INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,  
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)  
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue V, May 2026  
Toxicity of Decamethrin on haematology profile of climbing perchAnabas  
testudineus (Bloch.)  
Dr. Dhiraj Kumar  
Department of zoology, MLSM, college, Darbhanga, LNMU, Darbhanga.  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150500242  
Received: 13 May 2026; Accepted: 18 May 2026; Published: 20 June 2026  
ABSTRACT  
The present investigation was undertaken to study the chronic toxic effects of a sublethal concentration (0.08  
ppm) of decamethrin on the haematological profile of Anabas testudineus over an exposure period of 20 days.  
The treated fish exhibited several behavioural responses, including loss of natural coloration, turning almost  
reddish in colour, loss of equilibrium, and jerky movements before death.  
The treated group also showed significant alterations in the haematological profile, with decreases observed in  
haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), and white blood cell (WBC) counts. In contrast, differential leukocyte  
count (DLC) parameters such as neutrophils, monocytes, and esinophils showed increased values.  
These findings indicate that decamethrin exerts adverse chronic toxic effects on fish health. Therefore, it is  
suggested that maintaining decamethrin concentration below 0.08 mg/L in water is more suitable for the culture  
of Anabas testudineus to ensure optimum growth performance and survival rate compared to higher  
concentrations.  
Keywords: Anabas testudineus, decamethrin, insecticide, haematology profile, pyrethroid.  
INTRODUCTION  
The environment is increasingly contaminated with different kinds of pollutants. Pesticides are among the major  
anthropogenic pollutants that play an important role in controlling various pests responsible for crop damage  
and in improving agricultural production. Insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides constitute major sources of  
potential environmental hazards, affecting not only birds, fish, and other animals but also humans when they  
enter the food chain (Khan et al., 2012).  
The indiscriminate use of pesticides in agricultural fields causes serious environmental hazards, particularly  
affecting aquatic fauna. Unfortunately, most pesticides are non-biodegradable and tend to persist in the  
environment for long periods. Sublethal concentrations of these chemicals may cause ecological imbalance in  
aquatic organisms after prolonged exposure, probably due to the cumulative impact of impaired metabolic  
functions (Abedi et al., 2013).  
Anabas testudineus, locally known as “Kawai,” is a freshwater edible fish commonly found in paddy fields,  
ditches, swamps, and other stagnant water bodies. It possesses a suprabranchial accessory respiratory organ that  
enables it to survive for extended periods outside water. Fish are highly sensitive to pesticides, heavy metals,  
and other environmental pollutants; therefore, they are widely used as bioindicators for assessing the impact of  
pollutants on aquatic ecosystems. Haematological studies in fishes have gained greater significance due to the  
increasing emphasis on pisciculture and the growing concern regarding pollution of natural freshwater resources  
in tropical regions. Such studies are considered effective and sensitive indicators for monitoring physiological  
and pathological changes in fishes (Summarwar and Verma, 2012).  
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Hence, the present study was undertaken to investigate the alterations in the haematological profile and  
behavioural responses of the air-breathing climbing perch, Anabas testudineus, induced by exposure to  
decamethrin.  
MATERIALS AND METHODS  
Anabas testudineus, with an average body weight of 30–35 g, were procured from the local fish market and  
transported to the laboratory in open containers. To protect them from external infections, the fishes were bathed  
in 0.1% potassium permanganate solution. Thereafter, the fish were acclimatized to laboratory conditions for 15  
days. During the acclimatization period, they were fed artificial floating pellet feed manufactured by Growel  
Feeds Pvt. Ltd., containing 32% crude protein. The daily ration was provided once a day at the rate of 3% of the  
body weight.  
To determine the acute LC₅₀ values of decamethrin for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours, the method described by the  
American Public Health Association (2005) was followed. The LC₅₀ values obtained for these exposure periods  
were 3.05 mg/L, 2.25 mg/L, 1.50 mg/L, and 0.80 mg/L, respectively. The sublethal concentration was determined  
following the method of Hart et al. (1945). Based on the calculation method of Finney (1978), a sublethal  
concentration of 0.08 ppm was selected for the experiment.  
