INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026  
Growth and Yield of Carrot (Daucus Carota L) asAffected by Planting  
Methods in a Derived Savannah Zone of Nigeria.  
Obidiebube, Eucharia Adaobi; Obasi Chinasa Chiamaka; Okolie, Henry; Muojiama, Stella  
Ogochukwu; Eche, Precious Chiamaka.  
Crop Science and Horticulture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150500106  
Received: 13 May 2026; Accepted: 15 May 2026; Published: 05 June 2026  
ABSTRACT  
An experiment on growth and yield of carrot as affected by planting methods in a derived savannah zone of  
Nigeria was conducted at the research farm of the Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Nnamdi  
Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria. Two planting methods were used (direct sowing, and transplanting) as  
treatments for the experiment, which was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and  
replicated four times. Data was collected on the growth, yield, and root marketability parameters. All data  
collected were statistically analyzed using all outlined procedures. The results of the study showed no significant  
variation between the planting methods on the stem girth and leaf number at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 WAP and plant  
height at 12 WAP, while transplanting significantly varied (P<0.05) from direct sowing at 4, 6, 8 and 10 WAP.  
Planting methods did not influence the plant biomass, root length, number of roots harvested, fresh weight of  
leaves, fresh weight of roots, but were statistically similar. Transplanting influenced significantly the root  
diameter, while direct sowing also significantly influenced the harvest index and the root marketability  
parameters; root uniformity, marketable yield, and total marketable root yield (%). From the results presented in  
the investigation, direct sowing had significant effect on root marketability, which is paramount in commercial  
carrot production. It is thereby recommended that for optimum carrot production and marketability, carrots  
should be directly sown.  
Keywords: Carrot, transplanting, direct sowing, growth and yield parameters  
INTRODUCTION  
Carrots are believed to have originated in Europe or the Western Mediterranean, with origins in Persia which  
are now known as Iran and Afghanistan, where it was originally cultivated for its leaves and seeds. In Nigeria,  
carrot is largely cultivated in the Northern parts like Zaria, Sokoto, Kano and Jos. It has a range of colours like  
purple, black, red, white, yellow and orange which is the most common and popular colour, this is as a result of  
a variety of pigment contents that are responsible for the pigmentation. The high levels of carotene, pro-vitamin  
A, fibers, appreciable quantities of thiamine, riboflavin, taste and digestibility are among the reasons why carrot  
is valuable. (Kharsan et al., 2019). In addition, carrot is a vegetable rich in antioxidants both lipophylic  
(carotenoids) and hydrophilic (phenolics) compounds that vary considerably among carrot cultivars and varieties  
(El-Sayed, 2021). Carrot therefore has been used as a potent antioxidant to combat certain types of cancer (Singh  
et al., 2018). Carrot is used as salad, cooked as vegetables preferably with potatoes, peas and other vegetables;  
its juice and extracted oils are also becoming quite popular (Patel et al.,2019).  
It is conical and its length varies from 5 to 25 cm. (Kharsan et al., 2019). The flavored sweet taste of carrots  
referred to sugar contents such as glucose, fructose, and starch which are the main types of carbohydrates (Que  
et al., 2019). In addition, carrot is a vegetable rich in antioxidants both lipophylic (carotenoids) and hydrophilic  
(phenolics) compounds that vary considerably among carrot cultivars and varieties (El-Sayed, 2021). Carrot,  
therefore, has been used as a potent antioxidant to combat certain types of cancer (Singh et al., 2018). Carrot is  
used as salad, cooked as vegetables preferably with potatoes, peas, and other vegetables; their juice and extracted  
oils are also becoming quite popular (Patel et al.,2019).  
Page 1367  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026  
Carrot is among the profitable vegetable product to promote due to its high nutritional value. However, its  
productivity is reduced slowly due to poor application of fertilizers, poor agronomic practices, diseases and  
insect attack (Ige et al., 2017). Apart from temperature and nutrient composition of the soil, carrots are very  
sensitive to weeds and plant spacing (El-Sayed, 2021). Agronomic practices like transplanting, plant spacing,  
mulching, weeding, cropping system, fertilizer application etc, generally aid in optimum vegetable crop  
production. In Nigeria the increased carrot production has become feasible by the application of sufficient plant  
nutrients to depleted soils to improve soil fertility (Ige et al., 2017). However other factors like, wasting seeds  
and seedlings due to the small size of carrot seeds for the former and thinning seedlings to reduce competition  
for the later, water and weed management still pose a problem in carrot production. In vegetable production,  
nursery raised seedlings are known to be healthy, strong and have maximum germination rate.  
