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Microwave-Assisted Oxidation of Cyclohexanecarboxamide by Di-
Tertiary-Butyl Chromate in Organic Media: Synthesis and
Characterization of Products
Shubhankar Aich
1*
,Anil Kumar Delta²
¹Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Marwari College Ranchi
²Associate Professor, University Department of Chemistry, Ranchi University, Ranchi
*
Corresponding Author
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150300070
Received: 25 March 2026; Accepted: 30 March 2026; Published: 16 April 2026
ABSTRACT
Microwave irradiation has emerged as a transformative technique in organic synthesis, enabling rapid and
energy-efficient chemical transformations. This study investigates the oxidative potential of di-tert-butyl
chromate (TBC) in the oxidation of cyclohexanecarboxamide, aiming to develop a faster, sustainable alternative
to traditional thermal reflux methods. The oxidation was explored across three distinct organic solvent systems:
tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,4-dioxane, and dichloromethane (DCM). Reaction mixtures were prepared by
combining substrate solutions with TBC at standardized stoichiometric ratios. Synthesis was conducted using
microwave irradiation for precisely calibrated periods (44–110 s). The resulting coordination complexes were
characterized through elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thermal analyses,
including differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The microwave-assisted
approach demonstrated significant kinetic enhancement, reducing reaction times from several hours to under
two minutes. Solvent-dielectric synergy was observed, with THF providing the highest efficiency and yield.
Characterization confirmed the formation of stable binuclear Cr
2
O
3
cores stabilized by a homologous series of
dicarboxylate ligands. Mass loss patterns from TGA/DTA further validated the empirical formulations and
structural stability of the synthesized complexes. Our findings demonstrate that this microwave-assisted
methodology aligns with the principles of green chemistry by minimizing reaction time and energy expenditure.
This study provides an efficient and sustainable synthetic route for the oxidation of cyclohexanecarboxamide,
offering a versatile template for the development of higher-order chromium (III) coordination frameworks.
Keywords: Microwave-assisted synthesis; Di-tert-butyl chromate; Cyclohexanecarboxamide; Green chemistry;
Binuclear chromium complexes.
INTRODUCTION
Microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS)
1_3
and microwave-induced organic reactions (MIOR)
4
have
revolutionized organic chemistry by offering sustainable and efficient synthetic approaches for organic
compounds. These techniques align with green chemistry
5-8
principles, reduce reaction times, improve yields,
and minimize waste generation. The concept of microwave dielectric heating, introduced by Spencer
9
in 1947,
was applied to organic synthesis in the pioneering work of Gedye et.al.
10-12
in 1986. Since then, the field has
flourished, with over 2000 research articles demonstrating the versatility of microwave-assisted methods in
organic synthesis. A comprehensive review by Lindstrom et al
13
. highlighted the advantages of MAOS and
MIOR, including significantly reduced reaction times, improved product yields, and minimal waste generation.
These techniques are attractive alternatives
14
to conventional heating methods.
In this study, we explored the oxidation of cyclohexanecarboxamide
15
using di-tertiary-butyl chromate
16
(TBC)
under microwave irradiation. TBC is a robust and versatile oxidant that has been extensively studied since its
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introduction by Oppenauer and H. Oberrauch
17
in 1949. The products of cyclohexanecarboxamide have the
potential to serve as ligands for the formation of Cr complexes
18
in various oxidation states.
Cyclohexanecarboxamide, an alicyclic amide, is a white-to-light-yellow odorless solid. It can act as a precursor
for both specialised polymers
19_21
and bioactive molecules
22_25
in agricultural and pharmaceutical chemistry. It
is also used for the production of alicyclic amines
26
for further chemical derivatisation it also finds its use in the
synthesis of high valent Chromium complexes and mixed ligand
27
coordination compounds. By oxidizing
cyclohexanecarboxamide with TBC under microwave irradiation, we synthesized and characterized chromium
complexes
28_29
in lower oxidation states. This approach expands the scope of ethyl cyclohexanecarboxamide
chemistry and demonstrates the versatility of TBC as an oxidizing agent
30_31
.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials and Reagents
All chemicals used in this study were of analytical reagent (A.R.) grade and were used as received without further
purification. The primary reagents included cyclohexanecarboxamide (the substrate), chromium (VI) oxide, and
tertiary butyl alcohol. The organic solvents used as reaction media were tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,4-dioxane,
and dichloromethane (DCM). Additional reagents for volumetric analysis and purification included acetone,
silver nitrate, potassium persulfate, ammonium iron (II) sulfate (Mohr's salt), potassium dichromate, and barium
diphenylamine-1-sulfonate.
