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Mechanical Extraction of Pili Pulp Oil: System Development, Yield
Performance, and Oil Quality Analysis
Engineer Susan Guevarra; Dr. Lolita G. Musa; Dr. Frederic B. Alinas
University of Makati, Philippines
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.15020000124
Received: 11 February 2026; Accepted: 16 February 2026; Published: 23 March 2026
ABSTRACT
Pili (Canarium ovatum) is a tropical nut crop valued for its oil-rich pulp with applications in food, cosmetic, and
pharmaceutical industries. Traditional extraction methods are labor-intensive and produce inconsistent oil
quality. This study developed and evaluated a novel electrically driven mechanical extraction system specifically
designed for pili pulp, incorporating optimized screw geometry and an integrated post-processing workflow. The
prototype features a low-shear screw conveyor, food-grade contact materials, and inline filtration, distillation,
decolorization, heating, and cooling modules. Optimal performance was achieved at 20 kg batch size, 20 rpm
operating speed, and 20 minutes extraction time, producing 7.1 liters of oil (58.36% yield). Oil analysis showed
desirable physical properties (specific gravity 0.89), chemical stability (peroxide value 5.4 meq/kg), and high
carotenoid content (56.8 mg/100 g). Compared with manual and village-level presses (Table 5), the prototype
improved yield by 4–5× and reduced extraction time by up to 75%. Economic analysis showed a 96% rate of
return and 2.4-month payback period. Sensitivity analysis confirmed profitability under varying price, labor, and
throughput conditions. The developed system provides a scalable and economically robust solution for
standardized pili pulp oil production.
Keywords: Pili pulp oil, mechanical extraction, oil yield, post-processing, screw conveyor, food and cosmetic
applications
INTRODUCTION
Pili (Canarium ovatum), a tropical nut tree native to the Philippines, is highly valued for its oil-rich pulp and
kernel, which possess significant nutritional and functional properties. Pili pulp oil contains high levels of
unsaturated fatty acids, β-carotene, and other carotenoids, making it an attractive raw material for the food,
cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries (Yee, 2016; Pelea, 2012; Chew, 2011). Its applications range from
culinary uses as a healthy cooking oil to cosmetic and skincare formulations, and as a functional ingredient in
nutraceuticals due to its antioxidant properties (Azrina, 2012).
Despite its potential, the production of high-quality pili pulp oil remains a challenge. Traditional methods, such
as manual pressing, are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and result in low oil yields (~12%). Existing village-
level mechanical presses offer slightly higher efficiency (~10%), but often produce oil of inconsistent quality,
with variable color, odor, and chemical properties (Gupta, 2010). Such limitations restrict the industrial and
commercial potential of pili pulp oil, particularly for high-value applications.
Mechanical extraction has emerged as a promising alternative to overcome these constraints. Electrically-driven
mechanical presses can increase oil yield, reduce processing time, and standardize product quality (Shakirin,
2010). Moreover, the integration of post-processing techniques, including filtration, distillation, decolorization,
heating, and cooling, has been shown to enhance oil properties, such as saponification value, iodine number,
peroxide value, and carotenoid content, which are critical for food safety, stability, and industrial applicability
(Azrina, 2012; Chew, 2011).
However, there exists a significant research gap: there is currently no small-scale, affordable, electrically-driven
mechanical extraction system specifically designed for pili pulp oil that combines optimized operational
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parameters with integrated post-processing. Most studies either focus on manual extraction methods, which are
inefficient, or on large-scale commercial processing, which is costly and inaccessible to local small- and
medium-scale producers. Consequently, local communities lack a scalable, efficient, and quality-oriented
solution to produce pili pulp oil with consistent yield and desirable properties.
Addressing this gap, the present study develops and evaluates a novel mechanical extraction system for pili pulp
oil, integrating both optimized extraction parameters and post-processing steps to enhance yield and oil quality.
