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A Study to Assess the Knowledge on Menstrual Blood Banking Among
Graduation Students at Selected Women’s College, in Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Prof Dr Sudhakar Anumanthan Principal, Mr Sunny Daniel Associate Professor, Ms. Likhitha Vidiyala
Assistant Professor, Mr. Tabrez Alam. (G.N.M), Ms. Tannu Patel. (G.N.M), Ms. Soni Yadav. (G.N.M),
Ms. Surabhi Kumari. (G.N.M), Mr. Aditya Kumar. (G.N.M)
Nursing, Popular College of Nursing Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150600102
Received: 26 June 2026; Accepted: 01 July 2026; Published: 11 July 2026
ABSTRACT
Background: Menstrual blood banking is an emerging area of regenerative medicine that utilizes menstrual
blood-derived stem cells for potential therapeutic applications in tissue repair and the treatment of various
degenerative diseases. Despite increasing scientific advances, awareness regarding menstrual blood banking
among young women remains limited, highlighting the need to assess their level of knowledge.
Objectives: To assess the knowledge regarding menstrual blood banking among female undergraduate students
and determine its association with selected demographic variables.
Methods: A quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 female undergraduate
students at Purnodaya Mahila Mahavidyalaya College, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Participants were selected
using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire
consisting of demographic variables and a 15-item knowledge questionnaire on menstrual blood banking.
Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis.
Results: The study revealed that 69% of participants had moderate knowledge, 18% had adequate
knowledge, and 13% had inadequate knowledge regarding menstrual blood banking. No statistically
significant association was observed between knowledge scores and selected demographic variables (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: The findings indicate that most female undergraduate students possess only moderate knowledge
regarding menstrual blood banking. Structured educational programmes and awareness initiatives are
recommended to improve knowledge and promote informed decision-making regarding menstrual blood stem
cell banking.
Keywords: Menstrual blood banking, menstrual blood-derived stem cells, knowledge, female undergraduate
students, regenerative medicine, stem cell banking.
INTRODUCTION
Stem cell research has become one of the fastest-growing fields in modern biomedical science because
of its potential to regenerate damaged tissues and treat various chronic and degenerative diseases. Stem
cells are undifferentiated cells characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate into
specialized cell types. Based on their origin, stem cells are classified into embryonic stem cells, adult
stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and perinatal stem cells. Adult stem cells are widely accepted
because they can be obtained from different tissues without major ethical concerns. Common sources
include bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord blood, placenta, dental pulp, and menstrual blood.
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Menstrual blood has recently emerged as a valuable source of mesenchymal stem cells, commonly
known as menstrual blood-derived stem cells (MenSCs). These cells can be collected non-invasively
during the menstrual cycle and possess excellent proliferative capacity, self-renewal ability, and
multilineage differentiation potential. Unlike bone marrow aspiration, menstrual blood collection is
painless, inexpensive, repeatable, and free from major procedural risks. These characteristics make
menstrual blood-derived stem cells an attractive resource for regenerative medicine and tissue
engineering.
Research has demonstrated that menstrual blood-derived stem cells can differentiate into various cell
types, including osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, neural, cardiac, hepatic, and endothelial cells.
Experimental studies have shown promising applications in tissue repair and the treatment of
neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, liver diseases, musculoskeletal
conditions, endometrial disorders, and autoimmune diseases. Although many of these applications
remain under investigation, the rapid progress in regenerative medicine has highlighted the importance
of preserving stem cells for future therapeutic use.
Stem cell banking has become an important component of regenerative healthcare worldwide. While
umbilical cord blood banking is well established, menstrual blood banking has emerged as a promising
alternative because it provides women with an opportunity to preserve their own stem cells throughout
their reproductive years. Researchers across North America, Europe, and Asia continue to investigate
the therapeutic potential of menstrual blood-derived stem cells through laboratory and clinical studies.
Although routine clinical applications are still evolving, the available evidence indicates considerable
promise for future regenerative therapies.
In India, regenerative medicine has gained increasing importance over the last decade. The Indian
Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) have issued national
guidelines to regulate stem cell research and ensure ethical practice. Several medical institutions and
research centres are actively conducting stem cell research; however, awareness regarding menstrual
blood banking remains limited among the general population. Compared with umbilical cord blood
banking, menstrual blood banking is relatively new, and many young women are unfamiliar with its
collection process, preservation methods, benefits, and potential therapeutic applications. Most
information is obtained through social media, internet sources, or informal discussions, which may not
always provide scientifically accurate information.
