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An Investigation into Socio-Political Constraints on Decarbonization in
Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Uro Edward
1
, Okocha, Sunny
2*
1
Department of Geography & Environmental Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of
Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
2*
Department of Geography & Environmental Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of
Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150600107
Received: 04 July 2026; Accepted: 09 July 2026; Published: 13 July 2026
ABSTRACT
This study investigated socio-political constraints on decarbonization in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, with
emphasis on how governance structures, institutional frameworks, political interests, and stakeholder dynamics
influence policy implementation and outcomes. A descriptive survey research approach was used in the research,
covering three oil-producing Local Government Areas (LGAs) in the state: Eket, Ibeno and Eastern Obolo. The
primary data for the study were obtained using structured questionnaires distributed to a sample of 400
respondents selected using a multistage sampling procedure, while field observations were also used. Descriptive
statistics, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation (PPMC) and multiple regression analyses were used for
analysing the data collected from the field at a 0.05 level of significance. From the analysis, it was found that
socio-political elements such as political interest in oil revenues, socio-political instability, and economic
dependency on fossil fuels significantly hinder decarbonization processes. Perceived lack of effectiveness of
government stakeholders, community stakeholders, and industry stakeholders in the push for decarbonization
was established through stakeholder analysis, while it is agreed upon that there is a need for collaboration and
awareness for better results. Also, the respondents highlighted the poor progress in the realisation of
decarbonization outcomes, such as low levels of reductions in carbon emissions, inadequate use of renewable
energy and continued deterioration of the environment. Inferential statistics revealed a statistically significant
correlation between socio-political factors and the implementation of decarbonization policies (r = 0.808; p <
0.05), between governance and institutional factors and decarbonization activities (F = 97.609; p < 0.05) and
finally between stakeholder roles/perceptions and decarbonization outcomes (r = 0.833; p < 0.05). The regression
analysis shows that stakeholder perceptions/roles accounted for 39.7% of the variability in decarbonization
outcomes. In conclusion, decarbonization activities in Akwa Ibom State are greatly hampered by the prevailing
socio-political factors, institutional weaknesses and ineffective stakeholder involvement in achieving poor
environmental transition outcomes.
Keywords: Decarbonization; Socio-political constraints; Governance structures; Institutional frameworks;
Stakeholder engagement; Akwa Ibom State; Nigeria.
INTRODUCTION
The efforts towards combating global warming by reducing carbon footprints are arguably one of the most
significant policies being employed across nations in an attempt to reduce climate change, considering the fact
that the amount of greenhouse gas emissions has been rising despite attempts such as the Paris Accord.
According to the IPCC, the overall amount of emissions of CO2 through combustion of fossil fuels has surpassed
37 billion tons annually on a global scale (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2023).
The challenge is compounded in developing nations such as Sub-Saharan Africa, where matters such as energy,
poverty, and industrialisation outweigh any other issue compared to environmental problems. Although Sub-
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Saharan Africa makes up only 3–4% of carbon emissions globally, it is vulnerable to the impacts of climate
change, including flooding, coastal erosion, and harsh weather conditions (IEA, 2022). Nigeria is considered
one of the largest countries in Africa in terms of population size and production. As such, Nigeria plays a large
part in the carbon emissions of Africa that are driven by oil and gas activities and gas flaring (World Bank, 2023;
Okedere et al., 2021).
Several recent findings have indicated that the present energy situation in Nigeria depends heavily on fossil fuels,
as more than 85 per cent of energy generation is done by natural gas and diesel plants in Nigeria due to the
inconsistent supply from the electric grid network (Owebor et al., 2025). This poses challenges to Nigeria in
adopting cleaner energy sources since the country plans to achieve net-zero emission targets by 2060.
On the contrary, energy transition should not only be viewed as a challenge associated with technical and
economic dimensions. According to the literature, energy transition is a process driven by the issue of
governance and politics; particularly, it takes place due to the stubbornness of fossil fuels within the politics and
economics of institutions (Idu et al., 2025). In this connection, fossil fuels assume significance in the politics
and economics of Nigeria. Also, new research findings indicate that inertia in socio-political processes, non-
enforcement of environmental laws, and insufficient stakeholder involvement remain obstacles for
decarbonization processes in the energy sector of Nigeria (Ogbonna et al., 2023). This situation is especially
acute for oil-rich states like Akwa Ibom State, as the local economy depends heavily on the extraction of fossil
fuels amid environmental pollution. Thus, it is critical to examine socio-political constraints to develop effective
decarbonization policies.
