Page 1787
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Water Quality in Bheemanakuppe Lake
Amidst Anthropogenic Alterations, Bangalore District, Karnataka
N. Latha
1
and M Ramachandra Mohan
2
1
Department of Zoology, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore- 560 056
2
Professor Emeritus, Department of Zoology, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University,
Bangalore-560 056 & Mohan’s Life Science’s Lab
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150600125
Received: 27 June 2026; Accepted: 02 July 2026; Published: 17 July 2026
ABSTRACT
Freshwater lakes are indispensable economic, ecological, and cultural lifelines. Urgent action against
degradation and biodiversity loss is critical to ensure sustainable water resources, protect human health, and
safeguard national economies. In this study, water quality parameters such water quality parameters such as
Temperature (27 ± 0.5), pH (7.4 ± 0.1), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (360 ± 10), Electrical Conductivity (EC)
(460 ± 10), Total Hardness (TH) (122.33 ± 2.52), Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (7.5 ± 0.3), Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD) (1.17 ± 0.15), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (27.67 ± 2.52), Chloride (32.33 ± 2.52),
Calcium (82.33 ± 2.52), Magnesium (31.67 ± 1.53), Sodium (27.67 ± 2.52), and Potassium (22 ± 2) were
analyzed at Bheemanakuppe Lake in 2024-25. The data were analyzed using Pearsons's correlation matrix and
Water Quality Index (WQI) to evaluate the overall health and suitability of lake water. Highly positive
correlations were observed between Chloride (Cl) and Sodium (Na) (0.92), as well as between COD and Chloride
(0.92). A strong positive correlation was also found between BOD and pH (0.85). In contrast, strong negative
correlations were observed between Total Alkalinity (TA) and Sodium, Chloride, and COD (ranging from −0.85
to −0.89). Additionally, Potassium (K) showed moderate negative correlations with BOD and Sodium
(approximately −0.75). The Water Quality Index (WQI) was used to condense these parameters into a single,
interpretable value, which remained within the “Good” category, with an average of 45.1 during the 2024–2025
period. The study emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring and the implementation of strategic
measures for the preservation and sustainable management of Bheemanakuppe Lake. It also provides valuable
insights for local communities, enabling them to make informed decisions to protect and safeguard this vital
water resource.
Keywords: Physiochemical parameters, Pearson correlation, Water quality index, Bheemanakuppe Lake,
Sustainable management.
INTRODUCTION
Water is an essential and widely distributed resource on Earth. It fulfills the various necessities of human
civilization, improves climate and landscape quality, supports flora and fauna (Sharma et al., 2008), and is
continuously recycled through the hydrological cycle. Despite their importance, urban lakes are often small,
shallow, and significantly impacted by surrounding land use. Stormwater runoff is a major source of pollutants,
carrying sediments, nutrients, heavy metals, and microbial contaminants, which severely degrade water quality
(UNEP, 2006; Singh et al., 2020).
According to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB, 1995), water quality refers to the physical, chemical,
and biological characteristics of water that determine its suitability for various uses. In India, water pollution is
addressed through several legal frameworks, including: (1) the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1974, which focuses on the prevention and control of water pollution; (2) the Environment (Protection) Act,
1986, which broadly covers environmental and water quality issues; (3) public nuisance provisions under the
Page 1788
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
Indian Penal Code allowing action against polluters; and (4) public interest litigations under Articles 32 and 226
of the Indian Constitution, enabling citizens to seek legal remedies (Pathak, 2013).
Urban lakes, although limited in size and depth, are vital components of city ecosystems. While large lakes are
generally natural, smaller lakes are often semi-natural systems developed or modified by humans for water
retention and management (Maurya, 2015). These lakes act as ecological indicators of a city's environmental
health, helping regulate the microclimate and supporting biodiversity, which in turn benefits surrounding
communities (Benjamin et al., 1996; Ramachandra et al., 2018).
Lakes have significant environmental and socio-economic importance. They support groundwater recharge and
discharge, provide water for drinking and irrigation, sustain livelihoods such as fishing and agriculture, and offer
recreational opportunities including boating, walking, and environmental education. Additionally, lakes play a
crucial role in flood control, streamflow regulation, and emergency water supply for firefighting. They also
contribute to nutrient cycling and climate change adaptation, making them essential natural assets for sustainable
development (MEA, 2005; Ramsar Convention Secretariat, 2016).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study site:
Bheemanakuppe lake Fig: 1 is located at Latitude; 12° 54′ 52″ N; Longitude; 77° 26′ 0″ E is a freshwater water
lake in Bengaluru south urban district, Karnataka close to Bheemanakuppe hamlet under Ramohalli Gram
Panchayat Mysore road and Nice Ring Road provide access to this semi-urban neighbourhood which is encircled
by residential schemes like Ramohalli, Kumbalagodu and Kengeri Hobli, despite its small size the lake
contributes to the local community and natural habitat by offering recreational and aesthetic benefits.
Experimental design: During the study period from October 2024 to September 2025, surface water samples
were collected monthly and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters. Samples were collected in clean
polyethylene containers during the morning hours between 7:30 a.m. and 9:30 a.m. Water temperature was
measured on-site using a centigrade thermometer. The pH was recorded in the field using a calibrated pH meter.
