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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026
Study of Cost-Benefit Ratio Analysis of Rooftop Farming Vegetables
Cultivated Plants.
Dr. Kartik Chandra Sahu
Lecturer in Botany, Department of Botany, Panchayat Degree College, Daramgarh, Maa
Manikeswari University, Kalahandi, Odisha, India.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150500009
Received: 01 May 2026; Accepted: 05 May 2026; Published: 22 May 2026
ABSTRACT
Fast growing urban population need to be rapid production of vegetables on rooftop farming. Urban agriculture
is meeting to daily needs for urban people. Vegetable cultivation technique on rooftop is the passion of urbanize.
Vegetable cultivation is closely related with rooftop farming. Almost all variety of vegetables plants are grown
on the rooftop farming in seasonal basis. Proper planning and management give more profited .it is more essential
for the urban people because the organic vegetable grown in the Rooftop farming by utilization of compost
vermin-compost coco peats and organic fertilizers. The method of study carried out by experimental as well as
survey methods. I chosen site of study is Bhubaneswar because of large numbers of farmer cultivate vegetables
on rooftop in India. Study of cost-benefit ratio analysis of rooftop farming is essential for the vegetable
cultivation. The objectives of study entitled analysis economical benefits of vegetables cultivation on rooftop
farming. These benefits are saves to expenses of urban people. It has profit making self managing cultivation of
vegetable on rooftop needful for urban people. They obtain fresh organic vegetables on their own rooftop in
marginal expenses. The percentage of profit is enhancing the perception of rooftop farming among urban people.
Keywords: Rooftop Farming, Vegetable Cultivation, Cost-benefit Ratio, Percentage of Profit, Economic Value.
INTRODUCTION
Vegetable cultivation on rooftop farming increases as per the market demand of vegetables and high cost urban
land. Fruits and vegetables intake among urban community gardeners has essential and demands. Astee, L. and
Kishnani, N. (2010). Vegetables are easily cultivated on rooftop farms because of different opportunity and
benefits technique of vegetables cultivation involved water management, Alaima, K, et al., (2008) Bio-waste
management and environmental benefits and controlled. Other benefits are associated with the rooftop farming.
It is effective of cost benefit ratio. Benefits are more than cost. Boardman, A. E., et al.,(2020). Almost all
vegetables are cultivated on rooftop farming such as Materials and methods. The material required for the
vegetable on rooftop farms were basically suitable well roof conditioned cultivation, Buhler, D. et al.,(2016),
global trend and global status of commercial urban rooftop farming proper irrigation facility, Grow Bags, soil,
Manure, investment for cultivation, instrument, containers, seeds and seedling and labour. The methods of
cultivation are same as land field cultivation but here grow bags and container garden are used .Due to the water
scarcity less amount of water is need for container garden and reduce expenses. The observation carried out on
the spots and gather the data of expenses/investment for 10 species and pots (Table -1) cost etc estimate the
different material that are used for cultivation from the rooftop farms. Give sampling methods and gather the
data. Calculate and analyzed the data and put the value of benefits cost, ratio of different aspect % of profits,
Tamboli, M. A., et al., (2025). It is proof that calculation of vegetable is highly profit making crop being
cultivated at rooftop farm.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study is carried out by survey of primary raw data from rooftop farmers of the Bhubaneswar city of India.
Data are collected and record by semi-structured survey and semi-experimental methods through farmer’s
gardens. Further questioner methods used to from the rooftop farms. Formulate the statistical data analysis of
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cost benefit ratio. The data collect during a complete cultivation of a specific species of the plant. Technique of
cultivation has been followed the methods of study.
RESULTS
Data had collected and documented by dominant respondent’s opinion has been completed the vegetable crops
and compare to market value with RTF in Tabulated and figures format. Here calculation of expenses of selected
common vegetable in terms of market value. Income and the Cost-profit, Cost-Benefit and percentage (%) of
profit has calculated. The tables present data on various vegetables grown on rooftop farming along with their
corresponding costs, benefits, and cost-benefit ratios. Each row represents a different plant species. The "Sum
of Cost" column indicates the total expenses incurred for cultivating and production of each vegetable plant,
while the "Sum of Benefit" column shows the total returns or benefits obtained from cultivating them. The "Sum
of Cost-Benefit Ratio" column calculates the ratio of benefits to costs, indicating the efficiency of each
