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Land Use - Land Cover Change in Maze National Park, An Insight to
Socio-Economic Drivers and Conservation Status of Plant
Bedilu Bekele Mengistu
1
, Wegene Getachew Andubo
2
, Zeleke Asefa Getaneh
3
1
Biology Department, Lecturer in Arba Minch University College of Natural Sciences,
Arba Minch
University Arba Minch, Ethiopia
2
Lecturer in Kotebe University,
3
Assistant Professor in Arba Minch University
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150400105
Received: 12 April 2026; Accepted: 13 May 2026; Published: 19 May 2026
ABSTRACT
Land use land cover change is the major concern, an indicator of deterioration and misuse of natural resources.
This report briefly showed paradigm study carried out in Maze national parks in Gamo zone, Ethiopia a couple of
years ago. The study's objective was to investigate the land use land cover changes and the plant in Maze National
Park. The study was carried out on 150 plots on 10 transects from randomly selected areas. In addition, 50 quadrates
for grass species sampling and 25 quadrates for soil sampling were randomly selected. According to land satellite
image acquired from 1975 to 2015 there has been a considerable land use land change occurred in the park. Eight
plant communities identified with savanna grasses type take the largest proportion. According to the study, 81
woody plant species belonging to 41 families were identified. Nineteen grass species with 24 other different forbs
were also part of floristic composition of the park. Fabaceae is the most abundant family, and Combertum
adenogonium is the dominant species. The soil seed bank diversity was found to be higher than the standing
vegetation. Immediate intervention is required to conserve endangered species of plants.
Keywords: Land use land cover change, maze national park, floristic composition
INTRODUCTION
Land -use refers to the purposes for which humans exploit the land -cover whereas land-cover is the attribute of
the earth’s land surface and immediate subsurface, including biota, soil, topography by, surface and ground water,
and human structures (Lambin, Geist, & Lepers, 2003). Land-use and Land-cover change has become a principal
component of strategies in monitoring environmental Changes (Mark & Kudawashe, 2010).
Reports from East Africa revealed that land use changes in East Africa have transformed land cover to farmlands,
grazing lands, human settlements, and urban centers at the expense of natural vegetation and animal wildlife's
(Maitima, et al., 2009).
Ethiopia is known to be a country where land use change led to meaningful change in land cover due to population
pressure (Biniyam, Efrem, Zewdu, & Kassa, 2015). Forests, homes of the wildlife, of the country have been cleared
for agriculture and other purposes (Hans, et al., 2010). Noticeable land use and land cover changes are also
occurring in protected areas that are set aside for the conservation of biological diversity. Some of the land-use
changes are orchestrated by the government. Ambitious plan for development and prosperity turning from
agricultural lead economy to industrialization made the country give less emphasis to conservation of natural
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resources. Among the many protected areas established for similar purposes, one such protected area where the
dynamics in land use system is highly manifested is Maze National Park (MNP).
This study intended to investigate land use land cover change types in maze districts with respect to plant diversity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Description of the study area
Maze National Park (MNP) lays within the boundaries of four districts namely Qucha, Daramalo, Zala, and Kemba
(figure-1). The park is located between 37
o
9
’
0
”
to 37
o
18
’
0” E and 6
o
18’0’’ to 6
o
30’0” N about 473 and Southwest
of Addis Ababa (Wegene G. , 2012). The park covers an area of 220 km2 (about twice the area of Manhattan) with
altitudes ranging from 900 to 1400 meters above sea level. The park area's landscape is of diverse topographic
features including a vast plain, some sloppy areas, small hills, escarpments, and chain of mountains at its
boundaries.
Climate of the study area
The climate of MNP is tween wet and semi deserts. The maximum annual mean and minimum annual mean
temperature is 33.5 and 15.3
o
C respectively. The annual rainfall amount is between
843 to 1300mm (Wondimagegnehu & Bekele, 2011). It is a moderately bimodal rainfall distribution pattern. The
long rainy season extends from mid of April and ends in late October. In dry season the wind velocity reaches 240
km/h. There are almost equal day and night hours throughout the year.
Figure 1 Study area: National boundary, regional map and zone (ArcGIS 10.1)
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Data Collection Methods
Plant data collection
Woody plant samples were collected from 150 quadrats. Ten transects were laid out in the different agro-ecologies
of the park in different orientations. Along each transect, fifteen 20 m × 20 m quadrats were laid at 200 m intervals.