Carrot productivity is reduced slowly due to poor application of fertilizers, poor agronomic practices, diseases  
and insect attack (Ige et al., 2017). In Nigeria the increased carrot production has become feasible by the  
application of sufficient plant nutrients to depleted soils to improve soil fertility (Ige et al., 2017). However other  
factors like, wasting seeds and seedlings due to the small size of carrot seeds for the former and thinning  
seedlings to reduce competition for the latter, water and weed management still pose a problem in carrot  
production. In vegetable production, nursery raised seedlings are known to be healthy, and strong and have  
maximum germination rate. Raising vegetables in nurseries is a convenient way to plant small seeds and care  
for large number of seedlings in small area, while reducing seed and seedlings wastage and making production  
cost-effective (Costa et al., 2020).  
Thinning of carrot seedlings to reduce competition leads to wastage of viable carrot seedlings and increases the  
cost of carrot production. Carrot seeds are also lost during sowing due to their small size and since seeders that  
ease seed sowing and improves precise seed sowing rate are not common amongst rural farmers. This study aims  
to determine if transplanted carrot will have positive characteristics in comparison with directly sown seeds,  
which can therefore reduce the cost and improve ease in carrot production.  
The objectives of this study are thus to:  
determine how two planting methods affect growth of carrot.  
assess the extent to which the planting methods improve the yield of carrot.  
compare the effect of transplanting and direct sowing on both growth and yield carrot.  
MATERIALS AND METHODS  
Experimental Site  
The study was conducted at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria using the research farm of the  
Department of Crop Science and Horticulture. This area has a mean rainfall range above 1100mm and lies  
between latitude 06⁰15N, longitude 07⁰08E, with a minimum and maximum average temperature of 27⁰C - 30⁰C  
(Ndukwe et al., 2020).  
Experimental Design  
The experiment was laid out in a complete Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated four times  
and conducted in a field with a total area of 17m x 23m. The Carrot Seeds used in the experiment was the Carrote  
Touchon variety which was obtained from market garden Enugu. Two treatments which were replicated 4 times  
were applied. They included; T1 - Transplanted Carrot and T2 - Directly Sown Carrot  
Treatment Application  
The chosen site was manually cleared of its existing vegetation before beds of 1m by 2m and furrow spacing of  
0.5m were raised with hoes. The beds were then incorporated with poultry manure at equal rates. Part of the  
Page 1368  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026  
chosen site was also tilled and incorporated with poultry manure as the nursery. For treatment the directly sown  
treatment, the carrot seeds were sown at the rate of 4 per hole at 2cm depth and with the plant spacing of 30cm  
by 50cm. While the seeds for the transplanting was evenly broadcasted in the nursery. Before broadcasting the  
nursery was tilled and mixed with poultry manure. The carrot seedlings in the nursery were transplanted three  
weeks after germination into raised beds of 1m by 2m, the seedlings were spaced 30cm × 50cm. Thinning was  
done within 14 to 21 days after sowing, once the carrot seedlings were large enough to be pulled out. The directly  
sown seedlings were thinned down to one seedling per stand to reduce competition to the barest minimum.  
Data Collection and Analysis  
Soil samples from 0-15cm depth of the experimental site was taken by simple random sampling method to analyze  
the physicochemical properties of the soil at the start of the experiment. Ten sub-samples were randomly taken  
and mixed thoroughly to get a composite sample. The soil sample was then pretreated by air drying and passed  
through a 2mm sieve before taken to the Lab for analysis. Data for the growth parameters was collected at  
intervals of two weeks from the 28th day after planting. Plant height of sampled plants was measured from the  
ground level to the tip of the longest leaf was measured from the 2nd week after transplanting and at 2 weeks  
intervals with a meter rule in centimeters. The number of leaves (per rosette) was counted at 2 weeks interval.  
The stem girth of the sample plants (randomly selected plants) was traced round with a thread and then measured  
with a tape, in centimeters.  
Yield parameters collected were immediately after harvest. The average diameter of the root was measured at the  
thickest portion of the root at harvest with the slide caliper. Fresh weight of leaves per plant was measured by  
detaching the leaves with a sharp knife after harvesting were weighed on a weighing balance, immediately after  
harvest. Fresh weight of root per plant was collected with a weighing balance. The harvested root of each sample  
plant was weighed alone without the vegetative parts, immediately after harvest. The vegetative parts were to be  
detached with a sharp knife. The number of roots that were harvested from sampled plants from each bed, were  
counted and recorded. Plant biomass was measured Immediately after harvest. A weighing balance was used to  
measure the weight of both the harvested roots and vegetative parts of sampled plants. Data on harvest index on  
fresh weight basis was calculated by dividing root weight by the whole biomass multiplied by 100.  