cultivation effort. Higher ratios suggest more profitable crops relative to their cultivation costs.
Ratio analysis of cultivated vegetable plants on rooftop farming.
Table 3. 1 Calculation of expenses of plants cultivate on rooftop farms in (Indian rupees).
Name of the
plant
Expenses For Cultivation( Indian rupees and US dollar)Rupees 82.96=1 Dollar
Particulars
VP
Vegetables
(VP)
Grow Bag
Loam Soil
WaterSuply
Seedling/seeds
Labour
VP1
Solanum
lycopersicum
40(0.48)
200(2.41)
100,(1.21)
150(1.81)
200(2.41)
VP2
Cucurbita
maxima
50(0.60)
200(2.41)
100,(1.21)
50(0.60)
200(2.41)
VP3
Capsicum
annuum
50(0.60)
200(2.41)
80 (0.96)
100,(1.21)
200(2.41)
VP4
Brassica
oleracea
40(0.48)
200(2.41)
50(0.60)
50(0.60)
200(2.41)
VP5
Brassica
oleracea
50(0.60)
150(1.81)
100,(1.21)
50(0.60)
200(2.41)
VP6
Abelmoschus
esculentus
16(0.19)
100(1.21)
50(0.60)
200(2.41)
100(1.41)
VP7
Cucumis
sativus
50(0.60)
300(3.62)
100(1.21)
150(1.81)
200(2.41)
VP8
Solanum
melongena
60(0.72)
250(3.01)
100(1.21)
150(1.81)
200(2.41)
VP9
Lagenaria
siceraria
50(0.60)
200(2.41)
100(1.21)
150(1.81)
200(2.41)
VP10
Momordica
charantia
50(0.60)
200(2.41)
80(0.96)
150(1.81)
200(2.41)
VP11
Raphanus
sativus
16(0.19)
200(2.41)
80(0.96)
20(0.24)
100(1.41)
Grow bag=Poly bag, plastic pots, Siol pots,Gunny Bag
Manure =Mixture of compost, cocopeat, organic fertilizers, Vermi-compost
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Calculation of expenses for the cultivation of vegetables on rooftop farming-:
Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)VP
1
:- For 10 pots Grow Bags, Synthetic Bags, Poly Bags 10×4 = 40.00,Soil
Preparation Cost 10×20=200,Manure and fertilizer 10×5 =50, Water Supply cost 10×8×50=4000 Lits =100,
Seeds and seedlings (3 Seedlings/bag 30×5 =150,Labour Cost 10×20= 200.
Pumkin(Cucurbita maxima)VP
2
:-Grow Bags 10×5 =50, Soil Preparation Cost 10×20=200, Manure and
fertilizers 10×10 =100,Water Supply cost 10×10×50=5000 Lits =100, Seeds 10×5 =50, Labour Cost =10×20=
200.
Bellpepper (Capsicum annuum)VP
3
:- Grow Bags 10×5=50, Soil Preparation Cost 10×20=200, Coco peat
10×5=50, Manure and Fertilizers 10×5=50, Water Supply Cost 10×10×40 =4000 lits 80, Seeds (2 S/Bag)=20×5=
100, Labour Cost =10×20= 200.
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea)VP
4
:-GrowBags 10×4=40,Soil Preparation Cost =10×20=200,Manure and
fertilizers 10×5=50, Water Supply Cost10×10×20= 2000 lits =50,Seedling 10×5=50, Labour Cost 10×20=200.
Cabbage (Brassica oleraceae)VP
5
:-Grow Bags 10×5=50,Soil Preparation Cost 10×15 =150. Manure and
fertilizer 10×5=50, Water Supply cost =10×10×50 =5000 Liters =100, Seeds 10×5 =50. Labour Cost=10×20=
200.
Lady finger (Abelmoschus esculentus) VP
6
:- For1Grow Bags (6”/4”), Grow Bags =1×800 = 800.1bag=
Approximately 50 crops=800÷50=16.00/Crop,Soil Preparation Cost 1×100=100.00/Crop,Manure and fertilizers
1×5=100, Water Supply cost 10 ×5×100 =500Lit =50.00, Seeds=100×2 = 200.00, Labour Cost = 100.00.
Cucumber(Cucumis sativus)VP
7
:- Grow Bags 10×5=50.00 (1’×1’),Soil Preparation Cost =10×30 =300,Manure
and fertilizers =10×10 =100, Water Supply Cost 10 ×10× 70= 7000= 100.00 Seeds =30×5 = 150.00
(3Seeds/pots), Labour Cost = 200.
Brinjal (Solanum melongena)VP
8
:-Grow Bags 10×6 = 60.00, Soil preparation Cost =10×25=250.00, Manure
and fertilizers 10× 5 = 150,Water Supply Cost=10 12×50=6000 Lits=100.00, Seedlings (3plants/bag) =30×=
150, LC= 200.
Bottle Gourd(Lagenaria siceraria)VP
9
:-Grow Bags 10×5=50.00 Soil Preparation Cost 10×20=200,Manure and
fertilizers 10×10=100, Water Supply cost =10×10×50=5000 Lits=100.00Seeds (3plants/bag) =30×5 =150.00
LC= 200.
Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia)VP
10
:- Grow Bags =10×5=50,SP=10×20=200,Manure and fertilizers
10×10 =100,Water Supply Cost 10× 10× 45=4500. Lit =80, S (3plants/bag) 30×5 =150,Labour Cost 10×20=
200.
Radish (Raphanus sativus) VP
11
:- For 1 Grow bag, (6”×4”) Grow Bags =1×800 =800,1 Grow Bags /50/Crops
=800÷50=16, Soil Preparation Cost 1×200 =200, Coco Peat =50, Manure and fertilizers 1×100 =60, Water
Supply Cost=1×3×1=3000 Lits=80. S 200 =20, Labour Cost1×100 = 100.
Table 3. 2 Analysis of statistical value of cost benefits ratio with % of profi (Rs).
Vegetable
Plants (VP)
Name of the
plants
Cost of
cultivation
Benefits
Profits
Cost- Benefit
ratio
Cost-Profit
ratio
% of profit
VP
1
Solanum
lycopersicum
740
1800
1060
2.432
1.432
143.24
VP
2
Cucurbita
maxima
700
3200
2500
4.571
3.571
357.14
VP
3
Capsicum
annuum
730
1600
870
2.193
1.193
119.17
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VP
4
Brassica
oleracea
590
900
310
1.525
0.525
52.54
VP
5
Brassica
oleracea var.
600
800
200
1.332
0.332
33.33
VP
6
Abelmoschus
esculentus
566
1600
1034
2.826
1.826
184.27
VP
7
Cucumis
sativus
900
1600
700
1.772
0.772
77.77
VP
8
Solanum
melongena
910
2400
1490
2.634
1.634
263.73
VP
9
Lagenaria
siceraria
800
3000
2200
3.758
2.758
275
VP
10
Momordica
charantia
780
2000
1220
2.56
1.56
154.62
VP
11
Raphanus
sativus
526
1050
524
1.993
0.993
199.61
Cost-benefit ratio of cultivated vegetables on rooftop farming-:
VP
1
:- Total Cost- 740.00Benefits 30×2 = 60kg =60×30.00 = 1800.00 (Cost=30.00/Kg), Profit-1800-740
=1060.00 Cost-Benefit Ratio