Abundance, frequency, Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and density were computed. Along with this soil seed
bank analysis was carried out.
Grasses
Since a large proportion of MNP is rangeland, 50 quadrats of 1m x1m were selected to identify the different types
of grass species in the park. Grass species encountered were recorded and collected for identification from 1m x
1m sub plots in the main quadrat (20 m x 20 m) laid for shrubs and trees (Teshome, Abule, & Lisanework, 2012).
Accordingly, four of the 1m x 1m quadrats were laid at corners of the main quadrat, and the fifth 1m x 1m plot was
laid at the center of the experimental unit for woody species.
Data analysis
Plant data analysis
The species diversity index that considers abundance and richness was calculated using the Shannon-Weiner index
(H'). Since Shannon-Weiner index considers both species abundance and species richness, it is sensitive to changes
in the importance of the rarest classes (Heuserr, 1998) and is the most used index. Shannon-Weiner index (H') is
calculated as:
pipiInH
s
i
1
--------------------------------------------equation-1
Where H’ = Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pi= the proportion of individuals or the abundance of i
th
species, lnPi
= logPi and S = the number of species. In addition, the Simpson index (D) and Evenness index (E) that are
considered as a measure of species dominances and a measure for evenness of spread respectively will be
calculated. Simpson index is determined as:
2
2
N
n
pD
i
i
---------------------------------------------equation-2
Where Pi= the proportion of individual of each species. Evenness index (E) will be calculated using the equation:
max
)( H
H
SIn
H
E
ii
------------------equation-3
Where H’= Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, H’max= lnS = the natural logarithm of the total number of species
and S = total number of species in the sample. Floristic similarities among different transects and plant communities
will be calculated by employing Sorensen’s similarity coefficient (Kent & Coke, 1992):
Cba
a
SC
2
2
-------------------------------------------------equation-4
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Where a = number of species is common to both categories, b = number of species present in the first category and
absent in the second and c = number of species present in the second category and absent in the first.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The trends of land use land cover change
In the past 30 years land use and land cover change of MNP was accessed through Earth explorer satellites with
different bands from www.usgs.com(table-1).
The satellite data has been corrected before processing and image classification was made using atmospheric
correction methods (Reddy 2008). Pixel-wise image classification technique was implemented (Fisher, 1997).
Table 1 GIS accession year, satellite and bands
Year of accession
satellite
Bands
1975
Landsat 1-5 MSS
3
1985
Landsat 4-5 TM
3
1995
Landsat 4-5 TM
5
2005
Landsat 7 ETM
8
2015
Landsat 8 OLS/TRIS
9
Accordingly, eight different landuse types were identified in the study area (table-2). These are bush land, farmland,
grass land, mixed type, riverine forest, savannah grass,savanna fire and wood land.
Out of the eight land use types five (farmland, grassland, riverine forest, savannah grass and savannah fire) showed
growth and one with unpredictable changes and two land use types (bushland and mixed type) showed shrinkage.
Table 2 Description of LULCC types in maze national parks
Description
Consist of shrubs, small trees with scatered grass and
Annual or prerennial cultivated land
Land Consist of dominantly grasses and forbs
Land occupiedd by settlement, road, small farm,
Land occupied by woody trees along river courses
Land dominantly covered by grasses and scattered tree
Land of ash formed from burned grass
Land dominantly covered by woody big and medium trees
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Figure 2 Relative presentation of land use land cover change with two randomly paired LU types
Figure 3 Land use land Cover Change in MNP from 1975-2015
The status of plant species of Maze National Park (MNP)
Overall,81 woody plant species belonging to 41 families were recorded. The most abundant families are
Fabaceae/Leguminosae represented by 14 species (35.1 %) followed by Combertaceae 5 species (12.1%),
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Celasteraceae and malvaceae each with 4 representative species. Oleaceae and Sapindaceaeare each represented by
3 species and Annacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asparagaceae, Boraginaceae, Capparaceae, Moraceae, Mytraceae,
Peraceae, Rhamnaceae and Rutaceae each represented by 2 species. The remaining families are represented by one
species in the study area. The current study is almost like the finding with (Wegene & Feleke, 2015).
