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Integrating Technology Adoption and Workforce Training to

Improve Indoor Environmental Quality in Hospital

Abigail Oro

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150500039

Received: 29 April 2026; Accepted: 04 May 2026; Published: 26 May 2026

ABSTRACT

Hospitals require optimal Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) to promote patient recovery, staff efficiency,

and overall well-being. However, the integration of evolving construction technologies into hospital design,

construction, operation, and maintenance in many developing regions remains hindered by workforce skill

gaps. This paper assessed the level of awareness and adoption of IEQ technology by architects and the

awareness level of the users of the space. A mixed-method approach was applied to examine the parameter

readings, users’ perceptions, and awareness. Findings reveal that 20% of the selected hospitals made use of

passive technology (buoyancy) to enhance air quality, systemic lighting failure, high noise levels, and varying

humidity/thermal issues. Only 10% of architect respondents reported using enhancement technologies to

improve IEQ metrics beyond air quality. One out of every four user respondents admitted to being unfamiliar

with the concept, while only 15% reported being very familiar, and 52.6% of respondents reported being

unaware of IEQ monitoring systems. Users are primarily concerned with ventilation, airborne pollutants, and

infection control. Recommendations are proposed for embedding IEQ-focused competencies into training

curricula and aligning construction policies with global sustainability and healthcare facility standards.

Keywords: Evolving technologies, vocational training, workforce development, indoor environmental

quality.

INTRODUCTION

Hospitals are critical infrastructure requiring high-performance environmental conditions. Conducive Indoor

Environmental Quality (IEQ), refers to the psychological effects on patients as well as the physical elements

within the setting, including architectural elements, furniture, design, lighting, and ventilation. These

components, taken together, provide the general interior and outdoor stimuli and settings that mold a person's

experience in a healthcare setting (Ackley et al., 2024). Indoor Environmental Quality parameters (air quality,

thermal comfort, daylighting, and acoustics) significantly influence patient recovery and staff productivity

(Nimlyat et al., 2024). Health buildings are set apart from other types of buildings by their unique combination

of emergency power, medical-gas systems, and fire protection, which necessitate complex installation,

operation, or maintenance

(District Health Facilities, 1998). It is controlled by a system of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning

(HVAC), which maintains the temperature, humidity, airflow, and pressure within the building. It guarantees

the confinement, diluting, and purging of pathogens/toxins within certain room conditions (Silva et al., 2024).

The application of evolving technologies, including AI-controlled ventilation, Building Information

Modelling (BIM) simulations for IEQ optimization, and real-time monitoring systems, is increasingly

essential for sustainable hospital environments(Jiang et al., 2025; Niza et al., 2024). Howbeit, it has been

realized that skill shortages in the construction workforce, particularly in emerging economies, hinder optimal

IEQ outcomes(Idris et al., 2024).

Joseph Ayo Babalola University Ikeji-Arakeji, Osun State, Nigeria

Ayankola, Ayangbemi Segun; Abdulsalam, Mariam Atinuke; Arosanyin, Mofeoluwa; OGUNWOLA

Architecture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria

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This paper addresses the integration of IEQ-centered technologies into vocational training and workforce

development frameworks for sustainable hospital construction, management, and operation.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Indoor Environmental Quality in Hospitals

Early studies on Indoor Environmental Quality dates back to the fourth century BC in Greece when Vitruvius

Pollio established building performance criteria (Efthymiou et al., 2021). Hospitals require strict compliance

with environmental parameters due to their impact on health outcomes. Poor IEQ has been linked to increased

infection rates, slower recovery, and reduced staff efficiency(John Agmada Bawa and Muhammad Ahmed

Ismaila, 2025; Wu et al., 2023). Studies (Ackley et al., 2024; Mansouri et al., 2022) have repeatedly

established that a healthy building may significantly benefit the well-being and comfort of its residents over

its entire life cycle, satisfying social requirements and enhancing productivity. The indoor environment is a

complex setting vital for the psychological health, happiness, and dignity of residents (Kalilu et al., 2022).

Establishment of IEQ parameter paved the way for the scientific investigation of environmental impacts on

buildings and the occupants (Perera et al., 2025; Vergerio and Becchio, 2022).

Technologies for IEQ Enhancement

Emerging construction technologies to improve the IEQ of an internal space could be passive or active.

Passive Technologies: strategies and techniques that improve IEQ without relying on active mechanical means

(Xi et al., 2025). These include, the choice of materials (Antimicrobial coatings and low-VOC finishes),

Zoning of spaces (space planning), Information Technology (Building Information Modelling (BIM), digital

twins) and Design strategy (biophilic design).