=


=

= 1: 2.432,Cost-Profit Ratio


=


=

=1: 1.432, Percentage
of Profit


× 100 = 143.24 % ,
VP
2
:-Total Cost=700, Benefits= 40×4= 160Kg =160×20.00 =3200.00 (Cost=20.00/kg) Profit =3200 -700
=2500, Cost-Benefit Ratio =


=

=

= 4.571,Cost-Profit ratio =


=

=

=1:3.57 Percentage of profit
=


×100=357.14% .
VP
3
:- Total Cost=730Benefits = 20×1 =20Kg = 20×80.00 =1600.00(Cost=80.00/kg) Profit = 1600-730 =870.00
Cost-Benefit Ratio =




=

=1:2.19 Cost-Profit Ratio =


=


=

=1:1.19 Percentage of Profit=


× 100 =119.17%.
VP
4
:-Total Cost = 590, Benefits = 10×1.5 = 15kg = 15×60 = 900.(Price=50.00/kg) Profit= 900-590= 310, Cost-
Benefit ratio=


=



= 1:1.52 Cost-Profit ratio =





= 1: 0.52, Percentage of profit =


×100
= 152.54%.
VP
5
:-Total Cost = 600 Benefits =10×2 = 20kg =20×40.00= 800.00 (Cost=40.00/kg) Profit =800-600= 200.00
Cost-Benefit Ratio =



= 1:1.33 Cost-Profit Ratio=


=

= 1: 0.33.Percentage of
Profit=


×100= 33.33%.
VP
6
:-Total Cost = 566.00Benefits= 100×400 Gm= 40Kg = 40×40.0 = 1600,Cost=40.00/kg) Profit= 1600 - 566
=1034.00 Cost-Benefit Ratio=