Statement of the Problem
Despite Nigeria's promise of achieving zero emissions in 2060 as well as having different climate policies in
effect, decarbonization has been significantly restricted. Particularly in oil-producing areas such as Akwa Ibom
State. It is evident from the study results that Nigeria relies significantly on fossil fuels for its energy production,
since more than 85% of electrical energy produced is through gas-fired generators, while diesel-fired generators
are used because there is an inadequate energy supply (Ogbonna et al., 2023). The dependence of the institution
on fossil fuels still obstructs climate change mitigation strategies. Despite the considerable body of literature
available on financial and technological barriers for decarbonization initiatives, there have been fewer studies
on socio-political barriers, particularly concerning Nigeria. Academic studies have highlighted that socio-
political factors such as weak governance, policy implementation problems, and inconsistent policy formulation
pose problems for energy transition in Nigeria (Idu et al., 2025). In the case of Akwa Ibom State, the situation is
worsened by the significant contribution that oil makes to its economy, thus creating a conflict between
environmental sustainability and employment security. Studies have shown that social and political inertia,
limited stakeholder participation, and a lack of proper implementation mechanisms prevent the use of low-carbon
energies (Ogbonna et al., 2023; Perri et al., 2024). As a result, the main question that will be considered in this
research is the lack of understanding of how socio-political barriers limit decarbonization efforts in Akwa Ibom
State. If Nigeria's broad climatic objectives are to be realised, particularly in regions that depend entirely on
fossil fuels, the above-given problems need to be addressed.
Aim of the Study
This study aimed to investigate the socio-political constraints on decarbonization in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
The specific objectives of the study are to:
1. Examine the major socio-political factors constraining the implementation of decarbonization policies in
Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
2. Assess the influence of governance structures, political interests, and institutional frameworks on
decarbonization efforts in Akwa Ibom State.
3. Evaluate the perceptions and roles of key stakeholders, including government actors, local communities, and
industry stakeholders, in shaping decarbonization outcomes in Akwa Ibom State.
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Hypothesis
1. There is no significant relationship between socio-political factors and the implementation of
decarbonization policies in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
2. There is no significant relationship between governance structures, political interests, institutional
frameworks, and decarbonization efforts in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
3. There is no significant relationship between stakeholder perceptions/roles (government, communities, and
industry actors) and decarbonization outcomes in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Study Area
Figure 1: Akwa Ibom State Showing Selected Study LGAs
Source: Researcher’s Analysis, 2026
Akwa Ibom State is located in the coastal southern part of Nigeria within the Niger Delta region. The selected
study areas—Eket, Ibeno, and Eastern Obolo Local Government Areas (LGAs) lie approximately between
latitude 4°30′N to 5°30′N and longitude 7°30′E to 8°30′E. These LGAs are bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to
the south, Cross River State to the east, Rivers State to the west, and other inland LGAs of Akwa Ibom State to
the north. The study area is predominantly a coastal lowland environment, characterised by extensive mangrove
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swamps, creeks, estuaries, and tidal rivers that drain into the Atlantic Ocean. Major water bodies such as the Qua
Iboe River and its tributaries support local livelihoods but are highly vulnerable to oil pollution. The terrain is
generally flat and prone to flooding, particularly during the rainy season. There are two clear seasons of the year,
within which there exists a wet season, from April to October, and a dry season, from November to March. The
annual precipitation ranges from 2,000 mm to 3,500 mm, thus marking it among the most humid regions in
Nigeria. The vegetation consists mostly of mangrove swamps as well as freshwater swamp species, together
with raffia palms. The soils have mostly alluvial and hydromorphic characteristics, waterlogged and rich in
organic matter, yet very prone to erosion and pollution through oil spillage. The ecological sensitivity of the
region is quite high due to proximity to offshore oil fields. The LGAs of Eket, Ibeno, and Eastern Obolo are
among the most prolific locations when it comes to oil and gas exploration in Akwa Ibom State. This makes the
area face environmental problems like gas flaring, oil spills, and the destruction of ecosystems. The main ethnic
groups living in this area are Ibibio, Oron, and Obolo. The settlements are found alongside rivers. Fishing,
agriculture, petty trading, and oil-based operations are some of the major economic activities in the LGA. The
LGA has administrative wards, while socio-political conflicts concerning resources and the environment make
the area ideal for my study.