Young women, particularly undergraduate students, represent an important population for health
education because they are future mothers, healthcare consumers, and community influencers.
Improving their knowledge regarding menstrual blood banking can encourage informed decision-
making, promote reproductive health awareness, and reduce misconceptions related to stem cell
preservation. Educational institutions provide an ideal environment for disseminating evidence-based
information through lectures, seminars, workshops, and awareness programmes.
Previous studies have consistently reported inadequate to moderate knowledge regarding menstrual
blood banking among students and healthcare professionals. Studies conducted among nursing students
have demonstrated that structured teaching programmes significantly improve knowledge and awareness
regarding menstrual blood stem cell banking. These findings indicate that educational interventions are
effective in addressing existing knowledge gaps. However, only limited research has been conducted
among female undergraduate students studying outside healthcare disciplines, particularly in northern
India. Therefore, information regarding their level of knowledge remains inadequate.
Purnodaya Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Varanasi, is a women's undergraduate college where students have
limited opportunities to receive formal education regarding regenerative medicine and menstrual blood
banking. Assessing their knowledge is important because it provides baseline information about existing
awareness levels and helps identify areas requiring educational intervention. The findings may assist
nursing educators, public health professionals, and policymakers in designing awareness programmes
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that improve scientific literacy among young women.
The present study was therefore undertaken to assess the knowledge regarding menstrual blood banking
among female undergraduate students at Purnodaya Mahila Mahavidyalaya College, Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh. The study also aimed to determine the association between knowledge and selected
demographic variables. The findings are expected to contribute to nursing education, women's health
promotion, and regenerative medicine by providing evidence on the current level of awareness among
undergraduate students. Furthermore, the results may support the development of educational strategies
that promote informed decisions regarding menstrual blood donation and stem cell banking while
encouraging greater awareness of future applications of regenerative medicine.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Lakshmi Koos and Marie et al (2024) conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching
program on knowledge regarding menstrual blood banking among nursing student in a selected nursing college
at Mangalore. The study surveyed 60 nursing students at New Mangala College of Nursing Mangalore, using a
structured teaching program. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire and post-test. The results
showed that 70% of students had no prior knowledge about menstrual blood banking, while 85% had average
knowledge. The post-test knowledge score was higher than the pre-test score, indicating that the structured
teaching program effectively increased nursing students' knowledge on menstrual blood banking. L Chadha
(2024) This study explored the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of female healthcare workers in India
regarding menstrual blood donation for the purpose of extracting mesenchymal stem cells (menstrual blood).
Menstrual blood is a rich source of menstrual blood, which have the potential to differentiate into various cell
types, similar to stem cells found in umbilical cord blood and bone marrow. The research aimed to understand
the perspectives of female healthcare workers on donating menstrual blood for menstrual blood research and
therapy. Siva Sangari D et al (2024) conducted a study on the utilization of menstrual Blood Banking and
healing makes use of Menstrual blood women were regarded as a discard. waste of blood, but most of promising,
source of harvest stem cells, secreted from the vaginal and cervix series of value and entry its minimal. The
menstrual blood stem cells to deal with lot of disease, especially multiple myeloma and the usage of anti-growing
older skin product cream menstrual brood is gathering in door step inside 3- four Hour reached Lab and concern
is Want for proper garage of those cells. clinical trial & some menstrual blood clot apply Stash on wound. to
heal the wound overnight and bleeding Stopped, in 2009 lisa ray a bolly timber actress and stem mobile
beneficiary diagnosed as multiple myeloma and treated. Return to the beginning of her life. Jasmi Manu et al
(2022) conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness of the information booklet menstrual blood banking is a
process of storing the menstrual blood of a woman to use the stem cells present in it in future. Stem cells which
are present in menstrual blood are having multipotency. The present study was conducted to assess the
effectiveness of an information booklet on knowledge regarding menstrual blood banking and it’s benefits