= 1:2.82 Cost-Profit ratio=



= 1:1.82 Percentage of profit
=


× 100=182.27%.
VP
7
:-Total Cost = 900Benefits=10×4 = 40Kg =40×40.00 = 1600.00 (Cost=40.00/kg) Profit= 1600-900=700.00
Cost-Benefit Ratio=



= 1:1.77 Cost-Profit Ratio =



= 1:0.77, Percentage of profit=



=77.77%.
VP
8
:-Total Cost = 910 Benefits10× 8 = 80Kg= 80×30= 2400(Cost=30.00/kg) Profit 2400-910=1490.00 Cost-
Benefit Ratio



= 1:2.63, Cost-profit Ratio



= 1:1.63 Percentage of profit


 =
163.73%.
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VP
9
:-Total Cost =800 Benefits10×10 = 100Kg= 100×30.00= 3000.00 (Cost=30.00/Kg) Profit 3000 -800=
2200.00 Cost-Benefit Ratio



= 1:3.75, Cost-Profit Ratio



= 1:2.75 Percentage of Profit


×
100= 275%.
VP
10
:-Total Cost =780 Benefits 10×4 = 40Kg (Cost=50.00/kg) = 40×50.00 = 2000.00 Profit 2000-780=1220
Cost-Benefit Ratio



= 1:2.56, Cost-Profit Ratio



= 1:1.56, Percentage of Profit


×100 =
156.21 %.
VP
11
:-Total Cost =526 Benefits 1×35 =35Kg (Cost=30.00/kg) = 35×30=1050.00 Profit 1050-526=524.00 Cost-
Benefit Ratio