Ten acclimatized fish were exposed to the sublethal concentration (0.08 ppm) of decamethrin, while another  
group of ten fish was simultaneously maintained as the control under identical laboratory conditions for 20 days.  
At the end of the exposure period, on the 20th day, the fish were anaesthetized with 1:4000 MS-222 (tricaine  
methanesulfonate) for two minutes. Blood samples were then collected from the caudal region of the  
experimental fish. Haematological parameters including haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) count, white  
blood cell (WBC) count, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, and packed cell volume  
(PCV) were estimated following the methods described by Akela et al. (1996) and Shrivastav (1979).  
RESULT  
Behavioural Response  
The control fish remained at the bottom of the aquarium and exhibited normal behaviour with minimal  
disturbance. Mortalities, if any, were removed immediately, and behavioural abnormalities were assessed at  
regular intervals using a modified behavioural protocol checklist described by Klesius et al. (2000). Behavioural  
scores were assigned daily to individual fish based on the following criteria: 0 = no observable behavioural  
changes; 1 = abnormal swimming, lethargy or unresponsiveness, and changes in skin coloration; 2 =  
hyperactivity or excitability with rapid opercular movement; and 3 = death. Mean behavioural scores were  
calculated for each replicate treatment.  
Immediately after introduction into the test solution, the experimental fish showed increased swimming activity,  
frequent surfacing, and hyperactivity. After 24 hours of exposure, restlessness, rapid surfacing, peeling of skin,  
and fading of body colour became prominent. Following 48 hours of exposure, the fishes exhibited slightly  
reduced activity with gradual intensification of colour fading. Gill adhesion and the formation of a thin mucus  
layer on the gills, operculum, and body surface were also observed at this stage.  
After 72 hours of exposure, increased surfacing and frequent air gulping were noticed. The fishes also showed  
loss of balance and jerky swimming movements. School formation, a characteristic behaviour of Anabas  
testudineus, was considerably weakened in treated fish compared to the control group. After 96 hours of  
exposure, ulceration on the trunk and at the base of the caudal and pectoral fins was observed in approximately  
95% of the treated fish. A thick mucus layer covering the entire body and gills was present in almost all exposed  
fish. The treated fish lost their natural coloration and became almost reddish in appearance. Loss of equilibrium  
prior to death was a common symptom observed in all test fishes.  
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Haematological Studies  
Table 1 clearly shows that the haemoglobin (Hb) level in the control group was 12.56 ± 0.06 g/dL, which  
significantly decreased to 6.79 ± 0.11 g/dL in the decamethrin-treated group, showing a highly significant  
difference (P < 0.001). Similarly, the red blood cell (RBC) count decreased from 6.39 ± 0.01 in the control group  
to 4.58 ± 0.08 in the treated group, which was also highly significant (P < 0.001) (Table 1, Figure 1).  
The values of neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils increased significantly in the treated group, recording  
16.1 ± 0.04, 8.0 ± 0.03, and 1.4 ± 0.02, respectively, as compared to the control values of 7.84 ± 2.01, 5.0 ± 0.05,  
and 1.1 ± 0.03. Among these, neutrophils showed highly significant variation (P < 0.001), while eosinophils  
showed significant variation (P < 0.01).  
In contrast, lymphocyte and basophil counts showed reductions in the treated group. The lymphocyte count  
decreased from 68.33 ± 2.42 in the control group to 45.0 ± 0.02 in the treated group, showing significant variation  
(P < 0.01). Basophils showed only minor variation and were statistically non-significant.  
Similarly, packed cell volume (PCV) decreased markedly in the treated group (12.01 ± 0.03) compared to the  
control group (35.97 ± 0.06), indicating significant variation (P < 0.01) (Table 1, Figure 2).  
At the haematological level, exposure to decamethrin caused marked alterations in several blood parameters.  
