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Stabilisation of Curcumin for Delivery Inside Live Cell

Md Asif Amin

Department of Chemistry, Suri Vidyasagar College, Suri-731101, WB, India.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150400044

Received: 10 April 2026; Accepted: 15 April 2026; Published: 06 May 2026

ABSTRACT

Curcumin, widely used as spice in Asia is found in rhizome of turmeric plant (Curcuma longa and Curcuma

xanthorrhiza). It shows antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial activities and

capable of treating fatal disease like cancer, Parkinson’s disease. It is highly unstable in aqueous solution

specially in high pH condition makes it deceptively useful. In this this review we have shown several techniques

and schemes that made curcumin a potent useful drug. Forming complex with proteins, lipids, lipoproteins,

cyclodextrin and bio-mimicking molecules is effective to increase bioavailability of this hydrophobic molecule.

Nature of interactions and binding mechanism with those molecules are discussed here. Most important aspect

of this review is to deliver curcumin inside live cells and finding the effects on cell death (apoptosis) and

proliferations. Different drug delivery systems have been developed which show excellent rate of internalisation.

Curcumin has been delivered intravenously in live mouse model.

Keywords: Curcumin, Internalisation, Bio availability, Drug delivery, Proliferation

INTRODUCTION

Drugs from natural sources become a matter of great interest in drug research. Natural drugs are prior over

synthetic drugs because of hazard in synthesis, stereo-speficic conformation. The working principal of those

drugs depends on the method of intake. Effectiveness depends on the selective delivery to the affected region

and functionality after delivery. Rhizomes of Curcuma longa (turmeric) are used from the early days for

treatment of various diseases as it has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-carcinogenic properties.

1-6

From long ago curcumin is used to protect from sun burns and also to prevent any skin ailments like leuco-

derma etc. It exhibits strong antioxidant properties, which have been validated through various in vitro and in

vivo tests.

7-11

It has been studied for its potential therapeutic effects in neurological disorders such as

Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Its low cost, ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, and

pharmacological safety, as demonstrated in preclinical studies, suggest it may play a beneficial role in managing

these conditions.

12-16

Despite all of these it has low bioavailability and poor pharmacokinetics due to its low

solubility and rapid degradation at aqueous media as well as physiological pH.

For these it has poor in vivo

efficacy.

Phase I and Phase II trials with curcumin administered alone orally was done with high concentration

of drugs

19-20

. While, there are also review articles describing photo physical, photochemical properties along

with application in nano and biological systems,

21-22

here we primarily focused on various destabilisation factors

of curcumin and strategy those overcome the destabilisation factors in physiological conditions. Moreover we

have pointed out some important techniques of developing drug delivery systems to deliver curcumin inside live

cell. Those delivery vehicle increased extent of internalisation of curcumin inside live cell. The conjugates

showed excellent rate of cancer cell death and inhibit proliferation of malignant cells with low dosage

concentration in comparison to curcumin alone as curcumin is unstable in biological aqueous medium (biological

water). Different cancer cell needs different curcumin delivery systems as they differs in properties.

Increasing bioavailability of Curcumin by formation of stable complex with bio-mimicking Systems:

Curcumin posses potent nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and tumor inhibitory properties can not show

biological effectiveness due to its poor water solubility and high degradability under neutral and alkaline

medium. In neutral basic conditions structure of curcumin degraded as proton removed from phenolic group. In

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this condition curcumin degraded to trans-6-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-2,4-dioxo-5-hexenal as major

product and vanillin, ferric acid, feruloyl methane as minor product and hence it is almost non-fluorescent in

aqueous medium

. However, people made efforts to increase the bioavailability of curcumin after loading into

different self-assembled ordered bioactive systems like micelles, microemulsions, vesicles, proteins, and

cyclodextrins. Bera et al prepared sorbitan monoesters (Span 20 and Span 80) assisted giant vesicles employing

an imidazolium surface active ionic liquid (SAIL), 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimida- zolium chloride ([C16mim]Cl),

in an aqueous medium. Curcumin became stable in the micellar and giant vesicular assemblies of [C16mim]Cl

and Sorbitan mono-esters and showed fluorescence. They are the first group to perform ultrafast solvation

dynamics (femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion) of curcumin in different vesicular aggregates and got three

distinct lifetime components from fluorescence up-conversion decay. Two slow components attributed to

solvation dynamics and slow component arises due to excited state intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer