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This study adopted a mixed-methods research design to investigate the socio-political constraints to
decarbonization in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The design combined quantitative and qualitative approaches to
provide a comprehensive understanding of governance, institutional, stakeholder, and socio-economic factors
influencing decarbonization efforts. The quantitative aspect employed a descriptive survey design, while the
qualitative component utilised key informant interviews and focus group discussions to obtain in-depth
information from relevant stakeholders. The design was considered appropriate because it enabled the integration
of numerical and explanatory data, thereby enhancing the validity of the findings.
Population
The population of the study comprised residents and stakeholders in three major oil-producing Local
Government Areas (LGAs) of Akwa Ibom State: Eket, Ibeno, and Eastern Obolo. According to the 2006 National
Population and Housing Census, Eket had a population of 172,856, Ibeno 74,840, and Eastern Obolo 60,543.
Using an annual growth rate of 2.5%, the populations were projected to 2025, resulting in 276,901 for Eket,
119,857 for Ibeno, and 96,953 for Eastern Obolo. The projected population of the study area was therefore
493,711 persons. The target population included government officials, oil and gas workers, community leaders,
environmental practitioners, youth representatives, and residents of host communities.
Sample/Sampling Technique
A sample size of 400 respondents was determined using the Taro Yamane formula:
The Yamane calculation should technically be:
A multi-stage sampling technique was employed. First, the three LGAs were purposively selected because of
their prominence in oil and gas production. Second, the population was stratified according to the LGAs and
stakeholder groups. Finally, simple random sampling was used to select respondents. The sample was
proportionally allocated as follows: Eket (224 respondents), Ibeno (97 respondents), and Eastern Obolo (79
respondents).
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Instruments
Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire, interview guide, focus group discussion guide, and
field observation checklist. The questionnaire was designed on a four-point Likert scale ranging from Strongly
Agree (4) to Strongly Disagree (1) and contained items on socio-political constraints, governance, stakeholder
participation, environmental concerns, and decarbonization outcomes.
Key informant interviews were conducted with government officials, environmental experts, community leaders,
and oil and gas company representatives. Focus group discussions were also held with residents of host
communities to obtain deeper insights into decarbonization challenges. Field observations complemented the
data collection process.
The reliability of the questionnaire was established using Cronbach’s Alpha, which yielded a coefficient of 0.83,
indicating high internal consistency. Secondary data were obtained from textbooks, journal articles, policy
documents, government publications, and reports from organisations such as the IPCC, World Bank, and
International Energy Agency (IEA).
Method of Data Analysis
Quantitative data were coded and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive
statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, were used to answer the research
questions. Inferential statistics, including Pearson Product-Moment Correlation and Multiple Regression
Analysis, were used to test the hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. Qualitative data from interviews and
focus group discussions were analysed using thematic content analysis, and the findings were integrated with
the quantitative results.
Model Specification
The functional relationship for the study is expressed as:
Where:
DEC = Decarbonization outcomes
SPF = Socio-political factors
GIN = Governance and institutional influence
STR = Stakeholder roles
The econometric model is specified as:
Where:
β₀ = constant
β₁–β₃ = coefficients of explanatory variables
μ = error term
Ethical Consideration
Respondents’ participation was voluntary, and confidentiality of responses was assured. The data collected were
used strictly for academic purposes.
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Limitations of the Study
The study is limited to the three selected oil and gas producing LGAs in Akwa Ibom State and does not extend
to other LGAs or the Niger Delta states.
It is also limited to perceptual data obtained through questionnaires and field observation, which may not fully
capture institutional complexities; however, triangulation of data sources was used to enhance the validity and
reliability of findings.
