Page 339

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026

Bio Trace - A Blockchain and IPFS Based Traceability Platform for

Secure Ayurvedic Herb Supply Chains

Mrs. CH. Sudha

, P. Sarayu Rajkumar

, K. Nidhish Dharma

Assistant Professor, IT Department, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology Hyderabad,

Telangana

Student, IT Department, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150500031

Received: 02 May 2026; Accepted: 06 May 2026; Published: 25 May 2026

ABSTRACT

Ensuring transparency, authenticity, and regulatory compliance in Ayurvedic herb supply chains remains a

major challenge due to the use of centralized and fragmented tracking systems. Traditional approaches are

vulnerable to data tampering, poor traceability, and lack of trust among stakeholders. This paper proposes

BioTrace, a blockchain and IPFS-based traceability platform designed to provide secure, transparent, and

immutable tracking of Ayurvedic herbs from harvesting to consumer delivery. The system integrates

Hyperledger Fabric for decentralized transaction management, Inter Planetary File System (IPFS) for tamper-

proof document storage, and role-based access control for secure stakeholder interaction. Bio Trace supports

automated compliance verification using geo-fencing, seasonal validation, species verification, and laboratory

quality metrics. QR-code based consumer verification enables end users to access complete batch provenance

information.

Index terms - Blockchain, Supply Chain Traceability, Ayurvedic Herbs, IPFS, Decentralized Storage, Role-

Based Access Control, QR Code Verification.

INTRODUCTION

Voluntary supply chains that are both visible and verifiable has become a major need in the past few years

especially in the industry where producers of raw materials have a direct implication on human health. One

of such areas is the Ayurvedic medicine industry, the medicinal properties of a certain product are purely

determined by the purity of the ingredients, the circumstances under which they were picked and the quality

followed during the processing and distribution. The consumers who buy Ayurvedic products expect to be

assured that whatever is written in the label matches what is in the pack. Regulators insist that documented

records should be presented to show that all batches must have gone through certified areas, undergone

laboratory tests, and met set quality standards before they can be introduced in the market. The companies

that have businesses in this space require responsible records that will help them to withstand legal

responsibility, recall and prove to be obedient during audits.

Nevertheless, the increasing requirement is accompanied by the fact that traditional supply chain systems

used in the Ayurvedic industry still use centralized databases and manual records. Historical records held in

disconnected systems by various stakeholders at the farm, at the processors, at the laboratories, at the

distributors and at the retailers are seldom harmonized and then it becomes hard to create a comprehensive

and reliable history of a particular batch. Storing data in a centralized way creates a single point of failure, in

which information may be changed, lost or modified without being noticed. Paper records are susceptible to

human errors, time wastage and inconsistency especially when records change hands of various individuals in

Page 340

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026

different geographical regions. Such weaknesses leave loopholes in accountability that may be used either

with the ulterior intention of adulteration or without any such intention but with negligence.

However, the results of these issues should not be taken lightly, as there have been cases of Ayurvedic medicine

being linked to adverse health conditions due to contaminants and false labelling of products. It is also very

difficult for the relevant authorities to trace the cause of the problem with the batch of Ayurvedic medicine.

This has led to widespread adverse health conditions among the populace. The farmer who has been adhering

to the quality standards has no means of differentiating his products from those of the farmer who has not.

This eliminates the motivation for quality adherence. The consumer also has no means of verifying the claims

made on the label of the Ayurvedic medicine. This makes him totally dependent on the integrity of the

participants of the supply chain.

To overcome the structural challenges that are a part of the Ayurvedic supply chain, modern technology has

been seen to be a viable option for enhancing the level of trust that is associated with the supply chain systems

that are currently in place. The blockchain, which was initially developed for the purpose of transactions for

the financial industry alone, has been seen to be extremely viable for supply chain management with the

inherent properties that are a part of the blockchain. Once data is written to the blockchain, it cannot be

changed without the entire chain of data that follows being considered invalid, thereby making any attempt

at data tampering extremely easy to detect. The data that is written to the blockchain is not stored anywhere;

therefore, it is not possible for any one entity to attempt to delete the data that has been written to the

blockchain, as that would imply that the participant would have access to the blockchain itself, which is not

possible due to the decentralized nature of the blockchain.