In-Situ Synthesis of Di-tert-butyl Chromate (TBC)
The oxidant, di-tert-butyl chromate (TBC), was synthesized in situ to ensure maximum oxidation efficiency. A
precisely weighed quantity of chromium (VI) oxide was dissolved in 10 mL of tertiary butyl alcohol under
constant stirring until a homogenous red-orange solution was obtained, indicating the formation of the chromate
ester.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Sample Nomenclature
For each synthesis, 2.0 g of cyclohexanecarboxamide (CHAMIDE) was dissolved in 10 mL of the respective
organic solvent (THF, 1,4-dioxane, or DCM) in a rigorously cleaned, desiccated beaker under continuous
magnetic stirring at room temperature. The substrate-to-oxidant molar ratios were standardized to 1:1, 2:1, and
3:1. The mixtures were irradiated in a Samsung household microwave oven G-273V (20 L, 2450 MHz, 150 W)
for specific durations (44–110 s). Thermometric measurements were recorded immediately before and after
irradiation to assess the thermal nature of the reaction. The resulting products were washed with acetone,
meticulously dried, and categorized into three series (A, B, and C) based on the solvent medium.
Table 1: Sample Nomenclature and Experimental Parameters
Series
Code
Solvent Medium
Substrate Shorthand
Molar Ratios (Sub.: Oxd.)
Sample Labels
Series A
Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
CHAMIDE
1:1,2:1. 3:1
A11, A21, A31
Series B
1,4-Dioxane
CHAMIDE
1:1,2:1. 3:1
B11, B21, B31
Series C
Dichloromethane (DCM)
CHAMIDE
1:1,2:1. 3:1
C11, C21, C31
Note: For final characterization, samples are referred to by combining the Series/Ratio and Substrate code (e.g.,
A11CHAMIDE).
Analytical and Spectroscopic Characterization
Elemental Analysis and Metal Quantification
The percentage compositions of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N) were determined using a
EUROVECTOR E-3000 elemental analyser. The chromium (Cr) content was quantified by volumetric titration
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using potassium persulfate, potassium dichromate, and Mohr's salt. The oxygen (O) content was calculated by
difference: O% = 100 - (C% + H% + N% + Cr%). Empirical formulas for all complexes were subsequently
deduced from these analytical data.
Instrumental Techniques
FTIR Spectroscopy: Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were recorded on a PerkinElmer
spectrometer in the range of 4000–450 cm⁻¹ using KBr pellets.
Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA): Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses were performed using
a PerkinElmer Diamond TG-DTA system. Samples (approximately 5–10 mg) were heated from ambient
temperature to 700°C at a constant ramp rate of 10°C/min under a controlled atmosphere to evaluate mass
loss patterns and structural stability.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The exhaustive analytical data in Tables 2–4, integrated with the supplementary FTIR and TG-DTA profiles in
the Appendix, provide a rigorous characterization of the Cr–cyclohexanecarboxamide (CHAMIDE) complexes.
Systematic evaluation of these physical parameters and elemental compositions facilitates a robust
understanding of the complexation mechanism. Consequently, these datasets permit definitive inferences
regarding the structural and compositional attributes of the synthesized binuclear chromium (III) frameworks,
establishing a comprehensive empirical basis for the proposed chemical formulations of the resultant
coordination species.
Table 2: Preliminary product characterisation (Cyclohexanecarboxamide -TBC)
Serial no.
Solvent
Subs./ Oxd. Ratio
Microwave
Irad. Time (in
sec.)
Yield (in
gm.)
Colour
Solubility
(in water)
1.
THF
(1:1) 2g/2g
44
3.12
Dark Brown
Sparingly
Soluble
2.
THF
(2:1) 2g/1g
60
2.40
Greyish Green
Sparingly
Soluble
3.
THF
(3:1) 2g/0.67g
72
2.13
Dak Green
Insoluble
4.
1,4- Dioxane
(1:1) 2g/2g
75
2.10
Brownish
Green
Insoluble
5.
1,4- Dioxane
(2:1) 2g/1g
100
1.84
Brownish
Green
Insoluble
6.
1,4- Dioxane
(3:1) 2g/0.67g
110
1.05
Brownish
Green
Insoluble
7.
DCM
(1:1) 2g/2g
64
2.55
Greenish Blue
Sparingly
Soluble
8.
DCM
(2:1) 2g/1g
82
1.86
Greenish Blue
Sparingly
Soluble
9.
