Received: 28 March 2026; Accepted: 02 April 2026; Published: 16 April 2026

Electrical power distribution systems often face challenges due to environmental disturbances and delayed fault

detection. This paper presents an Overhead AC Line Fault Detection and Monitoring System for improving

safety and reliability. The system uses an ESP32 microcontroller integrated with IoT technology for real-time

monitoring. It continuously observes voltage levels across multiple AC poles to detect faults and abnormalities.

Temperature and flame sensors are used to monitor battery health and detect fire hazards. Sensor data is

processed using embedded programming with predefined threshold values. In case of faults, the system

generates instant alerts and updates the IoT cloud platform. An automatic cooling mechanism using a DC fan

Electrical power distribution is essential for delivering electricity to consumers, with overhead AC lines widely

used due to their cost-effectiveness and easy installation. However, these lines are highly exposed to

environmental conditions, leading to faults such as voltage fluctuations, short circuits, and power failures. Fault

detection often depends on manual inspection or consumer complaints, causing delays, increased downtime, and

higher maintenance costs.

With the advancement of IoT and embedded systems, intelligent monitoring solutions for power distribution

have become possible. Microcontrollers like ESP32 with sensors can monitor voltage, temperature, and fire

conditions in real time, analyze data, and generate instant alerts. IoT communication enables remote monitoring

through cloud platforms, ensuring quick and efficient fault response.

this gap by integrating multiple monitoring and safety features, thereby improving fault detection accuracy,

reducing downtime, and enhancing the overall efficiency and safety of electrical power distribution systems.

Unlike existing systems, the proposed model integrates voltage monitoring, temperature control, and fire

detection in a single IoT-based platform, improving reliability and safety.

The feasibility of the Overhead AC Line Fault Detection and Monitoring System is analyzed in terms of

technical, economic, and operational aspects. Technically, the system is feasible as it utilizes reliable

The Overhead AC Line Fault Detection and Monitoring System is economically feasible as it primarily relies

on low-cost electronic components rather than expensive infrastructure. The implementation cost includes

microcontroller setup, sensor integration, IoT cloud services, and maintenance, which are relatively affordable

compared to traditional manual monitoring systems. By using efficient real-time monitoring techniques, the

system reduces maintenance costs, minimizes downtime, and prevents major failures through early fault

detection.

Additionally, the system automates fault identification and alert mechanisms, reducing the need for continuous

manual inspection and labor costs. Developed using scalable IoT technologies, the system ensures cost-effective

deployment and easy maintenance. Overall, the project is financially viable as it reduces operational expenses

while improving efficiency and reliability in power distribution systems.

The system is designed using embedded programming, which enables fast processing, real-time response, and

smooth integration with IoT platforms. Additionally, it can be connected to cloud services for remote

monitoring and data storage. Thus, with proper hardware components, stable power supply, and internet

connectivity, it is possible to implement and maintain the system. IoT platforms such as cloud dashboards

support real-time data visualization. Wi-Fi and communication modules enable remote data transmission.

The Overhead AC Line Fault Detection and Monitoring System is behaviorally feasible because it is simple and

user-friendly and can be easily operated by electricity board staff or maintenance personnel. The system provides

clear information about voltage status, temperature levels, and fire detection using reliable sensors and IoT

technology. This is important because users will be able to understand the system outputs and take appropriate

 Detect voltage absence, fluctuations, and fault conditions in real time.

 Monitor battery temperature to prevent overheating issues.

 Detect fire hazards near electrical poles using flame sensors.

 Generate alerts through buzzer and IoT notifications during abnormal conditions.

 Automatically control a cooling fan when high temperature is detected.

 Display system status on a user-friendly IoT dashboard.

 Ensure high reliability and accuracy in fault detection.

 Provide fast response time for quick fault identification and action.

 Enable remote monitoring through smartphones and computers.

 Support internet connectivity for real-time data transmission and alerts.

Non-Functional Requirements

Hardware Requirements

The following hardware components are required for the effective operation of the system:

 An ESP32 microcontroller for processing and control operations..

 Voltage sensors for monitoring AC line voltage levels.

 Temperature sensor for detecting overheating conditions.

 Flame sensor for identifying fire hazards near electrical lines.

 Communication modules such as Wi-Fi for real-time data transmission.

 Power supply unit to provide stable power to the system.

These hardware components ensure smooth system operation and support accurate monitoring, fault detection,

and data transmission.

Functional Analysis

The system is designed to support key operations that help in efficient monitoring and fault detection in power

distribution networks. The major functions include:

• Monitoring of voltage levels across AC transmission lines.

• Detection of faults such as voltage failure and fluctuations.

• Monitoring of temperature conditions to prevent overheating.

• Detection of fire hazards using flame sensors.

• Storage of system data for future analysis and maintenance.

distribution systems.

In this stage, relevant electrical and environmental data is collected from different sources. The data includes

voltage levels, temperature readings, and flame sensor outputs from the system. These data sources help the

system understand operating conditions and detect potential faults. Modern monitoring systems combine data

from sensors, real-time measurements, and stored system records to generate useful insights for maintenance.

The collected data is then stored in a database or IoT platform for further processing.

The Overhead AC Line Fault Detection and Monitoring System includes several useful features that help in

efficient power distribution management. The system continuously monitors voltage levels, temperature

conditions, and fire hazards to detect faults in real time. It provides instant alerts through buzzer and IoT

notifications, helping operators take quick action. Another important feature of the system is automatic

After preprocessing, the system applies threshold-based logic and monitoring techniques to analyze the data.

3. Data Backup: Periodically backing up system data and fault records to prevent data loss and support

future analysis.

5. Proper maintenance ensures that the system remains reliable, accurate, and effective in monitoring power

distribution and detecting faults.