The study specifically aims to:
1. Design, fabricate, and test a mechanical extraction system tailored for pili pulp oil.
2. Determine the optimal operating parameters, including batch size, extraction time, and operating speed,
for maximum oil yield.
3. Evaluate the physical, chemical, and nutritional properties of the oil produced by the system.
4. Compare the performance of the developed prototype with manual extraction and existing village-level
machines.
5. Assess the economic feasibility of the developed system for small- and medium-scale production.
The outcomes of this research are expected to provide a practical, cost-effective, and scalable solution for local
producers, while simultaneously contributing to technological advancement, quality standardization, and
economic sustainability in the production of pili pulp oil. By bridging the current research and practical gaps,
this study enhances the industrial and commercial potential of pili pulp oil, supporting its broader utilization in
food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications in the Philippines and beyond.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research Design
This study employed an experimental and developmental research design involving the design, fabrication,
testing, and performance evaluation of a mechanical extraction system for pili pulp oil. The study also included
post-processing evaluation, oil quality analysis, and economic assessment. The design approach ensured that the
machine’s specifications met practical operational requirements for small- and medium-scale production.
Design and Fabrication of the Extraction Machine
he mechanical extraction system was designed as a small-scale, electrically driven screw press optimized
specifically for the rheological and structural characteristics of pili pulp, which differs significantly from
common oilseeds such as coconut, soybean, and sunflower.
The prototype consisted of:
Feeding chamber – for uniform input of pili pulp.
Screw conveyor (pressing mechanism) – crushes the pulp and extracts the liquid.
Motor assembly – AC motor with inverter for speed control.
Filtration unit – removes solid residues.
Post-processing components – including distillation, decolorization, heating, and cooling modules.
The materials were selected based on durability, weight, and food-safety compliance. The screw conveyor and
inner shell were made of hard plastic, resistant to abrasion and lightweight for ease of installation. The solid
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and liquid spouts were made of stainless steel, following food industry standards. The machine frame was
constructed from metal to provide stability and safety.
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Mechanical Extraction System
The schematic shows the feeding port, screw conveyor inside the inner shell, liquid spout, solid spout, motor,
and inverter.
Materials
Fresh pili pulp was collected from small-scale growers in Bulusan, Sorsogon, Philippines. All reagents for oil
analysis were of laboratory grade and obtained from accredited suppliers. Oil property testing was conducted at
the National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (NIMBB), University of the Philippines Los
Baños.
Experimental Procedure
Pili pulp samples were soaked in tap water for 2 days to soften the pulp and facilitate extraction. The softened
pulp was cut into smaller pieces to prevent clogging of the feeding port. Samples were then processed using the
fabricated extraction machine.
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The extracted liquid underwent post-processing:
1. Filtration – using calcium bentonite or kaolin as the filtering agent.
2. Distillation – to remove water content (set at 120°C).
3. Decolorization – using a constant heat conductivity cell at 90°C packed with micaceous earth.
4. Heating – maintained at 75°C to remove residual moisture.
5. Cooling – blower-assisted for 10 minutes to prepare oil for packaging.
Performance Evaluation
The system performance was evaluated based on:
Batch capacity (kg) – maximum pulp weight per extraction cycle.
Extraction time (minutes) – duration for complete extraction.
Operating speed (rpm) – rotational speed of the screw conveyor.
Extraction rate (kg/min) – weight of oil extracted per minute.
Percent oil yield (%) – volume of oil produced relative to initial pulp mass.
Preliminary testing used three different masses (10, 15, 20 kg) and four operating speeds (15, 20, 25, 30 rpm).
Each trial was replicated three times to determine optimum operating parameters.