DCM
(3:1) 2g/0.67g
90
1.20
Brownish
Green
Insoluble
Table 3: Product formulation– I
Serial No.
Sample No.
Cr%
C%
H%
N%
O%
Empirical Formula
1.
A11CHAMIDE
17.87
14.43
2.06
2.40
63.24
Cr
2
C
7
H
12
NO
23
2.
A21CHAMIDE
19.92
16.09
3.06
2.68
58.25
Cr
2
C
7
H
16
NO
19
3.
A31CHAMIDE
21.94
17.72
3.37
2.95
54.02
Cr
2
C
7
H
16
NO
16
4.
B11CHAMIDE
21.94
17.72
3.37
2.95
54.02
Cr
2
C
7
H
16
NO
16
5.
B21CHAMIDE
23.42
18.92
4.05
3.15
50.46
Cr
2
C
7
H
18
NO
14
6.
B31CHAMIDE
25.49
20.58
3.43
3.43
47.07
Cr
2
C
7
H
14
NO
12
7.
C11CHAMIDE
19.84
16.03
3.43
2.67
58.03
Cr
2
C
7
H
18
NO
19
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8.
C21CHAMIDE
20.47
16.53
3.54
2.75
56.71
Cr
2
C
7
H
18
NO
18
9.
C31CHAMIDE
24.29
19.63
4.20
3.27
48.61
Cr
2
C
7
H
18
NO
13
Table 4: Product formulation– II
Synthesis and Preliminary Characterization
A systematic evaluation of the microwave-mediated interactions between cyclohexanecarboxamide and di-tert-
butyl chromate (TBC) was conducted, elucidating several critical kinetic and stoichiometric dependencies as
delineated below:
As summarized in Table 2, the microwave methodology facilitated rapid complexation with reaction times
ranging from 44 to 110 s. This represents a significant kinetic enhancement over classical thermal methods,
which traditionally require several hours of reflux.
Solvent Influence: The dielectric properties of the solvent significantly modulated the reaction rate and the
yield. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) proved to be the most efficient medium, yielding up to 3.12 g (Sample A11)
within the shortest irradiation time (44 s). This efficiency is attributed to the optimal dipole moment of
THF, which ensures rapid energy transfer during the microwave exposure. In contrast, 1,4-Dioxane and
Dichloromethane (DCM) required longer irradiation periods and generally resulted in lower mass recovery.
Stoichiometric Effects: A clear dependency on the substrate-to-oxidant ratio was observed in this study.
The 1:1 ratio consistently provided the highest yields across all solvent systems. As the substrate
concentration increased (3:1), a decrease in the yield and a transition to complete water insolubility were
observed, suggesting the formation of more hydrophobic or potentially higher-order coordination species.
Elemental Analysis and Empirical Formulation
The elemental compositions (C, H, N, O, and Cr) presented in Table 3 were used to derive the empirical formulas
for the synthesized complexes.
Sl.
No.
Sample No.
Empirical
Formula
Formulation
1.
A11
CHAMIDE
Cr
2
C
7
H
12
NO
23
Cr₂O
3
(COOH COOH)
2
3CO
2
(H
2
O)
4
NO
2
2.
A21
CHAMIDE
Cr
2
C
7
H
16
NO
19
Cr
2
O
3
(HOOCCH
2
COOH) (CH
3
COOH) (CO₂)
2
(H
2
O)
4
NO
2
3.
A31
CHAMIDE
Cr
2
C
7
H
16
NO
16
Cr
2
O
3
(HOOC(CH
2
)
2
COOH) (CH
3
COOH) (CO₂) (H
2
O)
3
NO
2
4.
B11
CHAMIDE
Cr
2
C
7
H
16
NO
16
Cr
2
O
3
(HOOC(CH
2
)
2
COOH) (CH
3
COOH) (CO₂) (H
2
O)
3
NO
2
5.
B21
CHAMIDE
Cr
2
C
7
H
18
NO
14
Cr
2
O
3
(HOOC(CH
2
)
3
COOH) (CH
3
COOH) (H
2
O)
3
NO
2
6.
B31
CHAMIDE
Cr
2
C
7
H
14
NO
12
Cr
2
O
3
(HOOC(CH
2
)
4
COOH) CO (H
2
O)
2
NO
2
7.
C11
CHAMIDE
Cr
2
C
7
H
18
NO
19
Cr
2
O
3
(HOOCCH
2
COOH) (HOOCCOOH) (CH
3
COOH) (H
2
O)
4
NO
2
8.