among adolescent girls studying in selected intermediate schools of Kanpur.” The objectives of the study were
to assess the knowledge of adolescent girls regarding menstrual blood banking and its benefits; to evaluate the
effectiveness of the information booklet on knowledge regarding menstrual blood banking and it’s benefits
among adolescent girls studying in selected intermediate schools of Kanpur, to associate the pre-test and
knowledge score with their selected demographic variables. Quasi experimental one group pre-test post-test
design was used. 67 adolescent girls were selected from Mariampur Senior Secondary School by using non
probability convenient sampling technique. Bhallam Mounika and Joseph Mary Meena (2021) conducted a
study emphasizing that menstruation is a unique phenomenon in girls and consists of uterine bleeding and
discharge between successive ovulations, Women experience menstruation for most of their lives women
experience menarche at different ages, The average age at menarche can occur as early as the age of 10 or as
early as the age of 16, 14 which varies in length, the average cycle is taken to be 28 days long. These stem cells
from Menstrual Blood were first discovered by Australian researcher Carline Garget of Monash University 17,
The Menstrual Bank was helpful for women to keep their Menstrual Blood in a preserved condition for the future
at a minimal annual fee (Rs. 1500/-) for storage and preservation in -196°C. These Menstrual Blood Banks have
brought lifelong benefits to women up to age 60, Ngente et al (2021) conducted a study to evaluate the
effectiveness of teaching on knowledge Regarding Menstrual Blood Banking among Nursing Students The
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student’s changing habits varies depending on their intellectual level. Transition concerns are also present among
college students. They are having academic adjustment issues as a result of the new academic pattern,
atmosphere, and faculties. Academic transition includes finding inspiration, taking actions to satisfy academic
obligations, and dealing with academic frustration. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching on
knowledge regarding Menstrual Blood Banking among nursing students.
Amrapali M Gajbhiye (2019) conducted a study evaluating the impact the knowledge of stem cells in the
menstrual blood has given a new meaning to menstruation for women who earlier considered menstruation as
nothing but a painful and necessary evil. Stem cells have the unique quality of differentiating into any type of
cell. As these cells are immunologically immature in nature, they are able to contribute successfully in the cell
survival after a transplant. Stem cells in menstrual blood have similar regenerative capabilities as the stem cells
in umbilical cord blood and bone marrow. Cryo-Cell's patent-pending menstrual stem cell service offers women
in their reproductive years the ability to store and preserve these cells for potential use by herself or a family
member free from ethical or political controversy. Cryo-Cell is the only stem cell bank in the world that can
offer women the reassurance and peace of mind that comes with the opportunity, Lily Podder et al (2018)
conducted a study to assess the knowledge regarding menstrual blood stem cell banking among nursing students
studying in nursing colleges of Pune, Maharashtra and to associate the knowledge with selected demographic
variables.
A quantitative approach with non-experimental evaluative research design was adopted; 100 samples were
selected through non-probability purposive sampling technique from selected nursing education institute of Pune
city, Maharashtra. Data were collected by using a valid and reliable tool that consisted of a knowledge
questionnaire regarding menstrual blood stem cell banking from the selected student nurses during March 2018
to June 2018. Marie Rosy et al (2017) conducted a comparative study to examine the effect of menstrual blood
and umbilical cord has always been a subject of study in different researches due to its easy availability. The
possibility of isolation of stem cells from the menstrual blood and the umbilical cord blood cells has opened a
new channel in stem cell research that can offer future therapeutic benefits to mankind.
Several successful researches have shown the use of the stem cells derived from the endometrial blood for the
treatments of different fatal diseases. The current breakthrough discovery that the menstrual blood contains stem
cells that are proliferative and are capable of differentiating into different types of cells including cardiac cells,
neural cells and into almost 9 types of tissues including heart, liver and lung, has opened a new field for
therapeutic treatment. Dr Neelam Hans (2016) conducted a study focusing on reproductive process the
menstrual cycle is a normal process that happens to nearly all women during their childbearing years, from
puberty till menopause. Menstrual blood is not just blood it's also made up of tissue from the uterine lining. It
also contains the remnants of the egg that travel down the fallopian tube into the uterus during ovulation. Many
biochemical and histological events occur unnoticed by the fertile female; however, the monthly menstrual cycle
is a repeating reminder that she is capable of conceiving and developing new life.