Complementing blockchain for data integrity, the InterPlanetary File System is an approach to storing large

files such as laboratory certificates, quality reports, images of products in a decentralised way. Unlike normal

file storage where a URL points to a server that can be taken offline or have its contents changed, IPFS refers

to files by their content hash. This means that a link to a certificate stored on IPFS will always return exactly

said certificate, or nothing at all -- it cannot silently return a different document. This property makes IPFS

very suited to storing the documentary evidence of the compliance claims of regulated industries.

This paper introduces BioTrace - an integrated web-based platform made to integrate these technologies in a

practical system for Ayurvedic herb supply chain. BioTrace simulates the supply chain as a sequence of

batches and events, where each batch of product would stand for a specific quantity of a specific herb species,

and each event would stand for a recorded action taken on a batch at a specific time. This system covers the

entire ide-to-pharm process of a herb from when it is plucked from the field, processed, tested in the lab,

packaged, shipped and sold. Every event is recorded with a timestamp, the identity of the actor responsible,

the geographic location of the event and documentation supporting the event, if any, uploaded to IPFS.

Compliance checking is not a separate audit process but an integral part of the platform. Each batch is

automatically evaluated against a list of regulatory parameters including geo-fencing parameters to ensure

that the harvest location is within acceptable agriculture zones, seasonal restrictions ensure that the herb was

harvested during the appropriate time of the year, species conservation parameters ensure that the herb is in

the list of approved species to be harvested commercially and quality parameters flag batches with

pharmaceutical manufacturing performance concerns that were produced under laboratory reported

parameters for purity, moisture content or ash content outside of approved ranges. When a violation happens,

it can be seen instantly by regulators via a special compliance monitoring interface with levels assigned to the

severity to help prioritize the response.

The main contributions of this work are:

1. Design of a blockchain-based traceability framework for Ayurvedic herbs.

Page 341

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026

2. Integration of Hyperledger Fabric and IPFS for secure storage and immutable audit trails.

3. Automated compliance verification using geo-fencing and quality metrics.

4. QR-code based consumer transparency mechanism.

5. Role-based access control for different supply chain stakeholders.

Related Work

Tiago M. Fernandez-Carames et al. [1], is an advanced warehouse management system using UAVs (drones)

and blockchain technology. The drones automate the inventory monitoring process by scanning goods in real-

time, while blockchain ensures the security of each update made so there is no issue or any doubt in the

accuracy and traceability. This reduces human error and creates more efficiency in the industry 4.0

environment. However, the system is high in investment, has high reliability of network connectivity and

complex infrastructure, which restricts its practical adoption.

Devraj V. Rajput et al. [2], the study deals with applications of blockchain in the food supply chain for better

transparency, traceability and sustainability. By documenting all steps of the supply process on an immutable

ledger, this helps prevent fraud, ensure product authenticity and help to build trust from consumers. It also

promotes ethical sources of production. However, use of such systems is difficult because of high

implementation costs, integration complexity, and resistance to change.

C. Vijj et al. [3], this research aims at the application of smart contracts on automating supply chain operations.

These contracts automate predefined actions based on conditions without incurring much manual intervention,

delays and errors. The approach is useful in improving the efficiency and authenticity of data across

transactions. Despite these benefits, the system has issues with scalability when working with large files of

transactions, and also risks for security if contracts are not carefully designed.

Sidra Malik et al. [4], the authors propose PrivChain, a blockchain-based framework for achieving secure

traceability services while maintaining data privacy. Unlike traditional systems, it enables sensitive business

information to be held in confidence, yet with transparency maintained in those places where it needs to be.

This makes it suitable for supply chains that require privacy. However, the approach leads to an increase in

the computational overhead and adds complexity in system design and implementation.

Peng Zhao et al. [5], in this paper proposes a blockchain-based traceability model that helps improve data

integrity and visibility between supply chain participants. It handles the access of consistent tamper-proof

data to all interested parties, which will result in better coordination and trust. While effective in strengthening

transparency, the model suffers from a lack of scalability for applicability in large systems, and the check and

good enough monitoring of supply chain activities in real time.