C21
CHAMIDE
Cr
2
C
7
H
18
NO
18
Cr
2
O
3
(HOOC (CH
2
) COOH) (HOOCCOOH) (CH
3
COOH) (H
2
O)
4
NO
9.
C31
CHAMIDE
Cr
2
C
7
H
18
NO
13
Cr
2
O
3
(HOOC (CH
2
)
3
COOH) (CH
3
COOH) (H
2
O)
3
NO
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Chromium content: The chromium content consistently ranged between 17.87% and 25.49%, increasing as
the substrate-to-oxidant ratio shifted from 1:1 to 3:1. This trend indicates that higher substrate concentrations
may promote the formation of complexes with a higher relative metal density and a more compact
coordination sphere.
Core Structure: The data consistently indicate a binuclear chromium (III) oxide core (Cr
2
O
3
). This suggests
that during the microwave-assisted process, Cr (VI) in TBC undergoes partial reduction and subsequent
condensation to form a stable oxo-bridged binuclear framework.
Proposed Structural Formulation and Ligand Fragmentation
The structural formulations detailed in Table 4 provide deep insights into the oxidative role of TBC. The
cyclohexanecarboxamide moiety undergoes systematic oxidative ring-opening and fragmentation reaction.
Oxidative Cleavage: The identification of various dicarboxylate ligands, including oxalic, malonic,
succinic, glutaric, and adipic acids, within the coordination sphere suggests that TBC facilitates the
cleavage of the cyclohexane ring at different positions depending on the reaction conditions.
Coordination Environment: The Cr
2
O
3
core is further stabilized by auxiliary ligands, including acetate
groups (likely derived from TBC degradation or oxidative byproducts), nitro groups (NO
2
), and neutral
molecules such as CO
2
and H
2
O.
Solvent-Dependent Coordination: Notably, the choice of solvent influenced the specific dicarboxylate
formed. For instance, THF systems (A-series) yielded oxalate, malonate, and succinate fragments, whereas
1,4-Dioxane (B-series) favoured longer-chain fragments such as glutarate and adipate. This indicates that
the solvent medium plays a role in stabilizing specific transition states during the oxidative degradation of
carboxamides.
Physical Properties and Stability
The transition in product colour from dark brown to greenish-blue and dark green is indicative of d-d transitions
within the chromium centres, consistent with the coordination of different carboxylate ligands. The shift in
solubility from sparingly soluble to insoluble as the organic fraction increases suggests that the complexes
become more polymeric or less polar as the chain length of the coordinated dicarboxylate increases.
Reproducibility Details
The yields showed a solvent-dependent range with high reproducibility within the "High" and "Low" efficiency
bands.
Overall Yield Range: 1.05 g to 3.12 g.
Mean Yield by Series:
THF (A-Series): 2.55 g ± 0.51 g
DCM (C-Series): 1.87 g ± 0.68 g
1,4-Dioxane (B-Series): 1.66 g ± 0.55 g
Yield Reproducibility: The 1:1 ratio consistently delivered the highest mass recovery across all solvents
(range: 2.10–3.12 g), whereas the 3:1 ratio consistently produced the lowest (range: 1.05–2.13 g).
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The data suggest that the THF series (A) is the most reproducible for high-yield applications (yield > 2.0 g),
while the 1,4-Dioxane series (B) provides the most consistent colour and solubility profile (Uniformly
Brownish Green and Insoluble), regardless of the stoichiometric ratio used.
CONCLUSION
The microwave-assisted synthesis of chromium-coordinated complexes yielded several pivotal conclusions
regarding reaction efficiency, structural formation, and methodological innovation.
Core Research Findings
Kinetic Acceleration: The application of microwave radiation represents a paradigm shift in synthesis time,
achieving complexation within 44–110 s of microwave exposure. This offers a dramatic reduction in energy
consumption compared to the multi-hour reflux cycles required by traditional thermal methods.
Dielectric and Solute Synergy: The high efficiency of THF (yielding 3.12 g) highlights the importance of
dielectric coupling in the DES. Interestingly, the success in low-absorbing solvents like 1,4-Dioxane
suggests a "molecular radiator" effect, where polar reactants directly absorb electromagnetic energy to drive
the reaction.
Structural Integrity: Regardless of the solvent used, the process consistently produced a stable binuclear
Cr
2
O
3
core. This framework is stabilized by a series of dicarboxylate ligands (ranging from Oxalic to Adipic
acid) produced through the systematic oxidative ring-opening of the cyclohexane precursor.