The levels of Hb, RBC, WBC, lymphocytes, and PCV decreased, whereas neutrophils, monocytes, and  
eosinophils increased. These alterations were either significant, highly significant, or non-significant depending  
on the parameter studied. Such haematological disturbances may lead to pathological conditions such as  
anaemia, leukocytopenia, neutropenia, lymphopenia, eosinophilia, and impaired erythropoiesis, indicating  
severe physiological stress in Anabas testudineus exposed to decamethrin.  
TABLE-1 Showing the effects of Decamethrin on Hb, RBC, WBC, DLC, PCV of Anabas testudineus.  
Values are mean ± SE of 5 individual observations:-  
Variable  
Decamethrin (20 days)  
exposure  
Parameter  
Control  
0.08 mg/l  
Blood Hb (gm/l)  
12.56 ±0.06  
6.39±0.01  
3.9%  
6.79±0.12 ***  
4.58±0.08 ***  
TEC(RBC) (x 106µl)  
DLC (WBC) (% values)  
2.7%  
***  
Neutrophils (x 103µl)  
Lymphocytes (x 103µl)  
Monocytes (x 103µl)  
Eosinophil (x 103µl)  
7.84±2.04  
68.33±2.42  
5.0±0.03  
16.1±0.04 ***  
45.0±0.02  
8.0±0.03  
3.0±0.02  
**  
*
2.0±0.03  
**  
Basophil (x 103µl)  
1.1 ±0.02  
1.3 ±0.02  
*
PC (%values)  
35.97±0.06  
12.01±0.03 **  
*
P<0.5  
Non Significant  
Significant  
**  
P<0.01  
***  
P<0.001 Highly Significant  
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Figure-1 Showing the effect of decamethrin on Hb, RBC, WBC in Anabas testudineus (20 days) ***P <  
0.001.  
Effect of decamethrin on  
Hb, RBC, WBC in Anabas  
15  
testudineusControl  
12.56  
10  
6.79  
***  
6.39  
4.58  
***  
2.7  
***  
3.9  
5
0
Hb  
RBC  
WBC  
parameters  
Figure-2 Showing the effect of decamethrin on Neutrophil, Monocyte, Basophil in Anabas testudineus  
(20 days) *P<0.05, *** P<0.001.  
effect of decamethrin on Neutrophil, Monocyte,  
Basophil in Anabas testudineus  
16.1  
***  
18  
16  
14  
12  
8
*
10  
7.84  
8
6
4
2
0
Control  
Treated  
5
1.3  
**  
1.1  
Neutrophil  
Monocyte  
Basophil  
parameters  
Figure-3 Showing the effect of decamethrin on Lymphocyte, Eosinophil, PCV, in Anabas testudineus (20  
days) ** P<0.01.  
effect of decamethrin on  
Lymphocyte, Eosinophil, PCV,  
in Anabas testudineus  
68.33  
45  
80  
60  
40  
20  
0
**  
35.9  
12.1  
3
**  
**  
2
Control  
Treated  
parameters  
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DISCUSSION  
In the present study, certain deformities and abnormal swimming patterns were observed in Anabas testudineus  
exposed to decamethrin. The experimental fish exhibited recovery when transferred to freshwater, suggesting  
that the toxic effects of decamethrin may be reversible under sublethal exposure conditions. This indicates that  
decamethrin possesses considerable toxic potential in shallow aquatic environments and should therefore be used  
cautiously in agricultural areas located near water bodies. The behavioural responses observed in the present  
investigation are in close agreement with those reported by earlier workers under various stress conditions (Paul  
and Banerjee, 1996; Rani et al., 1997; Palanivelu et al., 2005; Ufodike and Onusiriuka, 2008; Lata et al., 2008).  
Behavioural responses are considered among the most sensitive indicators of toxic stress in fishes (EIFAC,  
1983). Similar acute toxic effects have been reported in zebrafish exposed to mercuric chloride (Vutukuru and  
Basani, 2013). Likewise, toxic effects of the surfactant dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride on  
zebrafish larval locomotor activity were observed by Yanan et al. (2015). Thus, it may be concluded that the  
toxicity of decamethrin depends upon several physical, chemical, and biological factors, each of which may  
influence its toxic action in fish.  