Zibin Zheng et al. [6], this study is a comprehensive overview of the blockchain technology and its application

in many different sectors, including supply chains. On the one hand, it highlights how blockchain leads the

way to better transparency, decentralisation and security, which makes it valuable for the purposes of tracking

and verification. However, the paper also highlights some important limitations like issue of scalability, slow

transaction speeds, or high energy consumption that are limiting widespread adoption.

Marco Conoscenti et al. [7], the research is focused on the use of the blockchain in achieving better trust and

verification of data in supply chains. By keeping a shared and unaltered ledger, it ensures that all the

stakeholders are working on the same verified information that will reduce disputes and enhance

collaboration. However, the complexity of the system and the challenge of integrating it with existing

infrastructure are still significant challenges.

Page 342

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026

Kamanashis Biswas et al. [8], in this paper a framework for secure data sharing in distributed systems is

proposed which can be used in supply chains, and is based upon blockchain. It enhances the data protection,

prevents unauthorized access, and ensures the integrity of data. But these improvements to security often

come with tradeoffs, such as increased latency and heightened computational resources requirements.

Feng Tian. [9], the blockchain technology is coupled with the radio frequency identification systems to

develop a powerful solution for food traceability. RFID tags take product information in their data

automatically at each stage, and blockchain keeps this data secure and unable to alter. This has the positive

effects of improving tracking efficiency and food safety. However, it is a system that needs a lot of investment

in the set-up of the infrastructure for the use of RFI as well as the technological aspects.

Dylan Yaga et al. [10], this paper provides a detailed overview of the basics of blockchain, including

blockchain architecture, consensus mechanisms, and security features. For supply chains and other areas, it

comes down to explaining how blockchain can be used for secure and transparent data management. At the

same time, it points out some key challenges like scalability limitations, regulations, absence of

standardization, etc.

METHODOLOGY

Farmer → Processor → Lab → Regulator → Consumer

Step 1- User registration and role assignment

Each agent involved in the supply chain registers on the platform and is given a function: farmer, processor,

laboratory, regulator or consumer. Role assignment defines what modules, types of events and data fields are

available to that user. Permissions are stored in the user record and enforced at any point for any API endpoint.

Step 2 - Creation of a Batch by Farmer

A registered farmer triggers the traceability process by establishing a new batch of the herb. Farmer supplies

data of herb species, quantity, unit, date of harvest and the harvest location coordinates. On submission, the

system validates all the fields, and performs a preliminary compliance check that includes geo-fencing,

seasonal rules, and writes the batch record to the MongoDB system. Simultaneously, a block chain transaction

of type CREATE_BATCH is created, mined into a new block and the resulting block hash and transaction ID

are stored against the batch record. The batch is now live in the system with its own one of a kind batch id.

Step 3 - Supply Chain Event Recording

As the batch progresses through the supply chain, individual stake holders log their activity as an event against

the batch ID. A processor logs processing event with location & description. A recording of a lab test event is

made by a user in the laboratory and can upload a certificate file. Each event subdivided passes through the

input validation process, authorization check and business rule check before being written in the events array

of the batch in the Mongo database. A corresponding blockchain transaction of type ADD_EVENT is mined

with the batch linked together.

Step 4 - Upload Certificate to IPFS

When a laboratory user submits a lab test event along with a certificate file, the server reads the file from the

temporary upload directory, calls the Pinata API to email the file to the IPFS and, in return, it receives a

content hash. This hash is saved in the event record and the batch record. The frontend write a direct link to

access the file stored on the IPFS gateway and any authorized user can open this link by authenticated users

and verify original certificate.

Page 343

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026

Step 5 - Quality Metrics Submitting and Evaluating Compliance

When a lab user runs a quality test event the following are included in the request: purity, moisture content

and ash content values. The server parses these values and stores them in the quality metrics fields of the

batch, and immediately performs a complete evaluation of compliance. The evaluation verifies the validity of

geo-fencing (using haversine distance calculations and comparing against approved zone coordinates),

seasonal validity (comparing the harvest month), species approval (checking against a predefined list of

species) and quality thresholds (checking against the submitted metric values). The result - pass or fail for

each dimension - is stored to the batch compliance status record with a list of specific violation descriptions.

This update is used by the direct update of the database to make sure that the result is persisted without any

interference from any middleware.