Stoichiometric Influence: Experimental data confirmed that a 1:1 substrate-to-oxidant ratio was optimal for
yield. Increasing this to a 3:1 ratio result in a higher metal density and structural shift toward insoluble,
potentially polymeric coordination environments.
Scientific Novelty
The primary innovation of this study is the discovery of a solvent-directed oxidative fragmentation reaction. This
demonstrates that the organic medium does more than just regulate the reaction rate; it actively determines which
dicarboxylate fragments are stabilized within the coordination sphere. Furthermore, using di-tert-butyl chromate
(TBC) as a dual-purpose reagent, both an oxidant and a source of auxiliary ligands, establishes a streamlined
"one-pot" synthetic route to complex binuclear structures that are typically inaccessible via conventional thermal
pathways.
Future Strategic Directions
To further advance this field, the following research pathways are proposed:
Mechanistic Investigations: In-situ UV-Vis or IR spectroscopy was employed to observe the real-time
reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) and the sequential stages of ring cleavage.
Catalytic Exploration: Assessing the potential of these binuclear complexes as catalysts in selective
oxidation or as precursors for advanced mixed-metal oxide materials.
Magneto chemical Analysis: Studying the magnetic exchange interactions across the oxo-bridged
chromium centres to evaluate their potential in molecular magnetism.
Crystallographic Validation: Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was performed to map the spatial orientation of the
coordinated ligands, including auxiliary H
2
O and CO
2
molecules
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors acknowledge the cooperation and assistance provided by BIT Mesra and SAIF Lucknow, which
facilitated the testing and analysis of the samples.
Authors Contributions:
[Author 1]: Conceptualization, methodology, software, validation, formal analysis, investigation, resources, data
curation, writing (original draft), and funding acquisition.
[Author 2]: Conceptualization, methodology, visualization, supervision, validation, formal analysis,
investigation, resources, data curation, writing (review and editing), project administration.
Funding:
The researchers did not receive any external funding for this study.
Conflict of interest:
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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26. Wallis, E. S.; Lane, J. F. "The Hofmann Rearrangement." Organic Reactions, 1946, 3, 267–306.
27. Sigel, H.; Martin, R. B. "Coordinating Properties of the Amide Group." Chemical Reviews, 1982, 82(4),
385–426.
28. Steiman, T. J., & Uyeda, C. (2015). "Reagents for Reductive Transition Metal Catalysis." Chemical
Science, 6, 2327–2337.
29. Zeng, X. (2013). "Recent Advances in Chromium-Catalyzed Carbon–Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions."
Chemical Society Reviews, 42(13), 5658–5671.
30. Katre, Sangita and Pandey, H.O. A Green approach to oxidation of succinic acid by chromium (VI) based
complexes functioning as oxidant in International Journal of green chemistry and Bioprocess 2013 3(3)
pp.3032.
31. Katre, Sangita D. Recent Advances in the Oxidation Reactions of Organic Compounds using Chromium
(VI) Reagents in Res.J.Chem.Environ. Vol. 24 (1) January (2020).
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Appendix
Supplementary Spectroscopic and Thermal Data
Fig. (i) FTIR Spectrum of A11 CHAMIDE
Table (i): IR absorption peaks of A11 CHAMIDE
Peaks
(1/cm)
Nature of Peak
Groups Assigned
3315.27
Broad, Strong
O-H stretching
1705.37
Sharp, Strong
C=O stretching
1606.48
Sharp, Strong
N-O asymmetric
stretching
1366.78
Sharp,
Medium
N-O symmetric
stretching
1222.24
Sharp,
Medium
C-O stretching
536.39
Broad, Weak
Cr-O stretching
Fig. (ii) FTIR Spectrum of A21 CHAMIDE
Table (ii): IR absorption peaks of A21
CHAMIDE
Peaks
(1/cm)
Nature of
Peak
Groups Assigned
3467.23
Broad,
Strong
O-H stretching
2967.37
Sharp,
Medium
C-H stretching