RESULT
Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents
Table 1: Profile of Sampled Respondents
S/N
Variables
State
Option
Frequency
Percentage
%
1
Gender
Male
312
78
Female
88
22
Total
400
100.0
2
Age
Below 25 years
16
4.0
25–34 years
96
24.0
35–44 years
205
51.3
45–54 years
59
14.7
> 55 years
24
6.0
Total
400
100.0
3
Educational Qualification
SSCE
11
2.7
OND/NCE
80
20.0
B.Sc./HND
275
68.7
Postgraduate
35
8.7
Total
400
100.0
4
Years of residence in the study area
1–5 years
8
2.0
6–10 years
149
37.3
11–20 years
181
45.3
> 20 years
61
15.3
Total
400
100.0
4
Occupation
Government official
51
12.7
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Community leader
115
28.7
Oil/Gas worker
192
48.0
Other
43
10.7
Total
400
100.0
Source: Researchers’ Fieldwork, 2026
As shown in Table 1, the total number of respondents in the study was 400, out of which 312 were male (78.0%)
and 88 were female (22.0%). From the age distribution, a large percentage, 205 (51.3%), of the respondents were
between the ages of 35–44 years, while 96 (24.0%) were within the age range of 25-34 years, 59 (14.7%) were
in the age range of 45–54 years, 24 (6.0%) were more than 55 years old, and 16 (4.0%) were less than 25 years.
It can be seen that most of the respondents were in the economically active age range. As for the educational
qualification of the respondents, 275 (68.7%) had B.Sc./HND qualifications, 80 (20.0%) had OND/NCE
qualifications, 35 (8.7%) had postgraduate qualifications, and 11 (2.7%) had SSCE As far as number of years of
stay in the study area is concerned, 181 (45.3%) respondents have stayed in the area between 11-20 years, 149
(37.3%) in 6-10 years, 61 (15.3%) in more than 20 years, and 8 (2.0%) in 1-5 years. It means that the major part
of the respondents have considerable familiarity with the environment and socio-economic conditions of the
study area.
As regards occupation, the majority of the respondents are oil and gas workers, comprising 192 (48.0%) of the
total sample. Next came the category of community leaders, consisting of 115 (28.7%) respondents, government
officials with 51 (12.7%), and respondents involved in other occupations with 43 (10.7%). The occupational
composition shows that a significant number of the respondents were related to the areas covered by the study,
which made the acquired information more reliable.
Table 2: Perception of Respondents on the Socio-Political Factors and Decarbonization in Akwa Ibom
State
S/N
LGAs
EKET
N
1
=224
IBENO
N
2
=97
EASTERN
OBOLO
N
3
=79
Aggregate
Remark
σ
1
σ
2
σ
3
1
Political interests in oil revenue
hinder the implementation of
decarbonization policies.
3.42
.499
3.56
.501
3.90
.303
3.63
Agree
2
Socio-political instability
affects environmental policy
enforcement in Akwa Ibom
State.
3.84
.370
3.26
.443
3.68
.471
3.59
Agree
3
Dependence on oil revenue
reduces government
commitment to carbon
reduction initiatives.
3.98
.141
3.92
.274
3.38
.490
3.76
Agree
4
Community resistance to
energy transition projects slows
down decarbonization efforts.
2.02
.915
2.12
1.023
1.94
.913
2.03
Agree
5
Socio-political considerations
significantly influence
3.54
.646
3.38
.780
3.26
.828
3.39
Agree
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environmental decision-
making.
Grand Mean (
)
3.36
3.25
3.23
3.28
Agree
Source: Researchers’ Fieldwork, 2026
Table 2 indicates the mean scores and standard deviations regarding the perceptions about the socio-political
determinants of decarbonization in Akwa Ibom State within the LGAs of Eket, Ibeno, and Eastern Obolo. The
mean scores for the five socio-political factors of decarbonization are 3.63, 3.59, 3.76, 2.03, and 3.39,
respectively. These scores show that there is general agreement regarding the negative impact that socio-political
factors like political interest in oil revenues, socio-political instability, and economic dependence on oil have on
decarbonization. Notably, the mean score of 2.03 for factor number four suggests that there is no agreement
regarding the significant negative influence that community resistance may have on decarbonization efforts.