Table 1. Preliminary Testing Results – Mean Volume of Liquid Extract at Different Speeds
Batch Size (kg)
Operating Speed
(rpm)
Mean Extraction
Time (min)
Mean Volume of
Liquid Extract (L)
10
15
27.67
4.81
15
15
35.00
7.29
20
15
41.00
8.50
10
20
11.00
6.07
15
20
16.00
9.13
20
20
20.33
12.17
The optimal parameters were determined to be a 20 kg batch size, 20 rpm operating speed, and 20 minutes
extraction time, which were used for all post-processing and final performance testing.
Oil Quality Analysis
The physical, chemical, and nutritional properties of the produced pili pulp oil were evaluated:
Physical properties: color, odor, and specific gravity (sensory observation and measurement).
Chemical properties: saponification number, iodine number, peroxide value, unsaponifiable matter.
Nutritional properties: free fatty acid content, β-carotene, and total carotenoids.
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All analyses followed standard laboratory methods (AOAC, 2016; Shakirin, 2010).
Economic Analysis
The economic viability of the extraction system was assessed using:
Rate of Return (ROR) – calculated as the net income relative to total production cost.
Profitability Index (PI) – ratio of gross returns to total project cost.
Payback Period – time required to recover the total investment.
Table 2. Monthly Income Statement for Pili Pulp Oil Production
Particulars
Quantity
Unit Price (Php)
Total (Php)
Raw Materials
2600 g
0.53
1,378
Packaging
975
12
11,700
Labeling
975
3
2,925
Labor Cost
26 days
150
3,900
Contingency
10%
–
1,990.30
Total Production
Cost
–
–
21,893.30
Gross Return
–
–
585,000
Net Returns
–
–
563,106.70
The results indicated a ROR of 96%, profitability index of 26.72, and payback period of 2.4 months,
demonstrating the economic feasibility of the system.
RESULTS
Performance of the Mechanical Extraction System
The performance of the fabricated mechanical extraction system was evaluated using the optimal parameters
determined in preliminary testing: 20 kg batch size, 20 rpm operating speed, and 20 minutes extraction time.
Table 3. Performance of the Fabricated Prototype
Parameter
Value
Batch Capacity (kg)
20
Extraction Time (min)
20
Mean Volume of Liquid Extract (L)
12.17
Extraction Rate (kg/min)
0.98
Percent Yield (%)
58.36
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The prototype achieved a mean extraction rate of 0.98 kg/min and oil yield of 58.36%, demonstrating high
efficiency compared to manual and village-level extraction methods.
Post-Processing Results
Post-processing steps significantly improved the quality of the extracted oil. The results of the processes are
summarized in Table 4.
Table 4. Post-Production Process Results
Process
Volume Before
(L)
Process Time
(min)
Volume After
(L)
Percent
Recovery (%)
Filtration
12.17
5
11.57
95.08
Distillation
11.57
20
7.67
66.29
Decolorization
7.67
5
7.50
97.83
Heating
7.50
5
7.10
95.11
Cooling
7.10
10
7.10
100
The filtration process removed pulp residues, reducing greenish color and rancid odor. Distillation removed
excess water, producing a dark yellow oil without objectionable odor. Decolorization and heating further
improved color, while cooling prepared the oil for storage and packaging.
Comparison with Manual and Village-Level Extraction
The extraction efficiency of the fabricated prototype was compared with manual extraction and village-level
machines used by pili growers in Bulusan, Sorsogon.
Table 5. Comparison of Extraction Performance
Method
Batch Size (kg)
Extraction
Time (min)
Extraction Rate
(kg/min)
Percent Yield
(%)
Fabricated
Prototype
20
20
0.98
58.36
Manual
Extraction
20
80
0.25
12
Village-Level
Machine
20
60
0.33
10
The fabricated prototype demonstrated approximately 3–4 times higher extraction rate and 48–46% higher yield
compared with existing methods. The prototype also reduced extraction time by 60 minutes compared to manual
extraction and 40 minutes compared to village machines, confirming its efficiency.