(ESIHT) due to keto-enol tautomerism. From the life time component of micellar and vesicle media they also

proved that Span 80 possesses more rigid environment than span 20

. Mandal et al prepared niosomes from

non-ionic Tween-20 micelles and Tween-20/cholesterol. Phospholipid like structural environment of niosomes

can be a host of hydrophobic molecule like curcumin and may be a righteous drug delivery system. Curcumin

got stability in niosomes owing to of H bond interactions with both the oxyethylene functionality of Tween-20

and hydroxyl functionality of cholesterol

Encapsulation with Cyclodextrin and its derivative

Yallapu and co-workers developed a cyclodextrin (CD) mediated curcumin drug delivery system via

encapsulation technique. Curcumin encapsulation into the CD cavity was achieved by inclusion complex

mechanism and encapsulation efficiency was improved by increasing the ratio of curcumin to CD.

Kee and co

workers showed two diamide (either a succinamide (su) or a urea (ur) linker) linked γ-CD dimers successfully

inhibited degradation of curcumin in aqueous medium at pH 7.4 and 37º C. Curcumin forms 1:1 cooperative

association with 66γCD2su and 66γCD2ur and with curcumin occupying both γ-CD annuli (as shown in Figure

1) evident from 2D

H NOESY NMR data. This association may be a potential drug delivery system to

membranes and furthermore to the intracellular milieu. Using fluorescence quantum yield as a marker they

proved the associations are proficient to deliver curcumin to a model membrane system of micelles consist of

sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)

. They have also studied excited state dynamics of curcumin complexed with

66γCD2su and 66γCD2ur using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and reveal solvent reorganisation

and ESIHT dynamics. Growth component attributed to rapid solvent reorganisation and fast decay component

(among three decay components) was assigned as relaxation due to ESIHT dynamics. Whereas other two

relatively slow decay components with small amplitude appeared due to dynamics of complexed curcumin and

molecular motions due to flexibility of the γ-CD moieties

. In another work curcumin is protected from

hydrophilic environment by its microencapsulation in hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Then silver nanoparticles

was synthesized using curcumin: cyclodextrin complex in aqueous medium and loaded them into bacterial

cellulose hydrogel to get moist wound-healing properties. The cytocompatible hydrogel showed broad-spectrum

antimicrobial activity along with antioxidant properties against three common wound-infecting pathogenic

microbes Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida auris.

Figure 1. Structures of (a) curcumin, (b) γ-CD, and curcumin complexed with (c) 66γCD2su and (d) 66γCD2ur. Reproduced with permission from

ACS

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Stabilisation of curcumin by forming conjugate with protein

For any drug, one of the most important aspect is the interaction of the drug with different components of blood.

So many people investigated the interaction of curcumin with HSA as it is a important factor that determine

toxicity and therapeutic dosage. Zsila and coworkers showed that Cyclic dichroism (CD) of HSA- curcumin

complex has pH dependent biphasic band in visible region. Asymmetric environment of HSA made 𝛑-𝛑

transition of curcumin optically active. The complex possesed three bands, positive at 485 nm and negatives at

423 nm and 368 nm with crossover point at 445 nm. Negative Cotton effect at shorter wavelength observed in

visible absorption spectra due to dissymmetric conformation of the curcumin molecule upon binding to HSA. It

confirms mutual rotations of the two feruloyl moieties around the central methylene group allowing

intramolecular exciton coupling between their electronic transition moments

. In order to get molecular basis

of the Cotton effects induced by the binding of curcumin to human serum albumin they have done semiempirical

calculations by Gaussian 98 program using AM1 method and found that curcumin binds near the single

tryptophan residue of HSA in a right-handed conformation stabilized by a number of basic amino acids able to

form intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

Researchers also investigated effect of curcumin on binding of other drug (tamoxifen) with HSA with the help

of steady state fluorescence spectroscopy. When two drugs applied together competition between them can

decrease binding fraction of tamoxifen with concomitant increase in concentration of free tamoxifen. Binding of

tamoxifen and curcumin with HSA can be confirmed by fluorescence quenching study. The binding sites of HSA

are hydrophobic subdomains IIA (Trp 214 and Tyr 263), IB (Tyr 138, Tyr 140, Tyr 148, Tyr 150, Tyr 160) and