1718.42
Sharp,
Strong
C=O stretching
1576.76
Sharp,
Strong
N-O asymmetric
stretching
1468.23
Sharp,
Strong
O-H in plane
bending
1384.82
Sharp,
Medium
N-O symmetric
stretching
1207.30
Sharp,
Medium
C-O stretching
572.65
Broad,
Weak
Cr-O stretching
Fig. (iii) FTIR Spectrum of A31 CHAMIDE
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Table (iii): IR absorption peaks of A31
CHAMIDE
Peaks
(1/cm)
Nature of
Peak
Groups Assigned
3364.34
Broad,
Strong
O-H stretching
2967.30
Sharp,
Medium
C-H stretching
1715.57
Sharp, Strong
C=O stretching
1534.22
Sharp, Strong
N-O asymmetric
stretching
1475.30
Sharp, Strong
O-H in plane
bending
1371.81
Sharp,
Medium
N-O symmetric
stretching
1261.76
Sharp,
Medium
C-O stretching
584.37
Broad, Weak
Cr-O stretching
Fig. (iv) FTIR Spectrum of B11 CHAMIDE
Table (iv): IR absorption peaks of B11
CHAMIDE
Peaks
(1/cm)
Nature of
Peak
Groups Assigned
3364.37
Broad,
Strong
O-H stretching
2968.14
Sharp,
Medium
C-H stretching
1717.51
Sharp, Strong
C=O stretching
1574.22
Sharp, Strong
N-O asymmetric
stretching
1479.17
Sharp, Strong
O-H in plane
bending
1378.15
Sharp,
Medium
N-O symmetric
stretching
1261.26
Sharp,
Medium
C-O stretching
584.11
Broad, Weak
Cr-O stretching
Fig. (v) FTIR Spectrum of B21 CHAMIDE
Table (v): IR absorption peaks of B21
CHAMIDE
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Peaks
(1/cm)
Nature of
Peak
Groups Assigned
3406.11
Broad,
Strong
O-H stretching
2986.01
Sharp,
Medium
C-H stretching
1729.76
Sharp, Strong
C=O stretching
1584.29
Sharp, Strong
N-O asymmetric
stretching
1357.04
Sharp,
Medium
N-O symmetric
stretching
1268.28
Sharp, Weak
C-O stretching
604.41
Broad, Weak
Cr-O stretching
Fig. (vi) FTIR Spectrum of B31 CHAMIDE
Table (vi): IR absorption peaks of B31
CHAMIDE
Peaks
(1/cm)
Nature of
Peak
Groups Assigned
3361.04
Broad,
Strong
O-H stretching
2960.38
Sharp,
Medium
C-H stretching
1738.11
Sharp, Strong
C=O stretching
1531.57
Sharp, Strong
N-O asymmetric
stretching
1478.30
Sharp, Strong
O-H in plane
bending
1361.50
Sharp,
Medium
N-O symmetric
stretching
1261.00
Sharp,
Medium
C-O stretching
612.10
Broad, Weak
Cr-O stretching
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Fig. (vii) FTIR Spectrum of C11 CHAMIDE
Table (vii): IR absorption peaks of C11
CHAMIDE
Peaks
(1/cm)
Nature of
Peak
Groups Assigned
3465.54
Broad,
Strong
O-H stretching
2967.10
Sharp,
Medium
C-H stretching
1724.74
Sharp, Strong
C=O stretching
1572.58
Sharp, Strong
N-O asymmetric
stretching
1466.89
Sharp, Strong
O-H in plane
bending/C-H
scissoring
1380.20
Sharp,
Medium
N-O symmetric
stretching
1213.96
Sharp,
Medium
C-O stretching
572.23
Broad, Weak
Cr-O stretching
Fig. (viii) FTIR Spectrum of C21 CHAMIDE
Table (viii): IR absorption peaks of C21
CHAMIDE
Peaks
(1/cm)
Nature of
Peak
Groups Assigned
3408.43
Broad,
Strong
O-H stretching
2957.12
Sharp,
Medium
C-H stretching
1969.54
Sharp,
Medium
N-O stretching
1728.10
Sharp, Strong
C=O stretching
1471.37
Sharp Weak
C-H scissoring of
CH
2
group
1420.18
Sharp,
Medium
C-O asymmetric
stretching
1305.27
Sharp, Weak
C-O stretching
602.17
Broad, Weak
Cr-O stretching
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Fig. (ix) FTIR Spectrum of C31 CHAMIDE
Table (ix): IR absorption peaks of C31
CHAMIDE
Peaks
(1/cm)
Nature of
Peak
Groups Assigned
3464.34
Broad,
Strong
O-H stretching
2954.87
Sharp,
Medium
C-H stretching
1967.58
Sharp, Strong
N-O stretching
1728.57
Sharp, Strong
C=O stretching
1425.83
Sharp,
Medium
C-O asymmetric
stretching
1261.76
Sharp, Weak
C-O stretching
584.37
Broad, Weak
Cr-O stretching
Fig (x) TGA OF A11 CHAMIDE
Sample A11 CHAMIDE, with the
empirical formula Cr
2
C
7
H
12
NO
23,
showed a mass
loss of 13.02% (theoretical 12.37%), which was
due to the loss of H₂O in the temperature range
(30°-150° C). The TGA curve showed the loss of
CO
2
and
NO
2
between 150°-300° C temperature
with a mass loss of 29.68% (theoretical 30.58%)
and the loss of (COOH COOH)
between 300°-
700 °C temperature with a mass loss of 31.74%
(theoretical 30.92%). The residual part was
chromium and its oxides, which was 25.56%
(theoretical 26.13%) [Fig (x)].