HI (%) =  
The number of roots harvested from sampled plants from each bed, were counted and recorded. The harvested  
roots of the sampled plants were measured with a meter rule from point of leaf attachment (proximal end) to the  
last point of the root. For the marketable yield, the total amount of carrot roots that had value and could be sold  
after harvest were sorted, graded and counted. The amount of carrot roots that had marketable value were sorted  
and graded then the percentage was calculated thus- Number of valuable carrots/ Total number of harvested  
carrots x 100/1. And finally data was collected on root uniformity by visual examination of the roots using a  
uniformity index score created as shown below  
Index  
Description  
1
2
3
4
5
Not Uniform  
Fairly Uniform  
Uniform  
<30% of the roots are similar in size and shape  
>30%<50% of the roots are similar in size and shape  
>50%< 70% of the roots are similar in size and shape  
>70%<90% of the roots are similar in size and shape  
>90% of the roots are similar in size and shape  
Very Uniform  
Highly Uniform  
All data collected were statistically analyzed using all outlined protocol for T- statistic (T-test) with IBM SPSS  
Statistics for Windows Evaluation, Version 22, Release 22.0.0.0. IBM SPSS Inc. (2013)  
Page 1369  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026  
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  
Physicochemical properties of the soil samples utilized in the study  
The result of analysis carried out with soil samples collected from the experimental site as presented in Table  
3.1., shows the physical and chemical soil properties. Based on the physical soil properties, there was high  
percentage of sand (71.2%), clay was the least (8.4 %) while the textural class of the soil is sandy-loam. The  
chemical soil properties showed the percentage base saturation to be 80.23 %, organic matter 1.98%, and Total  
N0.97%, other parameters were also determined.  
Table 1: Physical and Chemical properties of the soil samples taken at 0 - 15cm depth of the experimental  
site before planting  
Soil Properties  
Physical  
Sand (%)  
69.6  
Silt (%)  
22.0  
Clay (%)  
8.4  
Textural Class  
Chemical  
Sandy-Loam (SL)  
pH (H20)  
5.14  
0.97  
1.14  
1.98  
2.27  
1.33  
0.25  
0.12  
1.63  
4.97  
80.23  
5 53  
Total N%  
Organic Carbon%  
Organic Matter%  
Ca (Cmolkg-1)  
Mg (Cmolkg-1)  
K (Cmolkg-1)  
Na (Cmolkg-1)  
EA (Cmolkg-1)  
ECEC (Cmolkg-1)  
BS (%)  
Available P (mgkg-1)  
Effect of Planting Methods on the Growth of Carrot  
The significant difference between the plant height of the planting methods at 4, 6, 8 and 10 WAP resonates with  
Leskovar and Othman's (2021) report that more uniform growth is higher in transplants compared to direct  
seeding. It can also be attributed to climatic conditions and more importantly a reduction in the mean values of  
the directly sown plants after 10 WAP as opposed to the continuous improvement in the plant height of the  
transplants. This finding agrees with Afrin et al (2019) work on directly sown carrots, which indicated that, plant  
height was an important growth contributing character during the experiment, in which the growth rate of the  
plants at earlier stage were higher, then became slower at the later stage of development, as noticed with the  
directly sown carrots.  
Page 1370  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026  
Transplanting did not significantly influence plant height at 12 WAP, the leaf number at 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 WAP  
and stem girth at 4, 6, 8 and 10 WAP. This is in line with Leskovar and Othman, (2021) who reported on globe  
artichoke, that direct seeding and transplanting were statistically similar in both periods of experimenting.  
Graph 1: Effect of planting methods on the plant height, number of leaves and stem girth of carrot.  
PLANT HEIGHT  
140  
120  
0
0
100  
0
43.8  
48  
80  
38.8  
0
60  
28.2  
59.2  
12  
40  
20  
0
0
51.9  
49.4  
15.21  
35.1  
6
19.84  
4
10  
8
WEEKS AFTER PLANTING  
Planting methods  
Transplanting  
Direct Sowing  
Significance (5%)  
LEAF NUMBER  
60  
0
50  
40  
30  
20  
10  
0
18.8  
0
14.1  
0
10.5  
23.2  
12  
0
6.08  
16.4  
10  
10.75  
0
3.42  
6.33  
6
4.17  
4
8
WEEKS AFTER PLANTING  
Planting methods  
Transplanting  
Direct Sowing  
Significance (5%)  
Page 1371  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026  
Effect of Planting Methods on the Yield of Carrot  
In this study, the root diameter was significantly influenced by planting methods, with the transplanted seedlings  
having higher value when compared to the directly sown seeds, which is in agreement with the aforementioned  
reports of Gavric and Omerbegovic (2021) on sweet corn, Bahlgerdi et al (2014) on Cucurbita pepo (Medicinal  
Pumpkin), and Khozaei et al (2020) report that transplanting significantly influenced the yield, water  
productivity and quality of sugar beet.  
