Security can be defined as the degree of resistance to, and resilience against, various forms of harm. It influences

all facets of human existence, with infrastructure serving as a critical domain requiring robust security measures.

Broadly speaking, security denotes a state of being free from threats and dangers, encompassing the protection

of individuals and organizations against criminal activities such as terrorism, kidnapping, theft, piracy, and

espionage. In the context of public transportation, particularly within train compartments, security is paramount

to ensuring the safety and well-being of both passengers and cargo. In contemporary society, the lack of sufficient

security measures on trains presents a significant concern for commuters. Issues such as theft, harassment,

kidnapping, violence, and espionage have become increasingly prevalent among train users. The inadequacies

of security personnel, coupled with the ineffective implementation of safety protocols, have exacerbated these

challenges. Historically, the security framework aboard trains has been limited to basic measures such as

evolution in security systems has been noted, particularly in residential and industrial sectors. Various

technologies, including closed-circuit television (CCTV), Internet Protocol (IP) camera systems, and digital or

network video recorders (DVR/NVR), have been deployed with the objective of enhancing security for

properties and lives. Despite these advancements, concerns regarding the effectiveness and reliability of these

systems persist. Although considerable innovation has been directed toward safeguarding lives and properties,

the predominant strategy for ensuring security involves the implementation of surveillance and monitoring

systems. Such systems, which consist of both hardware and software components, are utilized for the continuous

observation of behaviours, activities, individuals, or locations in anticipation of criminal acts.

This surveillance process entails remote monitoring via electronic devices, such as CCTV cameras, as well as

the interception of electronically transmitted information through mechanisms like passive infrared detectors,

To address these challenges and to ensure comprehensive protection for lives and properties, there is a pressing

need to develop integrated surveillance and monitoring security systems leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT).

Establishing such an integrated video surveillance system for real-time monitoring, characterized by an

expansive coverage area that would empower control units to make well-informed decisions in mitigating

insecurity effectively and.

The integration of advanced video camera sensors with computing capabilities has the potential to revolutionize

the oversight of live events through automated analysis of captured footage. This technology operates

autonomously, enabling the real-time monitoring of activities within a train compartment and proactively

identifying potential failures via the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT serves as a comprehensive network

platform that facilitates the exchange of data, fostering communication and automated control among

liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), each of which poses significant health risks.

The proposed system comprises an ESP32-CAM sensor module, which integrates a video camera, a passive

infrared (PIR) sensor module, and an MQ-2 gas sensor module, all embedded within the surveillance monitoring

framework. The ESP32-CAM, serving as the video microcontroller, is designed to detect, capture, and record

visual activity in the train compartment upon receiving a HIGH signal from the PIR sensor or a dangerous gas

notification from the MQ-2 sensor. When implemented in a train compartment, this system serves a dual purpose:

it acts as a gas detector and enhances security measures, thereby safeguarding lives, property, and facilities.

Figure.1. demonstrated a global flamework and how they interacted with internet of all things network.

monitoring, and security utilizing IoT have prompted a transformative shift compared to traditional surveillance

methods and some contemporary intelligent designs.

Historically, conventional surveillance techniques included visual inspection, physical deterrence, human

observation, physical barriers, and rudimentary alarm systems. It was not until the mid-20th century that the

transition to electronic surveillance became a defining development in this field, marked notably by the

introduction of closed-circuit television (CCTV). These early electronic systems utilized analogue cameras that

transmitted live footage to monitors; however, their recording capabilities were limited, necessitating continuous

physical monitoring by security personnel. Such requirements gave rise to challenges, including human errors

in judgment, fatigue, the risk of data loss due to negligence, and inherent limitations in human visual perception

[9]. In one notable study, an IoT-based automated home security system was developed utilizing a Raspberry Pi,

security alerts while simultaneously notifying users via email on their smartphones, irrespective of their

system's architecture incorporates the microcontroller's storage as the primary data repository, utilizing the

The task of efficiently managing the limited memory resources while ensuring reliable functionality of the

security device presents considerable complexities.

combines sensors, cameras, and automation technologies, significantly enhancing security measures and

efficiency. Real-time monitoring, it allows for swift responses to threats and sends automated alerts to authorised

personnel, storing encrypted data on the Telegram platform. However, challenges include maintaining stable

internet connectivity, securing sensitive data, and integrating various devices. Despite these issues, the benefits

of the IoT system are evident.

As articulated in a study [14], hybrid edge-cloud smart surveillance systems have been developed using

Raspberry Pi, NoIR (No infrared filter) cameras, and cloud computing to deliver IoT services while maintaining

utilisation for devices with limited resources.

A review of related literature indicates a critical gap in the availability of a comprehensive security surveillance

system that encompasses all requisite characteristics, particularly in relation to bandwidth requirements [15].