Figure 4 Occurrence of the first 12 plant families in MNP
Plant Diversity Analysis
The diversity of MNP woody plants and non-woody plants were analysed using different tools. According to this
study Combertum adenogonium followed by Vachellia drepanolobium, Maytenus arbutifolia have the first three
highest species abundance. Wogene and Feleke also found similar results (Wegene & Feleke, 2015). The first half
woody plant species with their species abundance RF, Basal area, Relative dominance and IVI values is presented
in the following table-3.
Table 3 Relative density, frequency, Basal area and IVI values for top ten plant species in MNP
plant species
nSp
F
RF Rdns
Basal Area
RDOM
IVI
Combretum adenogonium Steud. Ex A.Rich
438
68.67
5.41 3.18
1803.07
14.23
32.83
Vachellia drepanolobium Harms ex Y.Sjöstedt
183
55.3
4.36 .51
465.44
3.67
13.54
Maytenus arbutifolia (Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
R.Wilczek
70
20
1.57 .11
406.54
3.21
6.89
Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv.
61
20
1.57 .83
289.78
2.28
5.70
Vachelia seyal (Delile) P.J.H.Hurter
59
26.7
2.10
.77
190.85
1.51
5.38
Grewia bicolor Juss.
53
20.6
1.63
.59
154.97
1.22
4.44
Bridelia scleroneura Mull.Arg.
49
20.6
1.63
.47
128.81
1.01
4.12
Paliurusspina-cristi Mill.
49
22.6
1.78
.47
242.33
1.91
5.17
Combretum molle (R. Br. ex G. Don)
47
17.3
1.36
.41
225.09
1.77
4.55
Asparagus flagellaris Baker
45
17.3
1.36
.35
22.61
0.17
2.90
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Allophylus abyssinicus (Hochst.) Radlk.
43
18.67
1.47
.29
167.86
1.32
4.09
Vachellia sieberiana (DC.) Kya. & Boatwr
39
16
1.26
.17
183.76
1.45
3.88
Bersama abyssinica Fresen
39
13.3
1.05
.17
169.07
1.33
3.56
Capparis fascicularis DC.
39
16.67
1.31
.17
70.73
0.55
3.04
Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach
39
16
1.26
.17
31.85
0.25
2.68
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight& Arn.
39
16.67
1.31
.17
189.81
1.49
3.98
Dodonaea viscose subspangustifolia (L. f.)
J.G.West
39
14
1.10
.17
12.15
0.09
2.37
Protea gaguedi J. F. Gmel.
39
14
1.10
.17
100.29
0.79
3.07
Senegalia polyacantha (Willd.) Seigler &
Ebinger
38
16.67
1.31
.14
89.27
0.71
3.16
Combretum collinum subsp. binderianum
(Kotschy) Okafa
38
15.3
1.20
.14
111.11
0.87
3.23
Euclea racemosa subsp schimperi (A.DC.)
F.White
38
15.3
1.20
.14
102.09
0.81
3.15
Jasminum grandiflorum subsp floribundum (R. Br. ex Fresen) P.S.Green 38 17.33 1.36 .14 45.86 0.36
2.87 Shanon diversity index has the power to measure both species richness and species abundance. The present
study showed (figure-5) that higher diversity of woody plants in transect- 6 (4.0) and followed by transect-1(3.9)
and transect-4 (3.8). Lower diversity was observed in transect-3 (3.7) and then transect-8 (3.7). Kent and Coker
(Kent & Coke, 1992) mentioned that the ‘H’ value falls between 1.5 to 3.5 and rarely climbs up to 4.5.
Figure 5 Shannon diversity(H) analysis over transect
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
Transects
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Simpson diversity index
Simpson diversity index analysis also gave similar results to Shannon. Transect -6 showed some similarity with
transect 7 but in terms species composition transect 6 much higher than transect-7 (figure-6).
Figure 6 Simpson diversity index
Sorenson similarity index
From 10 transects laid for this study, Sorenson’s similarity index showed that transect-3 is more similar to transect-
8 with 91% and the least similarity exists between transect 2 and transect 3 with the value of 29% (Table-6). The
Shannon and Simpson diversity analysis also supports that transect-3 and transect-8 have closer diversity values.