Mehrabani et al (2016) conducted a study exploring the knowledge stated that one of the readily available
sources of mesenchymal stem cells (menstrual blood) is menstrual blood-derived stem cells (Menstrual blood),
which exhibit characteristics similar to other types of menstrual blood. This study was performed to determine
the growth kinetics, plasticity, and characterization of Menstrual blood in women. (Menstrual blood 15 ml) was
obtained from 10 women on their third day of menstruation in 2 age groups of 30 to 40 and 40 to 50 years old.
Ficoll was used to separate the mononuclear cell fraction. Frincy Francis et al (2015) conducted a study to
evaluate the effectiveness of the information the electronic databases using which the search done were
Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Medical Literature Online (Medline), Pub
med, EBSCO, Embase, Science Direct. The search terms include Menstruation, Menstrual Blood, Menstrual
Blood Stem Cells. Menstrual Blood Banking, Endometrial Stem Cells. Menstrual Regenerative Cells. Though
evidences were effectively searched using the keywords, the authors also used the “Bibliographic Mining”
method from the available literatures to identify similar studies meeting the objectives. Padma B, Mamatha N
et al (2014) conducted a study focusing on endometrial regenerative cells (ERC) this study is aimed to educate
the public to hold the potential to save themselves from future ailments and understand that menstrual stem cells
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obtained from the menstrual blood offer the best potential to display high concentrations of stem cell growth
factors. As investigators we are happy about this new innovation and feel that it is our duty to educate women
about the most miraculous thing of contributing medically to save lives through the endometrial regenerative
cells (ERC) or stem cells harvested from discarded menstrual fluid.
Paolo et al (2010) This study investigates the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of female healthcare
professionals in India regarding menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (menstrual blood). While
menstrual blood are traditionally sourced from bone marrow or umbilical cord blood, menstrual blood has
emerged as a potent, highly proliferative source of these pluripotent cells. The research aims to evaluate how
familiar healthcare workers are with this source and their willingness to participate in menstrual blood donation.
Patel et al (2008) conducted a study on established the beneficial properties of menstrual stem cells (menstrual
blood) have a great importance for clinical translation of regenerative therapies. The studies demonstrate that
these are a unique population of cells that can be safely isolated and can provide us with an expandable source
of stem cells from women until they reach menopause. Considering their relevance and importance in treatment
of rare diseases including certain neuro disorders, it becomes crucial for women to preserve their menstrual
blood in the Menstrual Blood Bank.
METHODOLOGY
Research Approach
The research approach used in the study is quantitative research approach.
Research Design
The research design used in the study is descriptive research design.
Study Setting
The present study was conducted at Purnodaya Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Bachchhaon, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh,
India, a women-only undergraduate college affiliated with Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith.
Population of Study
The population comprises all graduation female students in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Target Population
All the graduation female students At Purnodaya Mahila Mahavidyalaya College Bachchhao Varanasi Uttar
Pradesh, India.
Samples
All the graduation course female students in Purnodaya Mahila Mahavidyalaya College Bachchhao, Varanasi,
Uttar Pradesh, India.
Size of Sample: total of 100 samples were selected for this study.
Sampling Technique
Maximum score
15
Minimum score
0
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A non-probability convenience sampling technique was adopted for selecting the study participants. Female
undergraduate students who were present during the data collection period, fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and
were willing to participate voluntarily were recruited until the required sample size of 100 participants was
achieved. Convenience sampling was considered appropriate because the study aimed to assess the existing
knowledge among readily available students within the selected college.
Criteria
Inclusive criteria: Students who are willing to participate in this research study. Students who are not a from a
medical professional. Students who can read and write English and Hindi. Students who will be available during
data collection
Exclusive criteria: Participants who are not set to receive their degrees. Who are not willing to participate in
this study Students who are not attained the menorrhea. Who will not be available at the time of data collection
Instruments
A Structured questionnaire was prepared based on statement of problem. The Tool Consists of Two Sections:
Section A
It Include demographic variables such as age, types of family, residence, religion, marital status, father
education, mother education, father occupation, occupation of mother, family income, menstrual status,
awareness about menstrual blood banking, source of health information, previously participated same kind of
program, and willingness to donate menstrual blood.
Section B
It Consist of 15 multiple choice question related to knowledge on menstrual blood banking.
Validity and Reliability
The tool was checked and evaluated by the HODs of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing, Mental Health
Nursing, Community Health Nursing, Child Health Nursing, Medical-Surgical Nursing, and Nursing
Foundation. reliability, the researcher administered a knowledge questionnaire method to 10 graduation students.