IIIA (Tyr 401, Tyr 411, Tyr 497) as major of the fluorescence of HSA arises due to tryptophan and tyrosyl

residues located at those sub domains

. Patra et al suggested a simultaneous static and dynamic fluorescence

quenching mechanism operating in the complex formation between HSA and curcumin. Two fold increase in

rate of depletion of synchronous fluorescence spectra (SFS) intensity for tryptophan with respect to tyrosine in

HSA in SFS spectrum also indicated that curcumin is located at close proximity of tryptophan. They also

observed that curcumin remain bounded to unfolded state of HSA and facilitated the process by pushing

tryptophan moiety to more polar environment in the unfolded state. From the k

values they concluded like native

form, curcumin–HSA complex is formed in the unfolded and refolded states

Leung et al explain the observation curcumin is stabilized at the wound site to enable healing despite of blood

plasma is composed of approximately 92% water and found the factor that stabilised curcumin. They investigate

the effect of major plasma proteins(specifically on effect of hydrolysis of curcumin at pH 7.4), which include

human serum albumin (HSA), fibrinogen, immunoglobulin G (IgG), and transferrin, on stabilization of

curcumin. The hydrolysis was rapid in presence of transferrin and IgG and the reaction is suppressed in presence

of either HSA or fibrinogen with an impressive yield of approximately 95%. They also calculated the binding

constants of curcumin to HSA and fibrinogen are on the order of 10

-1

and 10

-1

, respectively. It was

established that degradation of curcumin can be inhibited by presence of HSA and fibrinogen due to strong

interaction

. Using various interaction with proteins curcumin may be used for treatment of Parkinson’s disease

(PD) and other neurological diseases. In PD oligomerization and amyloid formation of α-synuclein (α-Syn)

causes the toxicity. Curcumin does not bind to monomeric α-Syn but binds specifically to oligomeric

intermediates which has been supported by fluorescence and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-

NMR) studies. Beside this, curcumin accelerates formation of less toxic, ordered structure (fibril) of α-Syn by

binding with preformed oligomers and fibrils and altering their hydrophobic surface exposure

Delivery of curcumin inside cell

The natural pigment curcumin is hydrophobic in nature. So, curcumin needs a carrier system to be delivered

inside cell. For this purpose Kunwar et al observed the interaction of curcumin with two biologically important

transport systems, liposomes, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and human serum albumin (HSA). Curcumin does not

exhibit fluorescence in aqueous solution. Its fluorescence quantum yield and fluorescence maximum are

sensitive to solvent polarity and protic nature of the solvent. Using this property, as a monitor of interaction with

biomolecules, they have found average binding constants of curcumin to PC and HSA were estimated to be 2.5

× 10

-1

and 6.1 × 10

-1

respectively. Cellular uptake studies was done using both delivery vehicle liposomes

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and HSA for two cell lines, normal mouse lymphocytes and mouse T lymphoma cell line EL4. The amount of

cellular uptake was evaluated by measuring absorbance of methanol extracted cell lysate as a function of the

total amount of curcumin added in the incubation medium. HSA delivered curcumin endogenously where else

liposome delivered exogenously and most important observation was lymphoma cell showed preferential uptake

of curcumin over normal cells.