Natural Ventilation: The indoor air circulation can be induced by horizontal air pressure difference (single-

sided or cross ventilation), buoyancy phenomenon with the rising of vertical warm air (also known as stack

effect) or concurrently both (Ahmed et al., 2021; Esfeh et al., 2021). Hence, natural ventilation uses very little

energy, contrary to mechanical ventilation, which on fans or other mechanical equipment. The efficiency of

natural ventilation can be enhanced through features and/or elements such as the atrium, windcatcher, solar

chimney and window type (Obeidat et al., 2023).

Thermal Envelope Design: A thermal envelope is the part of a building's structure that separates the internal

space from the external, to reduce thermal energy transfer and achieve optimum temperature. It's an important

aspect of energy-efficient building design, involving walls, roofs, floors, windows, and doors. Effective

thermal envelope design ensures that heat is retained during rainy season and kept out dry season, thus

reducing the need for mechanical heating and cooling (Kalua, 2016; Rodríguez-Soria et al., 2014). Key

Elements of a thermal envelope are :Insulation, Air Barrier, Vapor Retarder, Windows and Doors(Rathore

and Shukla, 2021).

Passive Air Cleaning Materials: Nanomaterials could be used to improve the indoor environmental condition

of hospitals by providing highly efficient solutions for pollutant prevention and removal (Vijayakumar et al.,

2025). The unique nanoscale properties address contamination challenges more effectively compared to the

normal ones. The introduction of nanotechnology in maintaining good IEQ requires preventing issues related

to material toxicity, dispersion, and the long-term environmental impact (Nel et al., 2011; Ray et al., 2009).

Other passive means of enhancing IEQ include: Green Roofs and Vegetative Elements, Acoustic

Enhancements, Adaptive Lighting, and Daylighting.

Nanomaterials hold great potential in transforming environmental remediation practices by providing highly

efficient solutions for pollutant removal. Their unique nanoscale properties allow them to address

contamination issues more effectively than conventional methods. However, the successful implementation

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of nanotechnology in environmental remediation requires overcoming challenges related to material toxicity,

dispersion, and the long-term environmental impact.

Nanomaterials hold great potential in transforming environmental remediation practices by providing highly

efficient solutions for pollutant removal. Their unique nanoscale properties allow them to address

contamination issues more effectively than conventional methods. However, the successful implementation

of nanotechnology in environmental remediation requires overcoming challenges related to material toxicity,

dispersion, and the long-term environmental impact.

Nanomaterials hold great potential in transforming environmental remediation practices by providing highly

efficient solutions for pollutant removal. Their unique nanoscale properties allow them to address

contamination issues more effectively than conventional methods. However, the successful implementation

of nanotechnology in environmental remediation requires overcoming challenges related to material toxicity,

dispersion, and the long-term environmental impact

Active Technologies: Smart HVAC and AI control, air purifier technologies, circadian lighting systems, and

automation systems, IoT monitoring, and advanced ventilation systems have the ability to improve IEQ

conditions actively.

Smart HVAC and Artificial Intelligence (AI) control: AI can enhance IAQ management by continuously

monitoring and establishing real-time air quality parameters. These sensors are built into elements of

construction like floor and wall finish, window and door openings etc to adjust ventilation and filtration

Systems as the sensor deems fit based on machine learning (Dong et al., 2019; Rudavskyi et al., 2024).

Adaptive glazing technology: By adjusting its optical and thermal properties in response to environmental

conditions, such as sunlight and temperature (to optimize daylighting, reduce solar

heat gain, and improve thermal comfort within a building. This could be through thermochromic,

electrochromic, Photochromic (Liu and Wu, 2022; Wijewardane and Santamouris, 2025).

Circadian lighting systems: this optimizes illumination exposure to be in tandem with the human nature, which

can enhance rest, attitude, brain activity, and total health. Circadian lighting reduce stress and improve patient

recovery times, while also contributing to a more comfortable and efficient work environment for healthcare

professionals.

BIM and digital twins: Pre-construction simulation of environmental performance. The hospital's HVAC

system can be digitally simulated and used to predict and manage the IEQ of the hospital.

Gaps

While the benefits of improved IEQ, such as enhanced patient and staff well-being (Ackley et al., 2024; Perera

et al., 2025), are increasingly recognized, barriers related to cost, complexity, and a lack of clear understanding

of the technology's value hinder widespread implementation among

professionals and technical workers, leading to underutilization of available innovations.