Oil Quality Analysis
The produced pili pulp oil demonstrated a specific gravity of 0.89 (Table 6), which is within the typical range
for vegetable oils. This value reflects the density of the oil relative to water and is consistent with oils rich in
unsaturated fatty acids.
It is important to note that oil density does not indicate water solubility, as vegetable oils are inherently
hydrophobic. However, density influences processing characteristics such as phase separation, filtration
efficiency, and formulation behavior in emulsified products.
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Measured chemical properties include:
Saponification number: 210.83 ± 0.40
Iodine number: 73.5 ± 0.75
Peroxide value: 5.4 ± 0.60 meq/kg
These values indicate that the oil contains fatty acids suitable for industrial and cosmetic applications and
exhibits good oxidative stability.
Measured nutritional components include:
β-carotene: 23.6 mg/100 g
Total carotenoids: 56.8 mg/100 g
These results confirm the presence of antioxidant compounds.
Based on these measured characteristics, the oil may be suitable for applications such as cosmetic formulations,
soap production, and nutraceutical products. However, specific functional performance in these applications
requires further formulation and stability testing.This distinction ensures that the present study reports measured
physicochemical properties while identifying potential applications based on established relationships in oil
chemistry.
Economic Feasibility
The economic analysis of the developed mechanical extraction system confirmed its financial viability and
attractiveness for investment. The system demonstrated a rate of return (ROR) of 96%, indicating a highly
profitable operation, while the profitability index of 26.72 suggests that for every peso invested, a return of Php
26.72 can be expected. Additionally, the payback period was only 0.2 years (approximately 2.4 months),
reflecting rapid recovery of the initial investment. These results indicate that the prototype is not only technically
efficient but also economically feasible, making it highly suitable for small- and medium-scale pili pulp oil
production. The combination of improved oil yield, standardized quality, and strong financial performance
underscores the potential of the system to support local producers and contribute to the development of a
sustainable pili oil industry.
Summary of Key Findings
1. The mechanical extraction system produced higher yield, faster extraction, and improved oil quality
compared with manual and village-level extraction.
2. Post-processing steps significantly enhanced color, odor, and chemical stability of the oil.
3. The produced oil had superior physical, chemical, and nutritional properties, making it suitable for food,
cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications.
4. Economic analysis confirmed the system as profitable, cost-effective, and feasible for
commercialization.
DISCUSSION
Performance of the Mechanical Extraction System
The fabricated mechanical extraction system achieved a mean extraction rate of 0.98 kg/min and a percent yield
of 58.36%, significantly higher than both manual extraction (0.25 kg/min, 12%) and village-level machines (0.33
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kg/min, 10%). This improvement demonstrates that mechanical extraction with controlled operating parameters
can enhance the efficiency of pili pulp oil production.
The optimization of operating speed (20 rpm), batch size (20 kg), and extraction time (20 min) was crucial in
maximizing the volume of liquid extract while preventing pulp from being expelled without proper crushing. At
higher speeds (25–30 rpm), the screw conveyor moved too quickly, resulting in incomplete extraction and lower
liquid recovery, consistent with observations in mechanical oil extraction studies (Yee, 2016; Shakirin, 2010).
Effectiveness of Post-Processing
Post-production processes, including filtration, distillation, decolorization, heating, and cooling, enhanced the
physical, chemical, and nutritional properties of the extracted oil. Filtration removed pulp residues, reducing
greenish coloration and rancid odor. Distillation efficiently removed water, producing a stable oil suitable for
storage and commercial applications. Decolorization and heating further improved clarity and stability.
The study demonstrates that integrating post-processing into mechanical extraction not only increases oil quality
but also extends its applicability for cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries, aligning with prior findings
on the importance of refining processes in edible oils (Gupta, 2010; Pelea, 2012).
Oil Quality Analysis
The produced pili pulp oil exhibited superior physical, chemical, and nutritional properties compared with
village-produced oil and prior studies.
The slightly yellowish color and absence of objectionable odor indicate better sensory quality.