The significant similarity between planting methods in the root length corresponds to Mbatha et al (2014)  
findings, where carrot root length was not significantly influenced by any of the treatments applied. It also  
concedes with Leskovar and Othman's (2021) report that length values for direct seeded plants never exceeded  
those of transplants across months and over the study period in globe artichoke.  
On number of harvested plants, Adesina et al (2014) reported that fruit yield in maize was not significantly  
influenced by planting methods (Transplanting and Direct seeding), instead it was influenced by planting density.  
The Harvest Index resulted in significant variance between transplants and the directly sown plants where  
directly sown plants had significant higher values, this corresponds with Kakar et al., (2015) report which  
revealed that planting methods had significantly affected the harvest index of wheat.  
Table 2: Effect of planting methods on plant biomass, fresh weight of roots, fresh weight of leaves, harvest  
Index% of carrot, number of roots harvested per plot, root length and root diameter of carrot (yield)  
Planting  
Methods  
Plant  
Biomass  
Fresh  
Weight of  
Roots  
Fresh  
Weight of  
Leaves  
Harvest  
Index %  
No  
Harvested  
per plot  
Root  
Length  
Root  
Diameter  
Transplanting 330  
145  
120  
186  
95  
43.3  
56.8  
6.25  
5.75  
17.2  
17.2  
5.58  
3.93  
Direct  
213  
Sowing  
Significance  
(5%)  
Ns  
Ns  
Ns  
*
Ns  
Ns  
*
Page 1372  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026  
Effect of Planting Methods on the Root Marketability of Carrots  
The Marketability Parameters followed the same trend, root uniformity, marketable yield and marketable yield  
percent (%) all differed significantly, with the direct sown carrots significantly influencing all marketable  
parameters. Significant difference between planting methods in root uniformity can be attributed to the  
dissimilarity in size and shape of the harvested carrot roots. The forked, irregular and ill-shapen roots harvested  
from the transplants which is as a result of transplanting, greatly reduced uniformity. According to Fritz, (2012)  
transplanting of long-rooted vegetables leads to forked roots. This finding is consonant with the study of Wu et  
al (2020), who reported that direct seeding in carrot production is more suitable and transplanting would lead to  
the occurrence of fork root and loss of commercial value. It was observed that later most nursery raised seedlings  
resulted in forked roots. Costa et al (2020) on another crop reported that direct sowing presented the highest  
numbers of total and commercial ears per hectare and that transplanting in general, caused loss of commercial  
fruit quality in baby corn production.  
Tabe 3: Effect of Planting Methods on the root uniformity, marketable yield and marketable yield% of  
carrots.  
Treatment  
Root Uniformity  
Marketable Yield  
Marketable Yield%  
Transplanting  
Direct Sowing  
Significance (5%)  
2.00  
4.25  
*
2.5  
5.75  
*
26.0  
100.00  
*
CONCLUSION  
In consideration of the aforementioned results, it can be concluded that since transplanting had no significant  
effect on most of the observed parameters and direct sowing had significant effect on root marketability which  
consists of root uniformity, marketable yield and marketable yield%, which is paramount in commercial carrot  
production, directly sown carrots remain the best for optimum carrot production, until further experiments on  
other planting methods are completed.  
REFERENCES  
1. Adesina J. M., Afolabi. L. A., Aderibigbe, A. T. B. and Sanni, K. O. (2014). Effect of Direct Seeding and  
Transplanting on the Performance of Maize (Zea may L.) in South-Western Nigeria. Researcher, 6(1).  
2. Afrin, A., Islam, M.A., Hossain, M.M. and Hafiz, M.M.H. (2019). Growth and yield of carrot influenced  
by organic and inorganic fertilizers with irrigation interval. Journal of Bangladesh Agricultural University,  
17(3): 338-343.  
3. Bahlgerdi. M., Aroiee, H. and Azizi,. M. (2014). The study of plant density and planting methods on some  
growth characteristics, seed and oil yield of medicinal pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var.styriaca, cv. ‘Kaki).  