In accordance with the elemental
analysis, FTIR spectral data, and thermal
analysis of A11 CHAMIDE, the proposed
formulation of A11 CHAMIDE is Cr₂O
3
(COOH
COOH)
2
3CO
2
(H
2
O)
4
NO
2
.
Fig (xi)TGA OF A21 CHAMIDE
Sample A21 CHAMIDE having
empirical formula Cr
2
C
7
H
16
NO
19
showed mass
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loss of 14.16% (theoretical 13.79%) which was
due to loss of H₂O in the temperature range (30°-
150° C). The TGA curve showed the loss of CO₂,
CH
3
COOH and NO₂ in between 150°-300° C
temperature with the mass loss of 27.89%
(theoretical 28.73%) and loss of HOOC CH
2
COOH in between 300-700°C temperature with
the mass loss of 20.18% (theoretical 19.92%).
The residual part was Chromium and its oxides
which was 37.77% (theoretical 37.56%) [Fig.
(xi)].
In accordance with elemental analysis,
FTIR spectral and thermal analysis of A21
CHAMIDE, the proposed formulation of A21
CHAMIDE is Cr
2
O
3
(HOOCCH
2
COOH)
(CH
3
COOH) (CO₂)
2
(H
2
O)
4
NO
2
Fig (xii)TGA OF A31 CHAMIDE
Sample A31 CHAMIDE with empirical
formula Cr
2
C
7
H
16
NO
16
showed mass loss of
12.12% (theoretical 11.39%), which was due to
the loss of H₂O in the temperature range (30°-
150° C). The TGA curve showed the loss of
CH
3
COOH, CO
2,
and NO
2
between 150°-300° C
temperature with a mass loss of 32.08%
(theoretical 31.64%) and the loss of
HOOC(CH
2
)
2
COOH between 300-700°C
temperature with a mass loss of 25.34%
(theoretical 24.89%). The residual part was
chromium and its oxides, which was 30.46%
(theoretical 32.08%) [Fig (xii)]
Based on elemental analysis, FTIR
spectral data, and thermal analysis of A31
CHAMIDE, the proposed formulation of A31
CHAMIDE is Cr
2
O
3
(HOOC(CH
2
)
2
COOH)
(CH
3
COOH) (CO₂) (H
2
O)
3
NO
2
.
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Fig (xiii)TGA OF B11 CHAMIDE
Sample B11 CHAMIDE with the
empirical formula Cr
2
C
7
H
16
NO
16
showed a mass
loss of 12.12% (theoretical 11.39%), which was
due to the loss of H₂O in the temperature range
(30°-150° C). The TGA curve showed the loss of
CH
3
COOH, CO
2,
and NO
2
between 150°-300° C
temperature with a mass loss of 32.08%
(theoretical 31.64%) and the loss of
HOOC(CH
2
)
2
COOH between 300-700°C
temperature with a mass loss of 25.34%
(theoretical 24.89%). The residual part was
chromium and its oxides, which was 30.46%
(theoretical 32.08%) [Fig (xiii)]
Based on the elemental analysis and FTIR
spectral thermal analysis of B11 CHAMIDE, the
proposed formulation of B11 CHAMIDE is
Cr
2
O
3
(HOOC(CH
2
)
2
COOH) (CH
3
COOH) (CO₂)
(H
2
O)
3
NO
2
.