METHODOLOGY

Mixed-methods study was employed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of the

technologies deployed in enhancing Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ), using both qualitative and

quantitative strategies. The collection of quantitative data involved organized surveys, environmental

monitoring, and standardized measurement of significant IEQ factors such as thermal comfort, air quality,

acoustics, lighting, etc. Those objective measurements provided reliability and allowed for statistical analysis

of trends and correlations. The indoor environment was analyzed through qualitative methods like interviews,

and observational studies to determine users' perceptions, experiences, or satisfaction. By combining

quantitative evidence with qualitative insights, the results were triangulated to account for both

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building performance and occupant experience. This was done through measurement. The methodological

integration provided a more comprehensive evaluation of IEQ, which reinforced the study's conclusions.

Study Area

Five public and private hospitals in Kwara State were selected based on size, service type, and recent

construction or renovation.

Data Collection

Field Measurements: CO₂ levels, temperature, relative humidity, noise levels, and illuminance.

Questionnaire: Construction professionals and hospital workforce.

Analysis

Table 1. 0 Parameter Readings of Selected Hospitals in Ilorin Metropolis

Parameter

Key Insights

Temp (°C)

26.2

25.4

27.0

27.3

24.6

H5 best (comfort band). H3 and H4

warmest (above 27 °C).

Humidity (%)

63.1

59.6

57.0

54.7

H1 and H2 too high (≥63%). H5

closest to ideal 45–55%.

AQI

All “Good” outdoors (<50). Indoor

pollutants (CO₂, PM₂.₅, TVOCs)

still unverified.

Daylight (lx,

natural)

All very poor (<100 lx). H2 slightly

better due to higher window ratio.

Electric light (lx,

ON)

All far below hospital needs (≥100–

300 lx). Critical deficiency.

Acoustics (dB)

47.2

61.8

70.1

H3 and H4 very noisy (severe

issue). H1, H2, H5 slightly high

(>45 dB).

Window-to-wall

ratio (WWR)

0.11

0.34

0.33

0.75

0.11

H4 very high (not delivering

daylight). H1 and H5 very low

(explains darkness).

Source: Author’s compilation; 2025.

Table 1.0 shows the readings across the 5 hospitals exhibiting systemic lighting failure, high noise levels, and

varying humidity/thermal issues.

Use of Passive IEQ Technologies: Among architects, 90% reported using passive techniques to enhance

IEQ. This demonstrates strong support for design-driven, low-energy solutions such as natural ventilation,

daylight optimization, thermal massing, shading devices, and strategic material choices that promote non-

toxic indoor environments. This tendency towards the passive suggests both a conscious design of sustainable

practices, and also sensitivity to cost within the context of

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architectural forms commonly found in Nigeria. Passive strategies are more suited to climatic conditions in

Ilorin,

where solar radiation and ventilation issues are prevalent, making them both environmentally sustainable and

economically viable.

Use of Active IEQ Technologies: In comparison, 60% of architects surveyed reported using active

technologies, but these were primarily focused on improving indoor air quality (IAQ). Examples of this are

mechanical ventilation systems, HVAC units and air purifiers installed. It implies less consideration of the

role of active systems and more emphasis on adequate air flow and reduction of aerosol pollutants rather than

a holistic integration across all relevant IEQ parameters. Certain architects prioritize immediate functionality

and user comfort over operational energy due to the reliance on active systems.

Only 10% of respondents reported using enhancement technologies to improve IEQ metrics beyond air

quality, including acoustics, lighting, and occupant comfort, using advanced materials or smart technology.

This demonstrates a considerable gap in the implementation of complete IEQ strategies in reality. It means

that, while awareness of IEQ exists, its practical implementation is mostly focused on air quality, leaving

other crucial aspects unexplored.

The outcomes indicate three crucial elements:

The focus on passive design is a significant factor in the success of architects in Ilorin, as they align with

global sustainability standards. Still, it may indicate inadequate access to or affordability of modern active

technologies.

Focusing on Indoor Air Quality: This indicates general awareness of the health relates to IEQ, but it shows

limited knowledge across all areas of IEQ (thermal, acoustic and visual comfort, psychological comfort).

Insufficient understanding in Holistic IEQ Integration: With only 10% utilizing comprehensive IEQ

technologies, there's a clear need for professional training, updated design guidelines, and policy frameworks

to promote wider adoption. Additionally, effective implementation of holistic IQC technologies is highly

sought after.

According to the study, architects in Ilorin and other similar environments are accustomed to passive IEQ

methods, but the utilization of active and inventive technologies is still restricted and uneven.

Building project design education and professional practice should emphasize the integration of holistic

approaches that incorporate both passive and active solutions, with the aim of enhancing occupant well-being

and environmental sustainability.