Higher saponification number (210.83 ± 0.40) suggests greater suitability for soap production.
Higher iodine number (73.5 ± 0.75) indicates a higher degree of unsaturation, increasing absorbability
and anti-allergenic properties.
Lower peroxide value (5.4 ± 0.60) implies improved stability, reducing rancidity during storage.
Enhanced β-carotene (23.6 ± 0.05) and carotenoids (56.8 ± 0.10) provide additional nutritional and
medicinal value, offering vitamins A and E, important for both health and cosmetic applications (Chew,
2011; Azrina, 2012).
These results highlight that mechanical extraction with integrated post-processing produces oil of higher
quality and stability than conventional methods, providing both commercial and health benefits.
Comparison with Existing Methods
The prototype outperformed both manual extraction and village-level machines in terms of yield, extraction
time, and oil quality. Manual methods are labor-intensive and time-consuming, yielding only 12% oil with high
water content, consistent with reports by local growers. Village-level machines, although electrically driven, still
produce lower yields (10%) due to suboptimal design and operating parameters. The fabricated prototype,
therefore, addresses the efficiency and quality gaps in pili pulp oil extraction, providing a scalable and
sustainable alternative for small- and medium-scale producers (Yee, 2016; Pelea, 2012).
Economic Feasibility
Economic analysis confirms that the developed extraction system is highly viable. With a rate of return of
96%, profitability index of 26.72, and payback period of only 2.4 months, the system represents a profitable
investment for small- and medium-scale enterprises.
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These findings suggest that the integration of mechanical extraction and post-processing can increase
profitability while reducing labor costs and processing time, addressing the economic limitations of manual and
village-level oil production.
Research Gap Addressed
Previous studies on pili pulp oil focused mainly on manual extraction or basic village machines, resulting in
low yields, long processing times, and inconsistent oil quality (Pelea, 2012; DOST, 2006). The current study fills
this gap by:
1. Developing a mechanically optimized extraction system.
2. Incorporating post-processing steps to enhance oil quality.
3. Conducting comprehensive evaluation including yield, oil properties, and economic viability.
The study demonstrates that technological intervention can bridge the gap between traditional practices and
industrial standards, enabling wider commercialization of pili pulp oil.
CONCLUSION
1. A mechanical extraction system for pili pulp oil was successfully designed, fabricated, and tested,
achieving higher extraction efficiency and yield than manual and village-level methods.
2. Optimal parameters (20 kg batch, 20 rpm, 20 min) were established, maximizing liquid extract recovery.
3. Integrated post-processing improved physical, chemical, and nutritional properties, producing a slightly
yellowish, odorless oil with enhanced β-carotene and carotenoid content.
4. The system proved economically viable, with high rate of return, profitability index, and short payback
period, making it suitable for small- and medium-scale production.
5. The developed system addresses key research gaps in pili pulp oil production, offering a scalable,
efficient, and commercially promising solution for growers and entrepreneurs.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are proposed:
1. Adoption by Local Producers: Small- and medium-scale pili growers and entrepreneurs are encouraged
to adopt the developed mechanical extraction system to enhance oil yield, improve product quality, and
increase profitability.
2. Further Optimization: Future studies may explore modifications in screw design, motor capacity, or
post-processing techniques to further improve extraction efficiency and oil quality, particularly for larger-
scale operations.
3. Diversification of Products: The high-quality pili pulp oil produced by the system can be explored for
use in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. Further research on product formulation and shelf-
life studies is recommended.
4. Training and Capacity Building: Conducting workshops or training programs for local producers on
proper operation, maintenance, and safety of the extraction system will ensure sustained and effective
utilization.
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5. Sustainability and Expansion: Economic assessments should be periodically conducted to monitor
market trends and ensure sustainable production. Expansion of the system to include kernel oil extraction
or integration with other value-added pili products is recommended for broader commercial impact.
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