Fatemizadeh et al used optimised niosomal formulation for co-delivery of tamoxifen and curcumin and showed

that niosomal nanoparticle can reduce the side effects of drugs inside normal cell

Kee and co workers reported

intracellular delivery of curcumin inside human prostate cancer cells (PC-3) using 66γCD2su and 66γCD2ur as

delivery agents (see section 2.2). 66γCD2su and 66γCD2ur are nontoxic toward PC-3 cell as these delivery

agents did not affect cellular proliferation or death and their diamine linker were being hydrolyzed enzymatically

in the cellular environment. Whereas curcumin inhibited proliferation of PC-3 cells in a dose dependent manner

which is confirmed by trypan blue exclusion studies using confocal fluorescence imaging, uptake studies with

fluorescence spectroscopy. Those observations were also confirmed by expression of curcumin target genes

Priyadarsini group quantitatively calculated cellular uptake of curcumin using absorption and fluorescence

spectroscopy in two types of normal cells: spleen lymphocytes, and NIH3T3 and two tumor cell lines: EL4 and

MCF7. Malignant cells took up more curcumin than normal cell lines and fluorescence intensities inside cancer

cells were higher compared to normal cells. Differential localization of curcumin in the membrane, cytoplasm

and nuclear compartments of the cell with preferred localization in the membrane was observed from

fluorescence imaging and studies on isolation of curcumin from sub-cellular fractions. Cytotoxicity experiment

had also done at 20 and 40 nmol/ml in different cell lines. Higher cytotoxicity are observed in cancer cells but

there is no general correlation between uptake and toxicity

. Safavi et al made conjugate of curcumin with two

different sized polyethylene glycol (PEG) to overcome low aqueous solubility and destabilisation of curcumin.

PEG is hydrophilic, biocompatible and were covalently attached to the drug through a urethane linkage with 1:1

CCMN/PEG molar ratios. The conjugate were able to show more cytotoxicity in PC-3 (human pancreatic

carcinoma) cells than free curcumin

People also made an attempt to deliver curcumin into tissue macrophages through intravenous injection by

formulation of curcumin embedded phospholipid vesicles or lipid-nanospheres. For this purpose rat animal

model was studied (n=5) and response of blood cells along with drug distribution to different organ was

observed. White blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC) and platelets (PLT) tended to decrease and then

returned to baseline. Concomitant yellow fluorescence in the confocal scanning microscopy images from bone

marrow, liver, and spleen samples confirmed delivery of curcumin in those organs

. Curcumin-based ionic

liquid hydrogel loaded with ilomastat (Cur-Car-IL@Ilo hydrogel) is also effective in sustained release of drugs

and improve the skin permeability of drugs in mice with significantly reduced expression levels of inflammatory

factors, matrix metalloproteinase 8, and collagen-I. Content of anaerotruncus, proteus, and UCG-009 bacteria in

the gut of psoriatic mice increased supported by flora analysis with concomitant decrease of the expressions of

iron death-related proteins SLC7A11 and ASL4 significantly after treatment with Cur-Car-IL@Ilo hydrogel

However, water soluble composite of curcumin is highly demanding for biological applications. Mukherjee and

coworker synthesised tetrafacial water-soluble molecular barrel (1) by coordination driven self-assembly of a

symmetrical tetrapyridyl donor (L) with a cis-blocked 90° acceptor [cis-(en)Pd(NO3)2] (en = ethane-1,2-

diamine) of which hydrophobic cavity encapsulated curcumin. This complex was used as carrier to transport

curcumin inside human prostate cancer cell line HeLa

Nanostructures mediated curcumin delivery inside live cell:

Bisht et al synthesized cross linked polymer nanoparticles of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM), N-vinyl-2-

pyrrolidinone (VP) and poly(ethyleneglycol) acrylate (PEG-A) as delivery agent of curcumin. These nano

carriers are ideal for study of effects of hydrophobic drugs as these are nontoxic proved by both in vivo and in

vitro experiments. Nanocurcumin formed after binding with these polymeric nanoparticles and efficiency

increased with respect to free curcumin against pancreatic cancer cell lines in vitro, by inhibiting cell viability

and colony formation in soft agar. However, the mechanism of specificity of nano form is same as free curcumin,

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inhibiting the activation of the seminal transcription factor NFκB, and reducing steady state levels of pro-

inflammatory cytokines like interleukins and TNFα

. Using low-temperature (LT) method Yadava et al

prepared curcumin (CMN)-loaded nanostructure hybrid lipid capsules (CMN-nHLCs) of three sizes (25, 75, and