Table 4 Sorenson similarity index between transects
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T1
0
T2
0.61
0
T3
0.56
0.29*
0
T4
0.51
0.39
0.46
0
T5
0.56
0.48
0.54
0.56
0
T6
0.62
0.52
0.60
0.48
0.59
0
T7
0.56
0.47
0.49
0.39
0.49
0.64*
0
T8
0.51
0.48
0.91*
0.40
0.45
0.54
0.61
0
T9
0.48
0.43
0.49
0.49
0.51
0.55
0.49
0.51
0
T10
0.53
0.50
0.46
0.51
0.44
0.57
0.47
0.42
0.48
0
Cluster analysis
In the plant community Cluster analysis of MNP, 5 plant community types were identified (figure-7). These
communities were named based on the most dominant species they possessed. Siraj (Siraj, Zhang, & Zerihu, 2016)
and Wogene and Feleke (Wegene & Feleke, 2015) found six different plant communities using different data
sampling approaches. This variation may be due to the loss of some species which are selectively cut for some
purposes. Both researchers named their community based on the present and absence of some dominant plant
species in the cluster.
The present study also uses the same criteria for naming the community.
0.96
0.965
0.97
0.975
0.98
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Transects
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Figure 7 Cluster analysis of MNP sampled plots
Each cluster contains a determined number of plots with dominant representative species of woody plants. C1=9,
C2=18, C3=11, C4= 14, C5= 98
Were,
C1: Senegalliapolyacantha, Vachelliadrepanosom, Brideliascleroneura community
C3: Bersama abyssinica, Oliniarochetiana, Ximenia americana community
C2: Albizia schimperiana, Vachelliatortilis, Asparagus flagellaris community
C4: Combretum adenogonium, Euclea racemosa, Ehretia cymosa community
C5: Combretum adenogonium, Vachelliaseyal, Grewia ferruginea community
Soil seed bank
About 3,240 individual seeds were found representing 136 plant species from eight LULC types each with 3 quadrats
(figure 8). Of these 67% were herbaceous, and the remaining 33% were perennial plant seeds. This figure is a little
bit different from the standing vegetation in terms of species composition.
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Figure 8 soil seed bank distribution within various land used types in MNP
Socio economic status of the region
The socio economic status was analyzed using secondary data that was collected on 2011 and 2016 from Etiopian
socioeconomic Dashboard from, World Bank Group. According to world the socio economic indicators water
accessibility, access to energy for cooking and light were assessed. The assessment was made at regional level and
compared with the national data.
pure water access in the regional
0
50
100
150
200
250
BL
FL
GL
MX
RF
SG
SF
WL
herb upper
herb lower
shrub upper
shrub lower
woody upper
woody lower
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Electricity access
2.2
88.3
7.4
89.3
Rural
Urban
2011
2016
e.
f.
4.3
2.5
2.4
4.4
Rural
Urban
Regional educaon status age 15
-
24
2011
2016
Food shortage
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Figur 9 socio economic status (a-b pure water accessibility;c-d electricity access; e-f youth not educated; g-h food
scarcity) at regional level comapared with national level (source:World Bank, 2016).
DISCUSSION
Land use Land Cover change
Bush land coverage was 42.64(20.9%) of the total area in 1975 but in 1985 it is reduced to 29.13 (14.2%) and
climbed up in 1995 and 2005 to 39.71 (19.4%) and 78.68 (38.5%) respectively and in 2015 it shrinked back to 29.02
(14.2%). Similar result was observed in studies taken dijo area Gelana highland (Daniel, 2008) (Birhan & Assefa,
2017). The rapid spread of bushland in the mentioned years could be caused by relatively random high rainfall
distribution in the respective years. Sharma and Kant (2014) mentioned that random climatic conndition could affect
the composition of plant in a certain area. It is highly linked also to the othe land use type changes (Birhan & Assefa,
2017). For instance bush land highly correlatedd to farm land, and grass land land use change. As it can be seen
from the figure-2below, bushland is inversely related to savana grass land (figure-2).
Significant relation was observed between savanah fire and savannah grass land. As the savannah fire increases the
grass land seems to shrink in the last three decads from 1985 to 2015.