Step 6 - Regulatory Compliance Monitoring by Regulator

Regulators have access to the compliance monitoring dashboard, which is used to query all the batch records

and aggregate the compliance outcome. Non-compliant batches are displayed in a violations table ordered by

last updated giving the batch ID, Violation description, Severity level and date. Severity is determined by

violation type with quality violations labelled critical, geo-fencing and species violations labelled high, and

seasonal violations labelled medium. The dashboard refreshes automatically, so the regulators see the state

should not have to refresh the page.

Step 7 - QR Code generation and consumer verification

Once a batch is created, a QR code (encoding the batch id) is created and linked to the batch record. This QR

code can be printed on the packaging of the product. When the consumer scans the QR code using the

platform's scanner, the system fetches the complete batch record with all the events, compliance status, and

IPFS certificate links and the platform presents it in a readable timeline. The consumer can check the origin

of the herb, the laboratory results, and if the batch passed all the compliance checks, without any account and

Step 8 - Blockchain used for Verification

At any given point, any user who has access to the Blockchain Explorer is able to see the list of all the blocks

that have been mined, as well as the hash of each block, the hash of the block before it, and the transactions

that are in each block. The validity of the chain is continually checked by re-computing the hash of each block

and checking that it is as stored and that each block has the correct reference for its predecessor. This provides

a separate proof that the recorded history of the supply chain has not been tampered with since it was written.

II. Proposed Architecture

The proposed system uses a four-tier distributed architecture to help provide transparency, immutability, and

role-based access throughout the Ayurvedic herb supply chain. The architecture combines a React-based

frontend, a node JS/express backend, a permissioned blockchain network using Hyperledger Fabric along

with a hybrid storage layer that contains MongoDB and IPFS. Each tier is designed to promote certain

functional and non-functional requirements of the traceability system, respectively.

Architectural Layers

i. Presentation Layer: The frontend layer is built using React 18 with Tailwind CSS as a means of rendering

a responsive UI, and Zustand being a small state management. It connects with the backend using Restful

API using Axios and gets real-time updates using Socket.IO. The interface is dynamically adapted

according to the role that the authenticated user has, so that the interface only renders the features and data

Page 344

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026

that are relevant to be used by that stakeholder.

ii. Application Layer: The backend is developed on the Node.js platform using the Express.js framework. It

represents the central orchestration layer, which covers authentication with the help of the JWT, password

hashing with bcrypt, and role-based authorization middleware. It exposes the batch management, events

tracking and QR code operations, compliance reporting and blockchain queries through the exposed

endpoints to the users using the Rest. Socket.IO is built-in for broadcasting of real-time events on

connected clients.

iii. Blockchain Layer: Implementation of the blockchain is the permissioned distributed ledger system for

enterprise supply chain applications. The network contains a single organization, one node for consensus

and one node for transaction endorsement and ledger maintenance. The smart contract is coded in the Go

programming language and deployed on the herb-channel recording all batch creation and lifecycle events

in an un-manipulable transaction.

iv. Storage Layer: A mix of storage strategy is used. MongoDB stores mutable application data such as user

profile, batch metadata, event logs, etc. MongoDB supports fast querying and indexing capabilities. IPFS

- by way of the Pinata gateway is a storage for large off-chain artifacts such as quality certificate,

compliance documents, and laboratory reports. Files stored onto IPFS are referenced on-chain by the

content hash, allowing it to have tamper-evidence without ledger bloat. The API Server Layer is also based

on Node.js using the Express module as the primary hub to communicate between the client and all of the

back-end systems. It does the request processing, enforces authentication with the help of the middleware

of the JSON Web Tokens, applies permission every time at every endpoint according to the roles of the

users, validates all the incoming data, manages file uploading with Multer middleware, coordinates the

logic that handles the evaluation aberrations whenever new batch or quality data is submitted.

System Data Flow

When an action is initiated by a stakeholder, the request will come from the React frontend and is sent over

secure type http to the Express backend. The backend performs validation, business logic and persistence of

relevant metadata to the MongoDB. At the same time, the blockchain service builds and sends a transaction

to the Hyperledger Fabric peer which endorses and commits the transaction to the herb-channel ledger. For

document-heavy operations, content of files will be uploaded to IPFS and the content-addressable-hash of

these files will be stored on-chain. Clients that are connected and successfully confirmed transaction real-time

notification are pushed to all connected clients using socket.io.