Cronbach’s Alpha value method. was used to calculate the reliability coefficient, yielding a correlation score
of r = 0.745 This result indicates that the tool developed by the researcher demonstrates an acceptable level of
reliability.
Procedure for Data Collection
Permissions were obtained from principal, of Purnodaya Mahila Mahavidyalaya College in
Bachchhao, Varanasi, UP. All samples were selected following informed written consent. All the samples
fulfilling inclusive criteria were selected using convenient sampling technique. They were explained about the
purpose of this study. The structured knowledge questionnaire was distributed to all participants after getting
informed written consent and their response were collected.
Ethical Consideration
The study was conducted after getting approval from the college's research ethics committee. The nature and
purpose of the study were explained to the principal of the Purnodaya Mahila Mahavidyalaya College in
Bachchhao, Varanasi, UP. and permission was granted to conduct the study in the college. Written consent was
obtained from the participants to ensure full cooperation during the study period. Assurance was given to
theparticipants that the confidentiality of each individual would be maintained strictly.
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Plan For Data Analysis
Data was collected, coded and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The data was analysed by
using appropriate statistical method and the findings were represented in the form of figures. The present study
was designed to the study to assess the knowledge on menstrual blood banking among degree student in
Purnodaya Mahila Mahavidyalaya College Bachchhao, At Varanasi, in UP Data analysed according to objectives
and organized under the following sections.
Section A: Distribution of the demographic variables.
Section B: Knowledge distribution on menstrual blood banking.
Section C: Association of the demographic variables with the knowledge level.
N=100
Sl No.
Demographic variable
Options
Number
Percentage %
1
Age
18-20 years
28
28%
21-23 years
40
40%
24-26 years
18
18%
27-Above years
14
14%
2
Types of family
Joint family
33
33%
Nuclear family
59
59%
Extended family
8
8%
3
Residence
Urban
44
44%
Rural
49
49%
Semi urban
7
7%
4
Religion
Hindu
76
76%
Muslim
16
16%
Christian
7
7%
Other
1
1%
5
Marital status
Married
37
37%
Unmarried
56
56%
Divorced
4
4%
Widow
3
3%
6
Father education
Illiterate
21
21%
Primary education
43
43%
Secondary education
18
18%
Under graduate
12
12%
Post graduate
6
6%
7
Mother education
Illiterate
39
39%
Primary education
29
29%
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Secondary education
26
26%
Under graduate
6
6%
Section-A
Table.4.1 DISTRIBUTION OF DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
Table:4.2 Distribution of knowledge on menstrual blood banking
N=100
SL no.
Knowledge level
Number
Percentage
1
Adequate
(11-15)
18
18%
2
Moderately adequate
(6-10)
69
69%
3
Inadequate
(0-5)
13
13%
Table:4.2 and Fig 4.1: On assessing the knowledge of the samples on menstrual blood banking the researchers
understood that 13% of the samples had inadequate knowledge, 69% had moderately adequate knowledge and
18% sample had adequate knowledge.
Fig: 4:1 Level of knowledge on menstrual blood banking.
Section-C
S
l
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
O
p
ti
o
n
s
I
n
M
o
A
d
X
2
v
a
l
R
e
s
u
lt
1
Age
18-20 years
4
9
5
X
2
=0.7379
p=.993637
Not Significant at
P<0.05
21-23 years
8
17
9
24-26 years
5
11
8
27-Above years
4
13
7
2
Types of family
Joint family
7
18
9
X
2
=0.1209
P= 998246
Not Significant at
P<0.05
Nuclear family
9
28
13
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Extended family
3
9
4
3
Residence
Urban
7
18
11
X
2
=0.2784
P= .991165
Not Significant at
P<0.05
Rural
9
24
12
Semi urban
4
9
6
4
Religion
Hindu
11
28
17
X
2
=0.5033
P= 997799
Not Significant at
P<0.05
Muslim
6
14
10
Christian
2
4
3
Other
1
3
1
5
Marital status
Married
9
29
11
X
2
=3.8378
P= .698616
Not Significant at
P<0.05
Unmarried
8
22
9
Divorced
3
2
2
Widow
2
2
1
6
Father education
Illiterate
7
12
8
X
2
=1.5858
P=.99119
Not Significant at
P<0.05
Primary education
8
18
9
Secondary education
4
9
7
Under graduate
2
5
4
Post graduate
1
3
3
7
Mother education
Illiterate
9
16
13
X
2
=1.7179
P= .943731
Not Significant at
P<0.05
Primary education
8
13
10
Secondary education
6
9
8
Under graduate
3
4
1
Table:4.3 Association of Demographic Variables and Knowledge on Menstural Blood Banking
On associating the age, types of family, residence, religion, marital status, father education, mother education,
occupation of father, occupation of mother, family income, menstrual status, awareness of menstrual blood
banking, source of health information, previously participated same kind of programme, willingness to donate
menstrual blood the study participant and the knowledge level on menstrual blood banking, there was no
significant relationship found at p<0.05.