The parallel relation ship between mixed type and riverine forest also observed in this particular study
The absolute relation of the eight-land use change is shown in figure 3. According to this study savannah grass land
declined at an accelerated rate from 1985 to 2005 and restored back 2005 onwards. Data gathered from key
informant interviews confirmed that this destruction of savannah grassland is attributed to rapid population growth
and increasing demand of cultivable and grazing land and for construction of homes in the study area. (Wegene &
Feleke, 2015) pointed out this fact that rapid population growth is the driving force for the LULC in the area.
On the contrary bush land and savannah fire were increasing from 1975 up to 2005 and started to collapse starting
from the end of 2005. This might be the climatic fluctuation of the country which changes every decade, causing
severe drought. Riverine forest seems to remain at a steady rate.
Farmland land use was changed at a lower rate compared to other land use types. This is surprisingly different from
other reports carried somewhere else. Alemu and his colleagues reported that 2322 square kilometer /year change
in northern parts of Ethiopia (Biniyam, Efrem, Zewdu, & Kassa, 2015).
Soil seed bank
In the present study, species composition is higher in soil seed bank than standing vegetation.
37.4
16.7
13.9
4.4
2011
2016
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Similar findings were reported by (Juying & Wenjuan, 2006) (Cui, Bo, W., Ruilun, & Juying, 2017). The woody
plants seem to have reduced in soil seed bank whereas herbaceous plant species almost double the number of the
standing vegetation. According to Juying and Wenjuan, more herbaceous plant species could exist in seed states in
soil seed bank than standing vegetation (Juying & Wenjuan, 2006). Cho hypothesized the phenomenon because of
succession.
Socio economic indicators
Based on the analysis there is positive progress in living standards of the people. According to figure 9 low electricity
provision in the region imply that the people rely on wood for their domestic energy demand. This create pressure
on natural resources. Electrification brings reduction on forest loss (Alpha et al., 2024). Significant number
uneducated youth accelerate damage to forest.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
This study showed that there has been a great deal of Land use land cover change in the past 30 years in Maze
National Park. Most of the LULC occurred due to human-caused activities. Illegal hunting, tree cutting, and small-
scale farming, and nomadic pastoral activities are identified drivers for the LULC. There are about 8 different land
cover types in the study area. Savanna grass land and bush land types are the most highly exploited land use types.
The change in LULC affected many components of the park. According to the present study, 27.1 % savanna grass
land and 14.2 % of bush land have been lost with their precious plants and animal species recently.
Five diverse types of plant community types have been identified in MNP. Fabaceae is the most dominant family of
the plant taxa. The most dominant species is C. adenogonium with 32.82 IVI followed by A. drepanolobium and M.
arbutifolia
The Biophysico chemical properties of the soil status in MNP showed that moderately fertile soil with good organic
carbon and Nitrogen with average water holding capacity. The soil seed bank analysis showed that more plant
diversity is found in soil seed banks than in standing vegetation. The soil seed bank distribution varies with land use
types and in the present study savanna grass land holds the highest soil seed bank followed by grass land.
Recommendations
Based on the above findings, the following recommendations are forwarded to all stakeholders.
1. Community based conservation and protection methods must be launched
2. Awareness of the local people towards protection and use of park should be strengthened with continuous
meeting at kebele level
3. Community based task force should be established in conservation of especially endangered species of plant
and mammals
4. Strategies should be designed so that local peoplebenefit from the conservation of the park. For instance,
engaging local people in tourism based economic activities like hiring cars, food and shelter, tour guides, etc.
5. Valid and vital information exchange capacity of the local people and scout must be established
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6. Scout associations at local school level should be established so that young children participate and feel the
park's stewardship.
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practices in Côte d’Ivoire. Enery economics vol. 136.
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3. Biniyam, A., Efrem, G., Zewdu, E., & Kassa, H. (2015). Land Use and Land Cover Changes and
Associated Driving Forces in North Western Lowlands Of Ethiopia. 5 (1).
4. Birhan, A. M., & Assefa, A. Y. (2017). Land use Land Cover Changes and Their Environmental
Implications in the Gelana subwatershed of Northern Highland's of Ethiopia. Envron Syst Res , 12-
25.
5. Cho, Y., & Lee, C. (2018). Florstic Composition and Species Richness of Soil Seed Bank in Three
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