150 nm) with 4% (w/w) loading capacity. It showed long term storage stability at 4 ºC and controlled release of

CMN from nHLCs at 37 °C showed anticancer efficacy compared to free CMN in breast cancer cells (non-

bCSCs) and breast cancer stem-like cells (bCSCs). Significant reduction in their mammosphere size/number and

stemness was observed on internalization of CMN-nHLCs into MCF-7 cells (non-bCSCs and bCSCs)

Patra et al loaded curcumin on solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) derived from S-(−)-γ-amino-α-hydroxybutyric

acid (GAHBA), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). They optimised the formulation based on the stability, particle

size, and polydispersity and reached at greater curcumin entrapment efficiency of the SLNs. Enhanced rate of

drug release from curcumin-loaded SLNs consisting of the lipid containing−OH groups at the lipid head induced

cell death in a concentration-dependent manner in both human prostatic adenocarcinoma PC 3 cell line and

human breast carcinoma MCF7 cell line

. Diblock dendrosome nanopolymer (OM200) was used to formulated

curcumin and tamoxifen to increase efficacy of the drug against tamoxifen-resistant (TR) metastatic breast

cancer (MCF-7) cells. Most significantly the formulation is non toxic to normal breast fibroblast cells

. Another

group also synthesized mannose surface-modified solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded with curcumin (Man-

CUR SLN) which showed inhibitory effects on lung cancer cell (A549) migration and proliferation. Higher

cellular uptake and delivery was also confirmed by confocal microscope study (Figure 6). Improved

encapsulation efficiency and drug release capacity of Man-CUR SLN showed antibacterial effects against

Mycobacterium intracellulare (M.i.) and M.i.-infected macrophages

Figure 6: (A) FT-IR spectrum showing a specific mannose peak for Man-CUR SLNs. (B) Comparison of in

vitro drug release rates of free CUR and Man-CUR SLNs. (C) Fluorescence spectra of bare SLNs and CUR-

SLNs. CUR-SLNs exhibit a specific peak between 500 and 600 nm. (D) Confocal microscopy images

illustrating the cellular uptake of CUR and SLNs in A549 lung cancer cells. Notably, the Man-CUR SLNs

exhibit a substantially stronger green fluorescence signal than does free CUR. CUR, curcumin; FT-IR, Fourier

transform infrared; Man-CUR SLN; mannose surface-modified solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with curcumin;

and SLNs, solid lipid nanoparticles. Reproduced with permission from ACS

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Nanocurcumin prepared by sol-oil method could improve absorption and bioavailability towards human

laryngeal cancer cell line (Hep-2). Apoptosis detection methods (Annexin V/PI staining, AO/EB staining, and

comet assays), flow cytometric analyses and gene expression studies, suggested significant inhibition effects

against the proliferation of Hep-2 cells through G2/M cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis, which was

dependent on Caspase-3 and p53 activation

. Guo et al developed implantable curcumin-loaded poly(ε-

caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL-PEG-PCL, PCEC) nanofibers by

electrospinning method. Curcumin-loaded fibers showed antitumor activity against rat Glioma 9L cells for

prolonged period whereas antitumor activity of pure curcumin disappeared within 48 h and PCEC fibers non

toxic towards Glioma 9L cells (cell growth is unaffected)

. Another group synthesised CUR-loaded polyvinyl

pyrrolidone (CUR@PVP) nanofibers via electrospinning which are quickly dissolved in phosphate-buffered

saline (PBS) solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR revealed that CUR was evenly distributed in the

nanofibers by formation of hydrogen bond between cur cumin and polymer matrix. Nanosolid dispersion system

increased the bioavailability in B16 cell line (in vitro) and also in animal model of rat (in vivo) which increased

anticancer effect

S.No

Types of Delivery System/ Conjugate

Cell line

Effect

liposomes, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and

human serum albumin (HSA).