From the three LGAs analysed, Eket has the highest mean score (3.36), followed by Ibeno (3.25) and Eastern
Obolo (3.23). Overall, the mean score of 3.28 further shows general agreement about the negative impact of
socio-political factors on decarbonization.
Table 3: Perception of Respondents on the Governance and Institutional Influence on Decarbonization in
Akwa Ibom State
S/N
LGAs
EKET
N
1
=224
IBENO
N
2
=97
EASTERN
OBOLO
N
3
=79
Aggregate
Remark
σ
1
σ
2
σ
3
1
Weak institutional enforcement
limits the effectiveness of
decarbonization policies.
4.00
.000
3.72
.454
3.76
.431
3.83
Agree
2
Government agencies
responsible for environmental
protection are not well
coordinated.
3.78
.418
3.30
.614
3.46
.706
3.51
Agree
3
Policy inconsistency affects
long-term decarbonization
planning.
3.82
.388
3.74
.443
3.82
.388
3.79
Agree
4
Political leadership priorities
often override environmental
sustainability goals.
3.96
.198
3.64
.485
3.68
.471
3.76
Agree
5
Institutional frameworks in
Akwa Ibom State support fossil
fuel dependency more than a
clean energy transition.
4.00
.000
3.30
.544
3.78
.418
3.69
Agree
Grand Mean (
)
3.91
3.54
3.70
3.72
Agree
Source: Researchers’ Fieldwork, 2026
Table 3 displays the mean values and standard deviations of the respondents' perception about governance and
institutions' influences on decarbonization in Akwa Ibom State. For item numbers one to five, the mean values
are 3.83, 3.51, 3.79, 3.76, and 3.69, respectively, which reveal that there is agreement that the influence of
governance and institutions is negative on decarbonization. It was observed that the respondents believe that
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weak enforcement, lack of coordinated effort among institutions, inconsistent policies, and the government’s
focus on certain goals affect effective decarbonization. They further believe that the institutions are likely to
encourage fossil fuel dependency instead of facilitating decarbonization. The mean scores were found to be
highest in Eket (3.91) compared to Eastern Obolo (3.70) and Ibeno (3.54). The grand mean value of 3.72
confirms that there was agreement about the influence of governance and institutions on decarbonization.
Table 4: Perception of Respondents on the Stakeholder Roles on Decarbonization in Akwa Ibom State
S/N
LGAs
EKET
N
1
=224
IBENO
N
2
=97
EASTERN
OBOLO
N
3
=79
Aggregate
Remark
σ
1
σ
2
σ
3
1
Government officials actively
promote decarbonization
initiatives in the state.
1.70
.463
1.58
.731
1.40
.639
1.56
Disagree
2
Local communities are
adequately involved in
environmental decision-making.
1.46
.613
1.40
.606
1.92
.566
1.59
Disagree
3
Oil and gas companies contribute
positively to reducing carbon
emissions.
1.78
.418
1.64
.485
1.26
.443
1.56
Disagree
4
Lack of awareness among
stakeholders limits support for
decarbonization policies.
3.18
.691
3.12
.849
3.36
.663
3.22
Agree
5
Effective stakeholder
collaboration is essential for
successful decarbonization.
3.58
.499
3.42
.499
3.22
.418
3.41
Agree
Grand Mean (
)
2.34
2.23
2.23
2.27
Disagree
Source: Researchers’ Fieldwork, 2026
Table 4 contains mean ratings and their corresponding standard deviation in regard to the respondents’
perception of stakeholder roles in decarbonization activities within Akwa Ibom State. Respondents rated items
one to five an average of 1.56, 1.59, 1.56, 3.22, and 3.41, respectively.
In the first place, from the findings, it can be seen that the majority of respondents did not agree with the idea
that government officials promote decarbonization activities, that the locals have adequate participation in
making environmental decisions, or that the oil and gas companies play any role in minimising carbon emissions.
It can therefore be noted that such information indicates poor performance of the stakeholders, as indicated by
the respondents.