Additionally, the design of a decentralised platform for managing heterogeneous IoT networks underscores the

pressing need for standard protocols to guide various IoT implementations within edge, fog, and cloud

computing domains [16]. Existing gaps also persist concerning communication protocols at the application layer

specific to video surveillance systems (VSS), necessitating future researchers to address these challenges to fulfil

the protocol requirements effectively. An efficient VSS architecture must, therefore, be capable of

accommodating devices ranging from resource-constrained IoT edge nodes to resource-rich cloud environments,

while effectively managing the data generated across the edge, fog, and cloud layers.

Ontology-based Context-aware IoT Framework for Smart Surveillance,” continuous live video streaming and

data captured by CCTV cameras can be processed in real-time to generate alerts for concerned authorities. These

alerts can be disseminated via multiple channels, including email, SMS, on-screen notifications, and alarms.

Further advancing this concept, [19] reports on a study “Security Surveillance and Automation System Using

Internet of Things,” which outlines a dual-function system comprising home security and automation aspects.

This proposed system includes a smart security camera module and an Android-controlled door lock. The

camera, utilizing a Raspberry Pi coupled with a Pi camera, employs face recognition techniques through

OpenCV to identify individuals lingering in front of the residence, subsequently sending the captured image to

the homeowner via email. The Android door lock is operated through commands sent from a mobile device,

allowing for remote locking and unlocking. Additionally, the home automation component consists of rain-

sensing windows and automated lighting systems. The rain-sensing windows utilize a rain sensor to detect

precipitation, autonomously closing when it rains and reopening only after the rain ceases. Infrared sensors are

incorporated to identify occupancy within the home, triggering an LED to turn on in the presence of individuals,

innovation has emerged as a response to the constraints of traditional surveillance methodologies. Nevertheless,

existing systems are still perceived to lack critical features, such as zone barriers, facial recognition capabilities,

remote surveillance, and detection systems for power outages.

These studies collectively underscore the rapid evolution of IoT-based security systems, showcasing their

potential to enhance both surveillance and automation functionalities in residential and community settings.

However, a recurring limitation across these studies so far is the reliance of the researchers and authors on SMS,

Bluetooth and email systems for manual monitoring and notification processes. The nature of SMS and email

communication leads to potential delays in response times, thereby heightening security risks. Email, in

particular, is susceptible to low-latency issues, as notifications may not be promptly checked or acted upon.

Moreover, inbox clutter can result in the inadvertent oversight of critical alerts. Additionally, email

communications are vulnerable to cybersecurity threats, including breaches and other forms of cyberattacks.

Storage bottleneck breached. Running detection streaming often pushes memory to the limit, causing crashes

2x2000mAh provides most of the working day on continuous recording. Utilizing 2x2000mAh battery capacity

delivers more runtime than a single 2000mAh battery.

The system design comprises the requirements analysis, system architectural design and programming.

The design began by identifying the key modules required for the surveillance and monitoring security system.

integrated into a communication application, creating a comprehensive surveillance and security system within

the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. This structure clarifies the interactions between the modules and

highlights each module's specific role. The development process involved architectural design and software

programming. Architectural design focused on ensuring effective functionality among the motion detector, video

capture sensor, gas leak detector, and communication application. Software programming centered on

sensor, and Telegram bot functions. The functional block diagram (see Figure 2) illustrates component

interactions and data flow, ensuring clarity. Additionally, software development included downloading

necessary software, processing sensor data, controlling the camera, establishing storage solutions, and

developing a web interface. Key features like encryption for secure data transmission and notification alerts

enhance the system's security and functionality.

moved to plastic casing

The software designed for the ESP32-CAM facilitates the execution of a diverse array of tasks, including but

not limited to motion detection, video recording, gas leakage detection, and communication via Telegram Bot.

The subsequent sections will delineate the key functionalities of the system, accompanied by relevant code

snippets to illustrate these features. The initialization of the program commences with the establishment of a Wi-

Fi connection, which is essential for the functioning of the various applications integrated within the system.

In the plan of developing an integrated system for surveillance, monitoring and security, a meticulous journey

was embarked on to ensure that every aspect of the software was robust and efficient. Here is the detailed account

In order to ensure both clarity and functionality, the code has been systematically organized into distinct sections:

initialization, the main loop, and auxiliary functions. This structural approach facilitates the individual

addressing of each function while allowing for seamless integration within the overall framework.

Main Loop: The main loop continuously monitors the PIR sensor for motion and the gas sensor for gas levels.

Upon detection of motion or a gas leak, the respective functions were triggered to handle these events.

Camera Initialization: This function configured and initialized the ESP32-CAM.