Received: 02 May 2026; Accepted: 07 May 2026; Published: 26 May 2026

The concept of Object-Oriented Programming is the foundation of the modern software engineering

development and to implement this Java as a programming language is being widely used in the industry.

Seeking its importance for real world it has been seen that beginners often struggle to understand the

OOPs concept because of their early focus on syntax rather than design thinking.

This article mainly focuses on the core four OOPS principles along with Class and objects. The four

When students begin programming in the early semesters of BCA, the focus is usually on writing small

programs that work correctly. Syntax, loops, and conditional statements receive most of the attention.

However, as programs become longer and more complex, students often struggle to organize their code.

This is where Object-Oriented Programming, commonly known as OOPS, becomes essential.

Basically, Object oriented programming is a concept. As a developer ,People make use of the OOPS

Concept Principles to design the application by implementing it using Programming language like Java,

Python etc.

In the second semester of BCA, OOPS in Java is introduced to help students move beyond basic coding

and start thinking about software structure. At this stage, learners are not expected to build large

extend over time.

Java is particularly suitable for teaching OOPS because it is designed around object-oriented principles.

Almost everything in Java revolves around classes and objects. This makes Java an ideal language for

beginners to learn structured and organized programming.

Existing literature on Object-Oriented Programming primarily focuses on its role in developing scalable

and maintainable software systems, with significant emphasis on advanced topics such as design patterns,

frameworks, and performance optimization. Standard textbooks and professional references provide

detailed technical explanations of OOP principles but often assume prior programming maturity.

Several studies have reported that beginners face significant challenges when transitioning from

remains a noticeable gap in literature that integrates simplified explanations, practical case studies, and

design diagrams to support beginner-level OOP education. This study attempts to address this gap by

presenting an approach that emphasizes conceptual understanding, real-world relevance, and design

thinking.

Classes and objects form the foundation of object-oriented programming. A class can be understood as

a blueprint, while an object is an actual instance created from that blueprint. This distinction helps

students model real-world entities such as students, accounts, or employees in their programs.

In summary Class is a factory which produces object. We can call object as an instance of class. In java

whenever we use the new keyword an object is created in the heap memory of RAM. Basically New

}

public class Main {

Student();

s1.id = 101; s1.name = "Anand";

}

The above example demonstrates how a class acts as a template and how objects are created and accessed

using reference variables.

support multiple inheritance with classes, but it does support multiple inheritance through interfaces. An

interface defines method signatures without implementations.

Only non-static members of the class get inherited. Static members of the class are never inherited.

The above is the Parent Class .

The above is the Child Class.

One of the main advantages of inheritance is reusability.

class Account {

SavingsAccount sa = new SavingsAccount(); sa.displayBalance();

}

This example shows how the child class reuses functionality from the parent class without rewriting code.

Polymorphism allows the same method name to behave differently based on context. Through

method overloading and method overriding, students understand how flexibility can be built into

software systems. This concept prepares learners for advanced programming scenarios.

Here we develop a feature such that it takes more than one form depending on the situation. It is

applicable only on methods(not variables).

The above code belongs to the Parent Class.

The main advantage of overriding is we can modify the logic of inherited method. Practical example:

B) Overloading

Encapsulation refers to bundling data and methods together and controlling access to them. Using access

specifiers such as private, public, and protected, programmers decide which data should be accessible.

data is called encapsulation. Here direct access to the variable is avoided by making the variable private.

It publicly defines setters and getters methods which are used to operate on these variables.

class Account {private int balance;

}

This approach prevents unauthorized access and maintains data integrity.

This paper address common learning hurdles faced by the new learners/beginners and the simplified