American Journal of Life Sciences; 2(5): 319-324. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.21  
4. Costa, A.C., Coelho. F.C., Garcia, R.V., Luís de Lima, W., Marcelo Vivas, M., Prins, C.L. andG da Rocha,  
J. (2020). Performance of maize seedlings for baby corn production. Hortic. Bras. 38 (4).  
5. El-Sayed, S.S.F. (2021). Impact of some Agronomical Practices on Carrot Productivity and Nutritional  
Value. J. of Plant Production, Mansoura Univ.,Vol 12 (4): 365-376.  
6. Fritz, V.A. (2012). Guide of Cultivation Carrot (Vegetables) for Beginner Farming. Extension  
Horticulturist Department of Horticultural Science Southern Research and Outreach Center.  
7. Gavric, T. and Omerbegovic, O. (2021). Effect of transplanting and direct sowing on productive properties  
and earliness of sweet corn. Chilean journal of agricultural research, res. vol.81, no.1.  
8. Gutema, T.D. (2021). Effect of Organic Manure andNPK Fertilizer on Growth andYield of Carrot (Daucus  
Carota L). International Journal of Agriculture andAgribusiness, Volume 9 (Issue 1 and2).  
9. Ige, S.A., Aremu, C., Isa, A.B. and Gbadamosi, A.A. (2017). Differential Response Of Three Carrot  
Genotypes To Different Levels Of Organic And Inorganic Fertilizer Application In Southern Derived  
Savanna Zone Of Nigeria. App. Sci. Report.,18 (2),56-60.  
Page 1373  
www.rsisinternational.org  
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026  
10. Kakar. K.M., Saleem. A.M, and Iqbal, A. (2015). Effect of irrigation levels and planting methods on  
phenology, growth, biomass and harvest index of spring Wheat under semiarid condition. Pure Appl. Biol.,  
4(3): 375-383.  
11. Karakan, F.Y., Arpaci, B. and Kiliç, A. (2019). The Effect of Different Sowing Dates on Yield and Some  
Agronomic Characteristics Of Carrot (Daucus Carota L.). Scientific Papers, Series B, Horticulture, Vol.  
LXIII, No. 2.  
12. Kharsan, M., Nag K., Sahu, D. K., Bhardwaj, L. P. and Ajeet, I. (2019). To assess the effect of spacing on  
growth and yield of carrot (Daucus carota L.) cv. Pusa Kesar. J Pharmacogn. Phytochem., 8:77–80.  
13. Khozaei, M., Haghighi, A.A.K., Parsa, S.Z., Sepaskhah, A.R, Razzaghi, F., Yousefabadi, V. andEmam,  
Y. (2020). Evaluation of direct seeding and transplanting in sugar beet for water productivity, yield and  
quality  
Management ,238,106230.  
14. Leskovar,D.I and Othman,Y.A. (2021). Direct Seeding and Transplanting Influence RootDynamics,  
Morpho-Physiology, Yield and Head Quality of Globe Artichoke. Plants, 10, 899.  
https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10050899  
under  
different  
irrigation  
regimes  
and  
planting  
densities.  
Agricultural  
Water  
15. Mbatha, A.N., Ceronio, G.M. and Coetzer, G.M. (2014). Response of carrot (Daucus carota L.) yield and  
quality to organic fertiliser. South African Journal of Plant and Soil , 31(1): 1–6.  
16. Ndukwe, O. O., Nwakanma, V. T. and Iheaturu, D. E. (2020). Determination of optimum poultry manure  
rate for bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) production in a  
17. humid rainforest zone of Nigeria. Horticultural Society of Nigeria (HORTSON): Thirty-Eight Annual  
Conference 2020, pp 660-667.  
18. Patel, S.M., Amin, A.U., and Patel, H.B. ( 2019). Effect of Spacing and Fertility Levels On Growth and  
Yield of Carrot (Daucus Carrota L.) Cv. Gdc 1. Gau Research Journal 44 (4) : 206-209.  
19. Que, F., Hou, X., Wang, G., Xu, Z., Tan, G., Li, T., Wang, Y., Khadr, A. and Xiong, A.(2019). Advances  
in research on the carrot, an important root vegetable in the Apiaceae family. Horticulture Research, 6:69.  
20. Singh, B.K., Koley, T. K., Maurya, A. and Singh, P. M. (2018). Phytochemical and antioxidative potential  
of orange, red, yellow, rainbow and black coloured tropical carrots (Daucus carota subsp. sativus Schubl.  
andMartens). Physiol Mol. Biol. Plants, 24:899–907.  
21. Wu, Z., Liu, Z., Chang, S., and Zhao, Y., (2020). An EMS mutant library for carrot and genetic analysis  
of some mutants. Breeding Science Preview, pp. 1-7.  
Page 1374  
www.rsisinternational.org