=1:1.99, Cost-Profit Ratio



=1:1.003 Percentage of Profit


100=199.61%.
`
Fig. 3. 1 Cost for vegetable cultivation on rooftop farming.
740
700
730
590
600
566
900
910
800
780
526
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
VP1 VP2 VP3 VP4 VP5 VP6 VP7 VP8 VP9 VP10 VP11
Cost
Vegetables cultivation on RTF
Cost
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Fig. 3.
2
Benefit for vegetable cultivation on RTF.
Fig. 3. 3 Profit for vegetable cultivation on rooftop farming.
1060
2500
870
310
200
1034
700
1490
2200
1220
524
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
VP1
VP2
VP3
VP4
VP5
VP6
VP7
VP8
VP9
VP10
VP11
Amount
Vegetables cultiation on RTF
Profit
740
700
730
590
600
566
900
910
800
780
526
1800
3200
1600
900
800
1600 1600
2400
3000
2000
1050
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
VP1 VP2 VP3 VP4 VP5 VP6 VP7 VP8 VP9 VP10 VP11
Amont
Vegetable plants cultivation on RTF
Cost /Benefit
1800
3200
1600
900
800
1600 1600
2400
3000
2000
1050
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
VP1 VP2 VP3 VP4 VP5 VP6 VP7 VP8 VP9 VP10 VP11
Benifit
Vegetables cultivation on RTF
Benefit
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Fig. 3. 4 Cost-Benefits for vegetables cultivation on RTF.
Fig. 3. 5 Cost-profits for vegetable cultivation on RTF.
Fig. 3. 6 Cost-benefit ratio for cultivation plants on RTF.
Fig. 3. 7 Cost-profit ratio for vegetable cultivation on RTF.
2.43
4.57
2.19
1.52
1.33
2.82
1.77
2.63
3.75
2.56
1.99
0
1
2
3
4
5
VP1 VP2 VP3 VP4 VP5 VP6 VP7 VP8 VP9 VP10 VP11
Cost Benifit Ratio
Vegetables cultivation on RTF
Cost -Benifit Ratio
1.43
3.57
1.19
0.52
0.33
1.82
0.77
1.63
2.75
1.56
0.99
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
VP1 VP2 VP3 VP4 VP5 VP6 VP7 VP8 VP9 VP10 VP11
Cost Profit Ratio
Vegetables cultivation on RTF
Cost -Profit Ratio
740
700
730
590
600
566
900
910
800
780
526
1060
2500
870
310
200
1034
700
1490
2200
1220
524
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
VP1
VP2
VP3
VP4
VP5
VP6
VP7
VP8
VP9
VP10
VP11
Amont
Vegetable cultivation on RTF
Cost/Profit
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Fig. 3. 8 Percentage (%) of profit for vegetable cultivation on RTF.
Fig. 3. 9 Cost, benefit and profit for vegetable cultivation on RTF.
143.24%
357.14%
119.17%
152.54%
33.33%
182.27%
77.77%
163.73%
275%
156.21%
199.61%
0.00%
50.00%
100.00%
150.00%
200.00%
250.00%
300.00%
350.00%
400.00%
VP1 VP2 VP3 VP4 VP5 VP6 VP7 VP8 VP9 VP10 VP11
% of profite
Vegetables cultivation on RTF
% of Profit
740
700
730
590
600
566
900
910
800
780
526
1800
3200
1600
900
800
1600
1600
2400
3000
2000
1050
1060
2500
870
310
200
1034
700
1490
2200
1220
524
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
VP1 VP2 VP3 VP4 VP5 VP6 VP7 VP8 VP9 VP10 VP11
Costs
Benefits
Profits
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Fig. 3. 10 Cost-benefit ratio and cost profit ratio vegetable cultivation on RTF.
Fig. 3. 11 Comparison of profit and % of profit for vegetable cultivation on RTF.
2.43
4.57
2.19
1.52
1.33
2.82
1.77
2.63
3.75
2.56
1.99
1.43
3.57
1.19
0.52
0.33
1.82
0.77
1.63
2.75
1.56
0.99
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
VP1 VP2 VP3 VP4 VP5 VP6 VP7 VP8 VP9 VP10 VP11
Cost-Benefit ratio
Cost-Profit ratio
1060
2500
870
310
200
1034
700
1490
2200
1220
524
143.24
357.14
119.17
152.54
33.33
182.27
77.77
163.73
275
156.21
199.61
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
VP1 VP2 VP3 VP4 VP5 VP6 VP7 VP8 VP9 VP10 VP11
Profit
% of Profit
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DISCUSSION
Calculated the expenses of vegetable cultivation for 10 plants and pots grown had tabulated sampling of 11 type
of vegetable4 plants grown in RTF express in the table -1,These were denoted vegetable plants (VP) and
numerical form up to 11 common plants VP1,VP2,VP3...VP11 and explained the sources of expenses cost for
Grow bag, soil, compost, bio-fertilizer, water supply, seed, seedling, propagules, planted materials labour cost
has essential for the RTF (Table 3.1).The study discussion of the cost, profit, cost-profit ratio and the percentage
of profit from the growing vegetable of the RTF. According to data VP2 (Cucurbita maxima) having high profit
rate rupees 2500 of cost700 and the benefit 3200 per 10 plants. However VP11 (Raphanus sativous) highest
profit rupees 524 in the sense of cost 526 and the benefit 1050. (Table 3.2) express the data of cost of cultivation
,benefit after the sale and amount of profit, cost-benefit ratio and the cost-profit ratio and the percentage of profit
of 11 essential vegetables studied. Fig 3.1 presents costing of the vegetable cultivation which are the benefit of
the pants, the benefit of the vegetable showing in (Fig 3.2) which have VP2 rupees 3200 and VP9 rupees
30highest among them. Further Profit and benefit recorded respectively (Table 3.3 &3.4).The study of cost–
benefit ratio of cultivated plants VP2-4.57,VP9-375,VP6-2.82 and VP8-2.63.Next to the (Fig 3.7) presented
Cost–profit ratio of vegetable VP2-3.57,VP9-2.76 and VP6-1.82.respectivly.The calculation of % of profit has
been reported in terms of Percentage of cost by the Profit (Fig 3.8) highly profited vegetables has
VP2,VP9,VP11,VP6.(Fig-3.9) explore the data of cost-benefit and the profit given by vegetable plants gown on
RTF. Comparison of Cost-Benefit ratio and Cost-Profit ratio of growing vegetables has 4.57 and 3.57 VP2,
respectively. 3.76 and2.75 VP9 (Fig 3.10).Profit and Percentage of profit of different vegetable plants has
different. Finally highly profitable vegetable growing by most of the city farmers on rooftop farming..
CONCLUSSION
Various type of Vegetables cultivated on the RTF on the basis of profit making such as VP2, VP9, VP6 etc.
The profit depends upon the production, market value and demand. The vegetables demand increase by the
consumer choice and organic vegetable because of present of high nutritive value. Different season has different
demand and the price id altered accordingly. Best choice of vegetable cultivation as per the demand and price.
So the choice have vegetables plants are important for RTF. High profit vegetable cultivation has played an
crucial rule for perception and economic growth of urban farmers. For that has cultivation of vegetable on RTF.
The cost–benefit ratio analysis of rooftop farming vegetables cultivated plants need to choice of plants being
cultivated on rooftop farming.
Conflict of Interest
This original research article has the partial work of Ph.D thesis of author in Bhubaneswar city in India, The
funding of this research had spent by author. No any conflict of interest has been occurred in this to published
article.
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