Role-Based Access Control

The system enforces a multiple role access control model in order to restrict operations based on stakeholder

identity. A summary of the roles and their respective permissions is given in the table I.

Table I: Role Based Access Control Matrix

Role

Permissions

Farmer

Create batches, add harvest events

Processor

Add processing and transformation events

Laboratory

Submit quality test results and certifications

Page 345

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026

Regulator

Access compliance reports and complete

audit trail

Retailer

Add events related to retail and distribution

Consumer

Read-only access to batch provenance

history

Compliance Verification Mechanism

Each batch of herbs undergoes an automated compliance validation on the backend before a transaction gets

on to the blockchain. The validation checks include: (i) geo-fencing of the geo-location of harvest to check if

it falls within permitted geographical boundaries (ii) seasonality restriction enforcement by species specific

harvest window (iii) quality threshold check related to purity percentage, moisture content, ash content (iv)

species identity check by database of registration. The resulting compliance status is recorded on-chain which

gives regulators an immutable and auditable compliance trail for each batch in the system.

Fig. 4.1: Proposed architecture

Proposed Work

The proposed work focuses on developing BioTrace, a blockchain-integrated traceability system for the

Ayurvedic herb supply chain. The system records every stage of a herb batch lifecycle — from harvesting

and processing to laboratory testing and retail — as immutable transactions on a blockchain, ensuring that no

record can be silently altered once written. Automated compliance checks run against each batch using

predefined regulatory parameters, flagging violations without requiring manual audits. Laboratory certificates

are stored permanently on IPFS, giving every document a verifiable and tamper-proof address. A role-based

Page 346

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026

access model ensures each stakeholder interacts only with the functionality relevant to their position in the

supply chain, while consumers can verify any product's complete history by scanning a QR code. The

following section describes the algorithms and methodology that drive the core functionality of the system.

SHA-256 Hashing Algorithm

SHA-256 (Secure Hash Algorithm 256-bit) is a cryptographical function that produces a fixed-length (256-

bit) output in its output based on whatever is thrown in as argument. In BioTrace, it provides immutability to

the blockchain by creating a unique hash for each block that is based on the index, timestamp, transactions,

previous hash and nonce that this block contains. Even if slight changes are made in the data, it generates a

whole new hash and therefore it is immediately obvious that tampering has taken place. And because it is a

one-way function, the data cannot be reconstructed and information can be indicated without revealing

sensitive information.

Fig. 5.1.1: SHA-256 Hashing Algorithm

Raft Consensus Mechanism

Raft is the consensus mechanism used in Hyperledger Fabric for maintaining consistency and reliability

across the blockchain network. In BioTrace, the ordering service uses the Raft protocol to ensure that all

transactions are received, ordered, and committed to the ledger in the same sequence across all participating

nodes. Unlike Proof of Work systems, Raft does not require computational mining, making it more efficient

and suitable for enterprise applicationss.

Page 347

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026

Fig. 5.2.1: Proof of Work Algorithm

Haversine Algorithm

The Haversine formula is a formula for calculating the shortest distance between two geographical points by

using the latitude and the longitude of the two points. In BioTrace, it is used for geo-fencing in order to verify

whether a batch is harvested from approved agricultural zones. The system compares the location of the

harvest with predefined centers of the zones the harvest belongs to, and if the distance is longer than a

predefined limit (as an example 500 km), then a violation is marked. This method takes into account the

curvature of the Earth, and because of that, real-life distance calculation is no longer off.

Page 348

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026

Fig. 5.3.1: Haversine Algorithm

b. Compliance Evaluation Algorithm

This algorithm forms the core logic of BioTrace and runs whenever quality data is submitted. It evaluates four

aspects: geo-fencing (location validation), seasonal checks (harvest between March–November), species

validation (approved herbs), and quality parameters (purity, moisture, ash content). Any failure generates a

violation record, while full compliance is confirmed only if all checks pass. The results are directly stored in

the database to maintain accuracy and consistency.