However, the respondents agreed on the fact that lack of awareness inhibits effective implementation of
decarbonization strategies (x
=3.22), while stakeholder cooperation is essential (x
=3.41). In regard to mean rating
across the LGAs, while Eket recorded a mean of 2.34, Ibeno and Eastern Obolo had a mean of 2.23. On average,
the mean score across the LGAs was 2.27, which means general agreement could not be reached about the
stakeholders' performance.
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Table 5 Perception of Respondents on the Decarbonization Outcomes in Akwa Ibom State
S/N
LGAs
EKET
N
1
=224
IBENO
N
2
=97
EASTERN
OBOLO
N
3
=79
Aggregate
Remark
σ
1
σ
2
σ
3
1
There has been a noticeable
reduction in carbon emissions in
Akwa Ibom State.
1.94
.424
1.72
.671
1.28
.454
1.65
Disagree
2
Renewable energy adoption is
increasing in the state.
2.16
.934
2.04
.832
2.04
.807
2.08
Disagree
3
Gas flaring has significantly
reduced in recent years.
2.22
.954
1.92
.396
1.32
.471
1.82
Disagree
4
Environmental policies in the
state have improved air quality.
2.20
.904
1.30
.678
1.14
.351
1.55
Disagree
5
Decarbonization efforts in Akwa
Ibom State are effective overall.
1.96
.348
1.32
.471
1.34
.479
1.54
Disagree
Grand Mean (
)
2.10
1.66
1.42
1.73
Disagree
Source: Researchers’ Fieldwork, 2026
Table 5 illustrates the mean and standard deviations of the respondents’ views on the decarbonization outcomes
in Akwa Ibom State within the Eket, Ibeno, and Eastern Obolo LGAs. The mean scores of items 1 to 5 were
found to be 1.65, 2.08, 1.82, 1.55, and 1.54, respectively.
It can be observed from the findings that there is a general disagreement on whether there has been a significant
decrease in carbon emissions (x
= 1.65), an increase in the adoption of renewable energy (x
= 2.08), and a
significant decrease in the occurrence of gas flaring (x
= 1.82). Respondents are also of the opinion that air
quality has not improved significantly due to the implementation of environmental policies (x
= 1.55) and that
the decarbonization activities have not yielded positive results (x
= 1.54). Eket scored a mean score of 2.10,
Ibeno had a mean score of 1.66, while Eastern Obolo had a mean score of 1.42. A grand mean score = 1.73
indicates a generally negative view that there have been no significant decarbonization outcomes.
RESULTS of Tested Hypotheses
Hypothesis 1: There is no significant relationship between socio-political factors and the implementation of
decarbonization policies in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Table 6: Summary of Pearson Product-Moment Correlation (PPMC) on the relationship between socio-political
factors and the implementation of decarbonization policies in Akwa Ibom State.
Socio-Political Factors
Decarbonization Policies
Socio-Political Factors
Pearson
Correlation Sig.
(1tailed)
1
.808
N
.000
Decarbonization Policies
Pearson
400
400
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Correlation Sig.
(1tailed)
N
.808
1
Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 6 presents the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation (PPMC) on the relationship between socio-political
factors and the implementation of decarbonization policies in Akwa Ibom State. From the result, there is a strong
positive and statistically significant relationship between socio-political factors and decarbonization policy
implementation, where the relationship has a correlation coefficient of r = .808. The relationship is significant
at p = .000 (p < 0.05) with a sample size of 400 respondents. Based on this finding, the null hypothesis was
therefore rejected while the alternative hypothesis was accepted, suggesting that there is a significant relationship
between socio-political factors and the implementation of decarbonization policies in Akwa Ibom State. Socio-
political factors explain approximately 65.29% of the variation in the implementation of decarbonization policies
based on the coefficient of determination (r² = 0.6529). In this regard, changes in socio-political factors are
significantly related to changes in levels of policy implementation, which is in agreement with the views held
by respondents regarding their perceptions of decarbonization policies.
Hypothesis 2: There is no significant relationship between governance structures, political interests, institutional
frameworks, and decarbonization efforts in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Table 7: Model Summary of the governance structures, political interests, institutional frameworks, and
decarbonization efforts in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R-
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1
.630
.397
.393
.47696
Predictors: (Constant), Stakeholder perceptions/roles
Coefficient of Determination (R²): 0.397. This means that 39.7% of the variation in the decarbonization measures
taken in Akwa Ibom State can be attributed to the variations in the predictor variable (Stakeholders’
roles/perceptions, consisting of the government, the communities, and the business entities). Consequently,
39.7% of the variation in the decarbonization measures in Akwa Ibom State can be attributed to stakeholders’
roles/perceptions.