Haematological Study  
Haemoglobin (Hb)  
The decrease in haemoglobin level observed in the present study is in conformity with earlier findings. Raizada  
and Gupta (1982) reported a decline in RBC count and haemoglobin content in Trichogaster fasciatus following  
exposure to the fungicide RH-216. In Clarias batrachus, haemoglobin content decreased significantly after 96  
hours of exposure to Rogor. Similar reductions in haemoglobin level have also been reported by Muthalagi  
(2006) in Cirrhinus mrigala under sewage exposure, by Arjun et al. (2009) under chromium exposure, and by  
Pratibha and Kumar (2013) under mercury chloride exposure. Comparable decreases have also been reported in  
mammalian studies by Revathi et al. (2003), Shipra et al. (2005), and Anwar and Choudhary (2009).  
Red Blood Cell (RBC)  
The reduction in RBC count observed in the present study is in agreement with the findings of Mishra and  
Srivastava (1983), who reported a significant decrease in RBC count in Heteropneustes fossilis exposed to  
malathion. Similar declines in RBC levels have been reported by Muthalagi (2006) in sewage-treated Cirrhinus  
mrigala, Arjun et al. (2009) in chromium-exposed Clarias batrachus, and Pratibha and Kumar (2013) in mercury  
chloride-treated Heteropneustes fossilis.  
The decrease in RBC count may be attributed to disruption of erythropoietic activity and inhibition of glycolysis,  
resulting in impaired synthesis of blood cells. Toxicants may also directly damage erythrocytes, causing  
haemolysis and leading to significant reduction in RBC count and haemoglobin concentration.  
White Blood Cell (WBC)  
The decrease in WBC count observed in the present investigation is consistent with earlier reports on fish and  
mammals exposed to toxicants such as fertilizers, pesticides, alkaloids, and heavy metals. Similar decreases in  
WBC count have been reported by Muthalagi (2006) in sewage-exposed Cirrhinus mrigala and by Arjun (2010)  
in chromium-exposed Clarias batrachus.  
A reduction in WBC count, termed leucopenia, indicates suppression of the immune defence system. This may  
result from toxic damage to blood-forming tissues or excessive utilization of leukocytes during physiological  
stress.  
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Differential Leukocyte Count (DLC)  
The present study revealed increased neutrophil, monocyte, and eosinophil counts, while lymphocyte and  
basophil counts decreased in the treated group. These findings are in close conformity with the observations of  
Muthalagi (2006), Arjun (2010), and Pratibha and Kumar (2012) under exposure to sewage, chromium, and  
mercury chloride.  
The increase in neutrophils and monocytes may indicate activation of defence mechanisms against toxic stress,  
whereas lymphopenia may be associated with increased secretion of stress hormones such as adrenaline and  
corticosteroids. Similar observations have been reported in both fish and mammalian toxicological studies.  
Packed Cell Volume (PCV)  
The significant decrease in packed cell volume (PCV) observed in the present study is in agreement with earlier  
reports by Muthalagi (2006), Arjun (2010), and Pratibha and Kumar (2013) under exposure to sewage,  
chromium, and cadmium chloride. Revathi et al. (2003) also reported a decrease in PCV, mean corpuscular  
volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration  
(MCHC) with increasing concentrations of tannery effluents.  
The decline in PCV reflects anaemic conditions and reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, indicating  
severe physiological stress induced by decamethrin exposure.  
Overall, the present study clearly demonstrates that exposure to decamethrin causes significant behavioural and  
haematological alterations in Anabas testudineus, indicating its toxic impact on fish health and survival.  
CONCLUSION  
It could be concluded that Anabas testudineus with average weight 30.0± 4.0 g, were more suitable to culture at  
water decamethrin insecticide concentration of < 0.8 mg/l for optimum growth performance and survival rate  
than other water conditions. Therefore, it can be recommended to be carried out under the similar experimental  
conditions.  
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT  
The authors are thankful to the Department of Zoology, MLSM college Darbhanga, LNM University, Darbhanga,  
for the provision of laboratory facilities used in this study.  
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