normal mouse

lymphocytes and mouse

T lymphoma cell line

EL4

lymphoma cell showed

preferential uptake of

curcumin over normal

cells

Noisome for co-delivery of tamoxifen and

curcumin

MCF 7

reduce the side effects of

drugs inside normal cell

66γCD2su and 66γCD2ur

Prostate cancer cell (PC-

curcumin inhibited

proliferation of PC-3

cells in a dose dependent

manner but 66γCD2su

and 66γCD2ur are

nontoxic toward PC-3

cell

DMSO and diluted by culture medium

two types of normal

cells: spleen

lymphocytes, and

NIH3T3 and two tumor

cell lines: EL4 and

MCF7

Higher cellular uptake as

well as higher

cytotoxicity observed in

malignant cell lines

Polyethyleneglycol(PEG)

PC-3

Conjugate showed

higher cytotoxicity than

free cur cumin

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S.No

Types of Delivery System/ Conjugate

Cell line

Effect

cross linked polymer nanoparticles of N-

isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM), N-

vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone (VP) and

poly(ethyleneglycol) acrylate (PEG-A)

pancreatic cancer cell

inhibiting cell viability

and colony formation

curcumin (CMN)-loaded nanostructure

hybrid lipid capsules (CMN-nHLCs) of

three sizes (25, 75, and 150 nm) with 4%

(w/w) loading capacity

breast cancer cells (non-

bCSCs) and breast

cancer stem-like cells

(bCSCs)

Significant reduction in

their mammosphere

size/number and

stemness was observed

on internalization of

CMN-nHLCs into MCF-

7 cells (non-bCSCs and

bCSCs)

solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) derived

from S-(−)-γ-amino-α-hydroxybutyric

acid (GAHBA), γ-aminobutyric acid

(GABA)

human prostatic

adenocarcinoma PC 3

cell line and human

breast carcinoma MCF7

cell line

Induced cell death

Diblock dendrosome nanopolymer

(OM200)

MCF 7

Toxic to cancer cell

mannose surface-modified solid lipid

nanoparticles (SLNs)

A549

Higher uptake

curcumin-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone)-

poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-

caprolactone) (PCL-PEG-PCL, PCEC)

nanofibers

rat Glioma 9L cells

Antitumor activity

CUR-loaded polyvinyl pyrrolidone

(CUR@PVP)

B16 cell line

Increased bioavailability

and anticancer effect

CONCLUSIONS AND POSSIBLE FUTURE EXTENSION

Degradation in aqueous medium specifically in higher pH narrowed down the various biological applications of

curcumin. In this discussion we have demonstrated various work which can cross the barrier by forming stable

complex/conjugate with curcumin in biological medium. However, it is important to consider interaction of

curcumin with various proteins of human body and various spectroscopic data (fluorescence, UV-vis, CD) along

with computational data unraveled the pattern of interactions. Curcumin is hydrophobic molecule so it binds

with unfolded state of HSA at hydrophobic subdomains IIA, IB and IIIA. People also deliver curcumin in live

normal and cancer cells and in mice model via intravenous injection using phospholipid vehicle. Many of those

delivery agents are not only invasive, biocompatible but also the whole drug delivery system is non toxic towards

non cancer cell. Nanocurcumin is more active and efficient than curcumin so nanoparticles were used for delivery

of curcumin. Different types of cell lines differs in various properties so different types of delivery system is

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needed for optimazion of bioavailability inside live cell as well as tumor/tissues. Cancer cell specific delivery

system should be developed for maximization of concentration of curcumin inside cell and hence to increase

rate of cell death with minimum drug concentration. Proper drug delivery system is also effective for showing

antitumor activity for prolonged time which may help to carry out different experiments. Proper delivery system

may help to understand mechanism of cell death, various dynamical processes, interactions of curcumin with

different organelles of cell. Several works on dynamics of interaction of curcumin with biological important

molecules as well as biomolecules should be done in future. Moreover, study on dynamical interaction with

various locations (organelles) of live cell should also be done for better understanding. Beside these synergistic

effect of those systems should be studied for minimum side effects of those delivery systems. Available studies

on cell should be propagated to tissue, tumour or animal model for real applications. Clinical trial may be carried

out with those drug delivery vehicle- curcumin conjugate systems.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interests to declare.

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