Despite architects being familiar with passive IEQ approaches in environments like Ilorin, the study indicates

that the utilization of active and inventive technologies is still limited and uneven.

The focus of future design education and professional practice should be on educating architects on holistic

approaches to balancing passive and active solutions, with the aim of enhancing occupant well-being and

environmental sustainability in building projects.

Study Analysis of Users’ Perception and Awareness of IEQ

Demographic Characteristics of Respondents.

Figure 1.0 shows, there was a nearly equal number of responses from females (47.4%) and males (52.6%).

The results were similar. Gender bias in IEQ perception is lessened by this balance. Middle age distribution

shows a significant concentration in middle adulthood, with 65% falling

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within the age range of 36-45 years, 15% between 46-55 years and only 10% between 26-35 years. There was

a small percentage of individuals aged between 18-25 years, with the highest age group being 56 years and

above (5%).

Figure 1.0 Perception and Awareness of IEQ by Age

The majority of users are in their prime working years, as indicated by this profile, which is a crucial stage

where indoor environments have repercussions on health (and therefore productivity), and require

professional training, updated design guidelines, and policy frameworks to encourage wider implementation.

Of those surveyed, 85 per cent were medical professionals and 15 percent were administrative or support staff,

figure 2.0. This corresponds to the hospital environment examined and suggests that the perceptions largely

reflect the experiences of actual healthcare professionals. Those who responded had different experience

years, which meant that the responses were representative of both junior and senior staff.

Figure 2.0 Professional Perception and Awareness of IEQ

Awareness and Familiarity with IEQ.

The study shows that IEQ is not widely understood by users. One out of every four respondents admitted to

being unfamiliar with the concept, while only 15% reported being very familiar. The overall framework and

terminology of IEQ may not be well-defined, but users do have some knowledge about the specific factors

that affect their work environment.

Despite the lack of training and technological integration, only 52.6% of respondents reported being unaware

of IEQ monitoring systems.

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Perceptions of Key IEQ Parameters.

Regarding, the most important factor, the selection of air quality and ventilation was made by 75%, 12.5%

chose light quality, 8.3% mentioned acoustic quality others 4.3%, was thermal comfort, figure 3.0.

Users' concerns about ventilation, airborne pollutants, and infection control are reflected in the strong

emphasis on improving air quality within healthcare settings. The lack of attention given to thermal comfort,

lighting and acoustics suggests that these factors are either less important in the current workplace or more

subtle but still have disproportionate effects on health and productivity. However, there is little evidence to

support this conclusion.

Figure 3.0 Perception of IEQ Parameters

Challenges in Maintaining IEQ.

Respondents identified several impediments to achieving and maintaining satisfactory IEQ levels in the

facilities, Figure 4.0. These barriers included:

1. Poor maintenance practices lead to the downfall of building systems.

2. Limited demand for IEQ improvements due to staff being uninformed.

3. Financial constraints, which hinder investment in modern technologies and regular upkeep.

4. Outdated building materials and systems that do not meet current IEQ benchmarks.

5. Technical expertise, which makes it difficult to install and operate high tech systems.

Figure 4.0 Barriers of Maintaining IEQ in Hospitals

The difficulties highlight the systemic challenges that hinder the long-term viability of IEQ initiatives in

hospital infrastructure within the study area.

Health care professionals make up the majority of participants, so occupational health priorities, specifically

infection control and ventilation are likely to impact perceptions. The insufficient

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knowledge of IEQ monitoring systems and the identified hindrances implies a requirement for Staff

development and capacity building based on IEQ principles. The reforms in policy and finances to focus on

IEQ-related advancements. Modernized building materials and systems to ensure their quality meets current

requirements. Institutional changes that promote regular observation and proactive upkeep.

Analysis of Adoption Potential and Workforce Development Gaps for IEQ.

Overall, the respondents expressed a positive attitude towards technology adoption. The percentage of people

who were willing to adopt automated IEQ solutions varied, with 35% being very open, 50% moderately open

and only 15% not ready for adoption.

Despite the enthusiasm for technology-based advancements, there is still a lack of willingness among some

due to cost, technical skills, or uncertainty about long-term benefits. The combination of strong moderate and

high openness (85%) provides a solid foundation for the gradual implementation of automated systems

through appropriate sensitization and training.

Training Exposure and Gaps.

Findings reveal a significant gap in IEQ practices regarding knowledge and abilities: Figure 5.0 shows, an

overwhelming 81% of those polled admitted to not having received any prior training for improving their

IEQ, 19% of them had undergone some form of training, either through on-the-job learning or formal

vocational certification.