DISCUSSION
The present study was undertaken to assess the knowledge regarding menstrual blood banking among female
undergraduate students of Purnodaya Mahila Mahavidyalaya College, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Menstrual blood
banking is an emerging area in regenerative medicine, as menstrual blood-derived stem cells have shown
promising therapeutic potential in tissue regeneration and the management of various chronic and degenerative
diseases. Despite increasing scientific evidence supporting the clinical applications of menstrual blood stem
cells, awareness among the general population, particularly young women, remains limited. Assessing the level
of knowledge among undergraduate students is therefore important to identify educational gaps and develop
appropriate awareness programmes that promote informed decision-making regarding menstrual blood banking.
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The demographic characteristics of the study participants revealed that the majority (40%) belonged to the age
group of 21–23 years, 59% lived in nuclear families, and 49% were from rural areas. Most participants were
Hindu (76%) and unmarried (56%). Regarding educational background, 43% of fathers had completed primary
education, whereas 39% of mothers were illiterate. Private employment was reported by 37% of fathers and 44%
of mothers, while 37% of participants belonged to families with a monthly income between ₹10,001 and ₹20,000.
Most participants (91%) reported having regular menstrual cycles, 88% had heard about menstrual blood
banking, 33% identified healthcare professionals as their primary source of information, 96% had never attended
any educational programme related to menstrual blood banking, and 78% expressed willingness to donate
menstrual blood. These findings suggest that although participants had some awareness of menstrual blood
banking, opportunities for structured education and scientific learning on the subject were limited.
The present study demonstrated that 69% of participants had moderate knowledge, 18% had adequate
knowledge, and 13% had inadequate knowledge regarding menstrual blood banking. These findings indicate
that while the majority possessed a basic understanding of the concept, detailed knowledge regarding stem cell
collection, processing, cryopreservation, eligibility criteria, storage procedures, and future therapeutic
applications was insufficient. The predominance of moderate knowledge emphasizes the need for systematic
educational interventions to improve awareness and promote evidence-based understanding among young
women.
The findings of the present study are consistent with those reported by Lakshmi Koos et al. (2024), who
evaluated the effectiveness of a structured teaching programme on menstrual blood banking among nursing
students in Mangalore. Their study reported that most students had poor baseline knowledge before the
intervention, whereas knowledge scores improved significantly after the structured teaching programme. Both
studies demonstrate that although students may have heard about menstrual blood banking, comprehensive
scientific knowledge remains inadequate. These findings support the importance of incorporating structured
educational programmes into undergraduate curricula to improve students' understanding of menstrual blood
stem cell banking and its clinical significance.
The present findings are also comparable with those of Ngente et al. (2021), who assessed the effectiveness of
planned teaching on knowledge regarding menstrual blood banking among nursing students. Their study
concluded that educational interventions significantly enhanced students' knowledge, highlighting the
importance of continuous academic exposure to recent developments in regenerative medicine. Similar to the
present study, they observed that students possessed only limited baseline knowledge before receiving formal
instruction. This similarity suggests that menstrual blood banking continues to receive inadequate emphasis in
routine undergraduate education despite its growing clinical relevance.
The findings further agree with the study conducted by Podder et al. (2018) among nursing students in
Maharashtra, which reported that the majority of participants demonstrated moderate knowledge regarding
menstrual blood stem cell banking. Podder and colleagues recommended regular educational sessions and
awareness programmes to improve students' knowledge and acceptance of menstrual blood banking. The
consistency between the present findings and previous studies indicates that limited knowledge regarding
menstrual blood banking is a common observation across different educational institutions and geographical
regions of India. Together, these studies reinforce the need for integrating regenerative medicine concepts into
undergraduate health education.