Table 8: Analysis of variance of regression of the governance structures, political interests, institutional
frameworks, and decarbonization efforts in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Model
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
Regression
22.205
1
22.205
97.609
.000
Residual
33.668
398
.227
Total
55.873
399
Dependent Variable: Decarbonization outcomes
b. Predictors: (Constant), Stakeholder perceptions/roles
From Table 8, the value of the F-statistic at 97.609 is statistically significant at the level of 0.000 (p < 0.05). This
implies that there is a significant relationship between the results of decarbonization and stakeholders'
perception/roles within the study location of Akwa Ibom State. Consequently, the null hypothesis is rejected.
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Table 9: t-values of regression of the governance structures, political interests, institutional frameworks, and
decarbonization efforts in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Coefficients
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t
Sig.
B
Std. Error
Beta
1
(Constant)
-1.842
.363
-5.070
.000
Stakeholder
perceptions/roles
.960
.097
.630
9.880
.000
a. Dependent Variable: Decarbonization outcomes
Table 9 presents the contribution of the predictor variable (stakeholder perceptions/roles) towards
decarbonization outcomes. From the result, a significant positive correlation was found between the two
variables, where stakeholder perceptions/roles positively predict decarbonization outcomes (Beta = 0.630, t =
9.880, p < .001). This means that stakeholder perceptions/roles have a significant impact on decarbonization
outcomes in Akwa Ibom State. This is because stakeholder perceptions/roles contribute positively and
significantly to decarbonization outcomes (B = 0.960, t = 9.880, p = .000); this means that any improvement in
the role and perception of stakeholders leads to low decarbonization outcomes in the study area.
Hypothesis 3: There is no significant relationship between stakeholder perceptions/roles (government,
communities, and industry actors) and decarbonization outcomes in Akwa Ibom State.
Table 10: Summary of Pearson Product-Moment Correlation (PPMC) on the relationship between stakeholder
perceptions/roles (government, communities, and industry actors) and decarbonization outcomes in Akwa Ibom
State
Stakeholder
Perceptions/Roles
Decarbonization
Outcomes
Stakeholder Perceptions/Roles
Pearson
Correlation Sig.
(1tailed)
1
.833
N
.000
Decarbonization Outcomes
Pearson
Correlation Sig.
(1tailed)
400
400
N
.833
1
Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
The results for Table 10, which shows the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation (PPMC) for the relationship
between stakeholder perceptions/roles and decarbonization outcomes in Akwa Ibom State, suggest that there
exists a highly significant and positive correlation between the two variables. Specifically, a correlation
coefficient of r = .833 shows that there is a highly significant and positive relationship between stakeholder
perceptions/roles and decarbonization outcomes. In other words, the relationship between stakeholder
perceptions/roles and decarbonization outcomes is significant at p = .000 (p < 0.05), considering a sample size
of 400 respondents. Based on this finding, the null hypothesis was rejected while the alternative hypothesis was
accepted, suggesting that there is a highly significant relationship between stakeholder perceptions/roles and
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decarbonization outcomes in Akwa Ibom State. This can be seen from the coefficient of determination (r² =
0.6939), implying that about 69.39% of variations in decarbonization outcomes are accounted for by stakeholder
perceptions/roles.