Figure 5.0 Knowledge and Training on IEQ

Even though architects and healthcare workers have a daily interaction with indoor environments, the

importance of systematic IEQ training is seldom acknowledged. Structured education and professional

retooling are now essential components of workforce development initiatives.

Enhanced IEQ Training Areas with better training outcomes.

The preferences of respondents regarding the most effective training to enhance IEQ in their facilities were

divided into different areas. In healthcare facilities, infection control is a significant environmental issue,

leading to 28.6% emphasis on waste management and hygiene best practices.

Figure 6.0 shows, energy efficient lighting and thermal control were emphasized as the primary focus for

21.4% of respondents, reflecting a recognition of the importance of both energy efficiency and occupant

comfort.

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Figure 6.0 IEQ Training Areas in Hospitals

Users' perceptions of IEQ are primarily influenced by air circulation and cooling, which is why 17.2%

preferred training on HVAC and ventilation system maintenance. Among the respondents, 17.2% reported

using contemporary construction materials and finishes. This suggests some familiarity with material off-

gassing, its durability, and ease of maintenance. Although indoor air quality monitoring and acoustic control

were noted in 10.3% of cases, there was less emphasis on sophisticated methods like advanced monitoring or

sound design, possibly due to limited exposure.

Based on their responses in this spread, respondents perceive that basic operational practices (waste and

hygiene management) and technical building system maintenance are equally important. A

Real-time monitoring and acoustic comfort are not given as much importance, suggesting knowledge and

exposure gaps.

Continuous Workforce Development.

In terms of the importance of ongoing workforce development, the study shows as revealed by Figure 7.0 that

71.4% rated it as highly significant. Both groups expressed strong support. This agreement emphasizes the

importance of continuous training, retraining, and institutional support to achieve sustainable improvement in

IEQ, rather than solely using one-time interventions.

Figure 7.0 Continuous Workforce Development Importance

Preparation for Innovation

Despite constraints in infrastructure and funding, the majority of users are willing to adopt automated IEQ

technologies. The possibility of gradually integrating smart solutions exists, starting with low-cost systems

like low energy ventilation sensors or automated lighting.

Only 85% of respondents reported receiving structured IEQ training, which highlights the urgent

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need for vocational programs, professional workshops, and policy frameworks that mandate IEQ awareness

in the healthcare sector.

Practical interventions are prioritized over waste management, HVAC maintenance, and energy-efficient

lighting by respondents, indicating that their priorities are primarily focused on immediate, practical issues.

The infrequent use of acoustics and monitoring systems highlights the necessity for broadening the overall

IEQ scheme. This is particularly evident in this context.

Consistent training and professional development programs for healthcare staff and facility managers are

crucial in achieving sustainable IEQ, as they are widely recognized.

CONCLUSION

Evidence from hospital indoor environmental assessments demonstrates the pressing need for deliberate

improvement of Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) as an integral part of healthcare delivery. In hospitals

with such buildings, temperature and humidity as well as lighting, acoustics and air quality have important

effects on patient safety/comfort levels and overall health of the staff. To make significant improvements,

interventions must be implemented across multiple dimensions.

Pedagogical system.

Awareness of IEQ principles is fostered through training and education among architects, engineers, medical

planners and facility managers. The foundational knowledge ensures that IEQ considerations are not optional

but fundamental to healthcare architecture and building performance.

The Construction system.

It is necessary to implement these principles in practice through deliberate design strategies:

Passive technologies

Strategies such as optimal window-to wall ratios, natural ventilation techniques (such as acoustic insulation

and thermal massing), daylighting strategies, etc.

Active technologies

Integrated HVAC systems with filtration and dehumidification, artificial lighting controls, and noise-

reduction equipment are essential for making hospital facilities resilient and adaptable.

Operation system.

Contributes to the preservation of IEQ quality over time. Maintaining ventilation systems is essential for the

continued safety, comfort and sustainability of hospitals after construction is completed. This is achieved

through regular maintenance checks of indoor pollutants, adjustments to lighting and temperature controls,

and ongoing evaluation of environmental parameters. Hospitals can establish healthier, more sustainable

environments by integrating IEQawareness into pedagogy, intentionally incorporating it into construction

practices and maintaining strong operational management. In addition to improving clinical outcomes, this

tripartite approach synchronizes healthcare infrastructure with worldwide standards of sustainable building

performance.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author acknowledges the support of hospital administrators and the Nigerian Institute of Architects in

Kwara State for their cooperation during data collection.

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