An important finding of the present study was that none of the selected demographic variables showed a
statistically significant association with knowledge regarding menstrual blood banking (p > 0.05).
Variables including age, type of family, residence, religion, marital status, parental education, parental
occupation, family income, menstrual status, awareness, source of information, previous participation in
educational programmes, and willingness to donate menstrual blood were not significantly associated with
knowledge scores. Several factors may explain these findings. First, all participants belonged to the same
women's college and shared a similar educational environment, curriculum, and learning opportunities, resulting
in relatively homogeneous knowledge levels. Second, menstrual blood banking is a relatively new and
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specialized concept that has not yet been widely incorporated into undergraduate academic curricula or
community health education programmes. Consequently, students from different demographic backgrounds may
have had comparable exposure to information regardless of age, socioeconomic status, or educational
background. Third, the use of a convenience sampling technique and the sample size of 100 participants may
have limited the statistical power to detect small differences between demographic groups. Therefore, the
absence of statistically significant associations should not be interpreted as evidence that demographic
characteristics have no influence on knowledge; rather, it may reflect the relatively uniform educational exposure
of the study population.
The findings of this study have important implications for nursing education and public health practice.
Undergraduate curricula should include recent advances in stem cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and
menstrual blood banking to improve scientific literacy among young women. Educational strategies such as
structured teaching programmes, workshops, seminars, awareness campaigns, and digital learning modules may
enhance students' knowledge and encourage informed decisions regarding menstrual blood donation and future
stem cell preservation. Healthcare professionals should also play an active role in disseminating accurate
information, addressing misconceptions, and promoting evidence-based awareness regarding menstrual blood
banking.
Overall, the present study demonstrates that the majority of female undergraduate students possessed moderate
knowledge regarding menstrual blood banking, while only a small proportion demonstrated adequate
knowledge. The findings highlight the need for structured educational interventions to strengthen awareness,
improve understanding of regenerative medicine, and prepare young women to make informed decisions
regarding menstrual blood banking and its potential future applications.
Summary
The researcher conducted A study to assess the knowledge on menstrual blood banking among graduation
students at selected college, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. with the objectives of
1. To assess the level of knowledge on menstrual blood banking among graduation students at selected college.
2. To find out the association between the level of knowledge with their selected demographic variables.
The study was conducted among 100 conveniently selected graduation students in purnodaya mahila
mahavidyalay college in bachchhao Varanasi, who were fulfilling the inclusive criteria of the study. After
obtaining the permission from the college Principal, purnodaya mahila Mahavidyalaya college and a structured
questionnaire was administered to the participants to evaluate their understanding of menstrual blood banking.
The study participants a structured tool was used to assess knowledge of menstrual blood banking of study
participants. After organizing and analyzing the study according to the set objectives the result of the study
showed that 18% (18) of the samples had adequate knowledge, 69% (69) had moderate knowledge,13% (13)
had inadequate knowledge. level of menstrual blood banking (Not significant P<0.05) The findings indicate that
most student passes moderate knowledge of menstrual blood banking, with only a small percentage
demonstrating adequate knowledge.
CONCLUSION
The present study revealed that the majority of female undergraduate students possessed moderate
knowledge regarding menstrual blood banking, while only 18% demonstrated adequate knowledge and 13%
had inadequate knowledge. These findings indicate that although participants had a basic understanding of
menstrual blood banking, their knowledge of its collection, preservation, and potential therapeutic applications
remains insufficient. No statistically significant association was found between knowledge levels and the
selected demographic variables, including age (p > 0.05), suggesting that knowledge was relatively similar
across the study population. The findings highlight the need for structured educational programmes, seminars,
workshops, and awareness campaigns to enhance knowledge regarding menstrual blood banking among female
undergraduate students. Incorporating emerging concepts of stem cell banking and regenerative medicine into
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undergraduate education may further improve awareness and promote informed decision-making regarding
menstrual blood donation and future therapeutic applications.
Recommendations
This study may be replicated on larger number of samples.
Similar study can be done using experimental design.
Similar study can be conducted for longer duration.Similar study can be done on different population.
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