for 24 h, isooctane–toluene
(70:30), %
12,6
14,7
14,2
10,6
10,3
10,2
11
Swelling at 296 K for 24 h, gasoline–benzene (3:1),
%
-
-
23,2
14,3
13,6
14,3
12
Aging coefficient after 48 h at 379 K: fₚ
0,83
0,89
1,15
0,88
0,89
0,98
13
Aging coefficient after 48 h at 379 K: εₚ
0,77
0,65
0,92
0,8
0,79
0,89
14
Jumping elasticity, %
12
13
17
13,9
15
13,9
15
Ozone resistance for 27 h at 298 K (deformation
20%, ozone concentration 0.015%)
Fails
Fails
Does not
fail
Does not
fail
Does
not fail
Does
not fail
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RESULTS
1. The effect of grape leaf content on the properties of SKN-3 rubber was studied, showing that at an optimal
concentration of 5–10 parts by weight, the modified rubber exhibits higher tensile strength and lower
residual elongation.
2. The Mooney viscosity of the rubber compounds increased at grape leaf concentrations of 5 and 6 parts by
weight, but decreased at a concentration of 10 parts by weight. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was
used to assess thermal stability. SKI-3 modified with grape leaves demonstrated increased thermal
stability compared to the control sample.
3. The addition of the modifier significantly increased the adhesive strength of adhesive composites based
on SKN-3 isoprene rubber.
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