Page 349

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026

Fig. 5.4.1: Compliance Evaluation Algorithm

JWT Authentication Algorithm

BioTrace uses the That Authentication Method for Secure access of API By using the JSON Web Token

(JWT) authentication. When a user logs in, a signed token containing his or her identity, role and permissions

is created and returned to the client. This token will be sent in the future whenever it requests and will be

checked by the server. Access control is enforced on the basis of user roles and only authorized actions and

allowed to be done. Tokens also have an expiry time for the sake of security.

Fig. 5.5.1: JWT Authentication Algorithm

QR Code Generation Algorithm

QR codes in BioTrace contain a batch ID or URL coded into a scannable image for people to access the

product's traceability identification. The system employs Reed-Solomon error correction so that it is still

readable if partly damaged. The encoded data is organized in a matrix pattern and saved into the database as

a PNG image. A blockchain record is also made of the generation event of the QR code for its verification.

Page 350

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026

Fig. 5.6.1: QR Code Generation Algorithm

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The utilization of the proposed blockchain-based traceability system for ayurvedic herbs was successfully

chosen and implemented to ensure transparency, security, and efficiency in the supply chain. The system

proved to be a good tracking system of herb batches from harvesting to final distribution, with everything

happening being recorded properly.

Farmer Creating A Batch:

Fig. 3. The system starts with the farmer doing a new batch of herb through the application interface. This

step includes vital information such as species name, amount and geographic location. The creation of a

successful batch proves the ability of the system to accurately record origin data, as it should form the basis

for full traceability. This stage makes certain that all the products hitting the supply chain are uniquely

identifiable and digitally recorded.

Page 351

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026

Fig. 6.1.1: Farmer Creating a New Herb Batch

Add Event (Lab Role – Quality Test):

Fig. 4. In this stage, it is achieved by providing a quality test by a laboratory user by entering quality

parameters such as purity and moisture levels. When wrong or poor quality values (e.g. purity = 50%) are

submitted, the system processes the data but flags it as non-compliant. This is an example of the efficacy of

automated validation and compliance monitoring detecting quality problems early in the supply chain.

Fig. 6.2.1: Laboratory Quality Test Entry with Non-Compliant Values

Batch Detail Page with IPFS Integration:

Fig. 5. The batch detail page gives a time-based sequential view of all the recorded events. It has built into it

Page 352

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026

a function to access the supporting documents (such as lab reports) via decentralized storage. The link "View

Certificate on IPFS" verifies that documents are fetched and stored safely ensuring transparency and

corruptibility. This integration draws to the lucidity of the system to manage volatile files efficiently.

Fig. 6.3.1: Batch Detail Page with IPFS Certificate Access

Compliance Monitoring Dashboard (Regulator View):

Fig. 6. The compliance monitoring page gives regulators a centralised view of all violations. The table points

out important factors such as purity or moisture in the ingredients, which are then able to make a quick

decision. Step One: Discover the strengths of a system and its capacity to manage oversight by regulators by

presenting insights actionable by the regulators in the regulated environment and presents concepts of action

in an organized manner.

Page 353

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026

Fig. 6.4.1: Compliance Monitoring Dashboard Showing Violations

Blockchain Explorer – Proof of Immutability:

Fig. 7. The explorer of blockchain presents mined blocks with details of transactions and their correspondences

of their hashes respectively. This is to prove that everything that are recorded are unchangeable and can no

longer be changed after they have been stored. The work of the block hashes makes the trust and data security

or validation the reliability of the system.

Fig. 6.5.1: Blockchain Explorer Displaying Transaction Blocks and Hashes

Consumer Dashboard Interface:

Fig. 8. Consumer dashboard is the entry point for the end users. It offers various options such as scanning the

QR code and browsing the available batches. It is a user-friendly interface for the consumers and makes the

product easy to authentic.

Page 354

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026

Fig. 6.6.1: Consumer Dashboard with QR Scanner Interface

QR Code Scan Result – Full Traceability:

Fig. 9. If a consumer scans a QR code of a product that he or she wants to buy, this system will show him or

her the entire history of supply chain management of that product. It will show him or her information from the

harvesting process all the way to the processing process. That is complete transparency in order for him or

her to make a decision that can be verified.