Fig (xiv)TGA OF B21 CHAMIDE
The sample B21 CHAMIDE having
empirical formula Cr
2
C
7
H
18
NO
14
showed mass
loss of 12.91% (theoretical 12.16%) which was
due to loss of H
2
O in the temperature range (30°-
150° C). The TGA curve showed the loss of NO
2
and CH
3
COOH in between 150°-300° C
temperature with the mass loss of 23.94%
(theoretical 23.87%) and loss of
HOOC(CH
2
)
3
COOH in between 300°-700°C
temperature with the mass loss of 31.13%
(theoretical 29.73 %). The residual part is
Chromium and its oxides which was 32.02%
(theoretical 34.24%) [Fig (xiv)]
In accordance with elemental analysis,
FTIR analysis and thermal analysis of B21
CHAMIDE, the proposed formulation of B21
CHAMIDE is, spectral and thermal analysis was
Cr
2
O
3
(HOOC(CH
2
)
3
COOH) (CH
3
COOH)
(H
2
O)
3
NO
2
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Fig (xv)TGA OF B31 CHAMIDE
Sample B31 CHAMIDE with empirical
formula Cr
2
C
7
H
14
NO
12
showed mass loss of
9.02% (theoretical 8.82%), which is due to the
loss of H₂O in the temperature range (30°-150° C).
The TGA curve showed the loss of NO
2
and CO
in the 150°-300° C temperature with a mass loss
of 21.98% (theoretical 22.05%) and the loss of
COOH(CH
2
)
4
COOH in the 300°-700 °C
temperature range with a mass loss of 37.02%
(theoretical 35.78%). The residual part was
chromium and its oxides, which was 31.98%
(theoretical 33.35%) [Fig(xv)].
In accordance with the elemental analysis,
FTIR spectral data, and thermal analysis of B31
CHAMIDE, the proposed formulation of B31
CHAMIDE was Cr
2
O
3
(HOOC(CH
2
)
4
COOH) CO
(H
2
O)
2
NO
2
.
Fig (xvi)TGA OF C11 CHAMIDE
Sample C11 CHAMIDE, with the
empirical formula Cr
2
C
7
H
18
NO
19,
showed a mass
loss of 14.00% (theoretical 13.74%), which was
due to the loss of H₂O in the temperature range
(30°-150° C). The TGA curve showed the loss of
CH
3
COOH and NO
2
between 150°-300° C with a
mass loss of 21.92% (theoretical 20.23%) and the
loss of HOOCCH
2
COOH and HOOCCOOH
between 300-700°C temperature with a mass loss
of 36.98% (theoretical 37.02%). The residual part
was chromium and its oxides, which was 27.10%
(theoretical 29.02%) [Fig (xvi)]
In accordance with the elemental analysis
and FTIR spectral thermal analysis of C11
CHAMIDE, the proposed formulation of C11
CHAMIDE was Cr
2
O
3
(HOOC(CH
2
) COOH)
(CH
3
COOH) (HOOCCOOH (H
2
O)
4
NO
2
.
Fig (xvii)TGA OF C21 CHAMIDE
Sample C21 CHAMIDE, with the
empirical formula Cr
2
C
7
H
18
NO
18,
showed a mass
loss of 14.81% (theoretical 14.17%), which was
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due to the loss of H
2
O in the temperature range
(30°-150° C). The TGA curve showed the loss of
NO
and CH
3
COOH between 150°-300° C
temperature with a mass loss of 17.90%
(theoretical 17.71%) and the loss of HOOC (CH
2
)
COOH and HOOCCOOH between 300°-700°C
temperature with a mass loss of 38.58%
(theoretical 38.18%). The residual part was
chromium and its oxides, which was 28.71%
(theoretical 29.94%) [Fig(xvii)].
In accordance with elemental analysis,
FTIR analysis and thermal analysis of C21
CHAMIDE, the proposed formulation of C21
CHAMIDE was, spectral and thermal analysis is
Cr
2
O
3
(HOOC (CH
2
) COOH) (HOOCCOOH)
(CH
3
COOH) (H
2
O)
4
NO.
Fig (xviii)TGA OF C31 CHAMIDE
Sample C31 CHAMIDE with empirical
formula Cr
2
C
7
H
18
NO
13
showed mass loss of
13.02% (theoretical 12.61%), which was due to the
loss of H₂O in the temperature range (30°-150° C).
The TGA curve showed the loss of NO and
CH3COOH between 150°-300° C temperature
with a mass loss of 22.87% (theoretical 21.02%)
and the loss of COOH(CH
2
)
4
COOH between 300°-
700 °C temperature with a mass loss of 32.36%
(theoretical 30.84%). The residual part was
chromium and its oxides, which was 31.75%
(theoretical 35.53%) [Fig (xviii)].
In accordance with the elemental analysis,
FTIR spectral data, and thermal analysis of C31
CHAMIDE, the proposed formulation of C31
CHAMIDE was Cr
2
O
3
(HOOC (CH
2
)
3
COOH)
(CH
3
COOH) (H
2
O)
3
NO.