DISCUSSION
According to the results obtained in the study, the influence of socio-political aspects is crucial for determining
the process of decarbonization in Akwa Ibom. The respondents stated that socio-political instability, political
interests in oil money, and fossil fuel dependency were significant barriers to efficient decarbonization. It
corresponds to previous research, which indicates the policy inertia caused by the resource-dependent character
of an economy and the interests of politicians in oil extraction (Roshсhina et al., 2020; Heras, 2024). Analogous
to oil-producing areas like the Niger Delta, oil dependency makes policymakers less likely to implement
decarbonization programs. Yet, contrary to assumptions, community resistance was not considered a significant
obstacle to decarbonization initiatives. In addition, the current study highlights that governance and institutional
systems greatly limit decarbonization efforts. Lack of enforcement, low coordination, and policy inconsistencies
are among the factors mentioned by participants, and these results support the previous findings (for example,
see Mdleleni et al., 2025), who argued that weak governance systems hinder the implementation of policies
related to environmental protection in developing countries. The belief that institutions support dependency on
fossil fuels supports the statement about misalignment of policy environments in fossil fuel-rich countries with
global decarbonization targets. Furthermore, stakeholder actions were seen as quite ineffective, in particular, in
terms of governmental actions, community engagement, and corporate responsibility. Such findings support
earlier research focusing on multistakeholder approaches for climate policies (see Bulkeley & Newell, 2015).
Whereas respondents recognised the significance of collaboration and awareness, the poor rating implies there
is a lack of implementation and coordination among the stakeholders. Besides, the results show that there are no
concrete achievements towards reducing carbon emissions, increasing renewables, and improving environmental
conditions. This has been shown by other research in sub-Saharan Africa, whereby energy transition is slow due
to infrastructure, economic, and governance-related issues (IEA, 2022; Agoundedemba et al., 2023). The poor
rating for environmental outcomes suggests a disparity between the objectives of environmental policies and
actual environmental outcomes. The high positive correlation between socio-political indicators and policies’
implementation (r = .808), and between stakeholder perspectives and decarbonization success (r = .833), clearly
points to the importance of these variables for the process of decarbonization. The regression analysis proves
this idea once again, since stakeholders' views significantly impact the variance in decarbonization success. All
these facts provide evidence for the assumption that good governance, specific policies, and the role of various
stakeholders are the key determinants of effective environmental policy-making. In general, the results of the
analyses prove that the issues of decarbonization in Akwa Ibom State are strongly related to the socio-political
and institutional sphere, and not to natural and technical aspects.
CONCLUSION
This research has found that social and political considerations, institutions and governance mechanisms have
greatly influenced the situation regarding decarbonization in Akwa Ibom State. From the findings derived from
the three selected LGAs (Eket, Ibeno, and Eastern Obolo), it is clear that political considerations about the
earnings from oil, institutions, inconsistencies in policies, and fragmented governance are some of the major
barriers to the successful implementation of decarbonization strategies. It is, however, noteworthy that despite
the strong connection between socio-political and governance considerations and decarbonization processes and
strategies, the current status promotes fossil fuels. Moreover, it was found that the level of stakeholder
participation is still weak, since government departments, oil and gas companies, and local communities were
reported to have been performing poorly in terms of their contribution towards decarbonization goals. On the
other hand, the lack of adequate awareness and low coordination between stakeholders emerged as some of the
challenges, despite a consensus about the need for collaboration in efforts to address climate change. It is even
more crucial to mention that decarbonization achievements in this region were reported to be weak, with the
respondents reporting little success in achieving results on reducing greenhouse emissions, promoting renewable
sources of energy, reducing gas flaring, and improving environmental quality. Thus, it can be stated that there
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are considerable limitations to decarbonization efforts in Akwa Ibom State because of socio-political factors,
poor capacity, and ineffective stakeholder participation.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings of the study, the following measures are suggested:
i. There is a need for comprehensive policy reforms that reduce overdependence on oil revenue and strengthen
political commitment toward low-carbon and renewable energy transition pathways in Akwa Ibom State.
ii. Government should strengthen institutional coordination among environmental agencies through clear
mandates, improved inter-agency collaboration, and enforcement mechanisms to ensure effective
implementation of decarbonization policies.
iii. Deliberate efforts should be made to enhance stakeholder participation by integrating local communities,
civil society organisations, and the oil and gas sector into environmental decision-making and climate
governance frameworks.
iv. Continuous public awareness and capacity-building programs should be implemented to improve stakeholder
understanding of decarbonization benefits, risks of carbon-intensive practices, and opportunities within the green
economy.
v. Strict environmental regulations should be enforced on gas flaring and industrial emissions, while incentives
should be provided to encourage investment in renewable energy infrastructure and cleaner production
technologies across the state.
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