Fig. 6.7.1: QR Code Scan Result Showing Complete Supply Chain Traceability

Table II. System Modules and Roles

Module

Farme

Processo

Laborato

Regulato

Consume

Create Batch

✅

❌

Add Event

✅

❌

Upload

Certificate

❌

✅

❌

Quality Test

❌

✅

❌

View

❌

✅

❌

Page 355

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026

Compliance

Scan QR

✅

Table III Compliance Check Parameters

Parameter

Threshold

Violation Condition

Purity

≥ 95%

Below 95%

Moisture Content

≤ 12%

Above 12%

Ash Content

≤ 8%

Above 8%

Geo-fencing

Within approved zones

Outside India zones

Harvest Season

March – November

Outside this range

Species

Approved list only

Unlisted species

Table IV. Blockchain Vs Traditional System

Feature

Traditional System

BioTrace System

Data Storage

Centralized Database

Blockchain + MongoDB

Tamper Detection

Not possible

Hash verification

Certificate Storage

Physical / Local

IPFS (permanent storage)

Compliance Check

Manual audit

Automated real-time

Traceability

Partial

Full farm-to-retail

Consumer Access

Not available

QR code-based access

Table V. Test Results Summary

Test Case

Input

Expected Outcome

Result

Quality violation

Purity = 50%

Compliance = Red

✅ Pass

IPFS upload

PDF certificate

Pinata link generated

✅ Pass

QR scan

Valid batch ID

Full timeline displayed

✅ Pass

Geo-fencing

Outside Violated Area

Violation flagged

✅ Pass

Role restriction

Consumer adds event

Access denied

✅ Pass

Page 356

www.rsisinternational.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,

MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)

ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026

CONCLUSION

This paper presented BioTrace, a block chain-based traceability system, conceived to solve age-old

authenticity, quality-due to the lack of quality assurance and regulatory set-up challenges, and the

authentication problems of the Ayurvedic herb supply chain. By combining blockchain, which is based on

Node.js, backend, frontend written in React, MongoDB and IPFS the system becomes an end-to-end solution

that stores all phases of the lifecycle of each herb batch -- from herb harvest at the farm to its distribution at

the end consumer's smartphone -- on the same platform and in the form of immutable cryptographic

transactions. In terms of system functionality, the access control mechanism for seven types of stakeholders

is implemented with role-based access control (RBC), the verification of compliance with geo-fencing rules,

seasonal use, quality, species conservation automatically validation is achieved, and consumers can check

batch provenance under real time verification through QR code. The use of a permissioned blockchain to

maintain the sensitivity of supply chain data so that only authorized participants always have access, and the

hybrid storage strategy, which is based on a combination of MongoDB for operational queries and IPFS for

off-chain document storage to balance performance with data integrity data. Future work includes integration

of IoT sensors for automated environmental monitoring, advanced analytics for anomaly detection, and

deployment on multi-organization blockchain networks for large-scale industrial adoption

REFERENCES

1. Tiago M. Fernandez-Carames et al.” Towards an autonomous industry 4.0 warehouse: A UAV and

blockchain-based system for inventory and traceability applications in big data-driven supply chain

management.” arXiv, 2024

2. Devraj V. Rajput et al. “Blockchain technology in the food supply chain: a way towards circular

economy and sustainability.” Sustainable Food Technology (RSC Publishing), 2025

3. C. Vijj, Aniket Kuntal, Aryan Bhardwaz & Darshan Bandari. ” Blockchain Based Traceability in

Supply Chain Using Smart Contracts.” IJRASET, 2022

4. Sidra Malik et al. “PrivChain: Provenance and Privacy Preservation in Blockchain enabled Supply

Chains.” arXiv, 2021

5. Peng Zhao & Shiren Ye. ” A Supply Chain Traceability Scheme Based on Blockchain.” Academic

Journal of Computing & Information Science, 2022

6. Zibin Zheng et al. “Blockchain Applications and Challenges in Industry and Supply Chains.” IEEE

Access, 2019

7. Marco Conoscenti et al. “Blockchain for Supply Chain Traceability and Data Verification.” IEEE

Conference, 2016

8. Kamanashis Biswas et al. “Blockchain-Based Framework for Secure Data Sharing in Distributed

Systems.” IEEE Conference, 2017

9. Feng Tian. “Blockchain-Based Food Supply Chain Traceability Using RFID.” IEEE Conference,

2017

10. Dylan Yaga et al. “Blockchain Technology Overview and Security Applications.” NIST, 2018