For the analysis of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), water samples were
collected in 300 mL BOD bottles, and DO was fixed immediately at the sampling site. All other parameters were
analyzed according to standard methods prescribed by APHA (2005). The obtained results were compared with
World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Pearson correlation analysis was performed, and selected key
parameters were used to calculate the Water Quality Index (WQI) of the lake (Tables 1 and 2).
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Water temperature is a critical factor that directly or indirectly affects several other water quality parameters,
such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and alkalinity (Maansi et al., 2022). These interactions collectively influence
the overall quality of the water. At Bheemanakuppe Lake, the average surface water temperature ranged from a
low of 24.2 °C during the monsoon season to a high of 26.06 °C in the summer. Despite slight seasonal and
spatial variations, the temperature remained relatively stable throughout the year. Importantly, the recorded
temperatures fell within the acceptable limits established WHO, suggesting that the water conditions are
conducive to proper chemical and biological processes.
Electrical conductivity (EC) is a crucial parameter used to evaluate salinity, ionic strength, major solute
concentrations, and total dissolved solids (TDS) in natural waters (McCleskey et al., 2012). In this study, EC
values ranged from 301 μS/cm in the post-monsoon season to 358 μS/cm during winter. Although minor
fluctuations were observed across different sites and seasons, these variations were not considered significant.
Importantly, all measured values remained below the permissible limits set by WHO standards for drinking
water. Elevated EC levels in natural waters are typically attributed to the weathering of certain sedimentary rocks
and to human activities, including discharges from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sewage sources (WHO,
2017).
Page 1789
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
Total dissolved solids (TDS) mainly consist of inorganic salts such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium,
bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates, along with small amounts of organic matter. This composition suggests the
presence of inorganic pollution within the water system (Bhutiani et al., 2018). TDS and electrical conductivity
(EC) are closely related parameters (Alobaidy et al., 2010); however, no clear seasonal patterns were observed
between them. The average TDS values ranged from 129.25 mg/L during the monsoon to 238.0 mg/L in the
summer, remaining well below the WHO standard of 500mg/L, indicating that the water is suitable for drinking.
Notably, there were no significant variations in TDS values across different sites or seasons.
Water hardness is primarily caused by the presence of cations such as calcium and magnesium (Sawyer, McCarty,
& Parkin, 2003). The total hardness (TH) values showed variability, ranging from 128 mg/L to 140 mg/L in the
summer while other seasons exhibited relatively consistent levels. Importantly, all observed TH values were well
within the permissible range recommended by WHO standards.
pH, which measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution based on hydrogen ion concentration, is a critical
parameter for evaluating water quality across various uses (Wetzel, 2001). It influences numerous chemical and
biological processes within aquatic environments. In this study, the average pH values ranged from 7.60 to 8.2,
indicating that the water was neutral to mildly alkaline, and comfortably within the recommended limits of 6.5
to 8.4 WHO guidelines. Similar pH levels were observed across all sampling sites and seasons, though slightly
elevated values (around 8.0) were recorded during the monsoon.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a critical parameter in aquatic ecosystems, essential for the survival of diverse aquatic
organisms. It is widely recognized as an indicator of waterbody health and quality (Smith et al., 2010; Johnson
and Lee, 2012). DO levels in water bodies fluctuate daily and seasonally (Garcia and Martinez, 2015), influenced
by factors such as temperature, salinity, turbidity, atmospheric pressure, and photosynthetic activity (Brown,
2008). In the study area, average DO concentrations ranged from 6.2mg/L in summer to 7.2 mg/L in
postmonsson, with no significant differences detected across sampling sites or seasons. However, these values
frequently approached or fell below the WHO guideline of 5.0 mg/L for safe drinking water, indicating
suboptimal water quality. This shortfall may be due to reduced photosynthetic oxygen production (Patel et al.,
2019) and could also be linked to nutrient enrichment or disruptions in the natural oxygen regulation processes.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) quantifies the amount of oxygen consumed by aerobic microorganisms
during the breakdown of organic material (Davis and Thompson, 2012; Nguyen et al., 2021). Elevated BOD
levels, often resulting from industrial, domestic, or agricultural effluents, can significantly reduce dissolved
oxygen in aquatic environments, threatening the survival of aquatic organisms (Martinez et al., 2008). Therefore,
BOD is a key indicator for assessing organic pollution in water bodies (Singh and Kumar, 2015). During the
study, mean BOD values ranged from 1.2 mg/L during summer to 3.2 mg/L in the post-monsoon season. BOD
values were within the WHO guidelines, indicating good water quality and showing an enhanced water quality
management.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a measure of the oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic matter in
water, typically using agents such as potassium dichromate (Davis and Thompson, 2012; Nguyen et al., 2021).
As an indirect indicator of total organic pollution, COD is widely applied to monitor municipal wastewater
impacts on aquatic systems (Davis and Thompson, 2012; Patel et al., 2019). Elevated COD concentrations can
render water bodies unsuitable for fisheries and agricultural use (Martinez et al., 2008). In this study, mean COD
values ranged from 19.0 mg/L during the post-monsoon season to a peak of 70.0 mg/L in summer. Seasonal
fluctuations were notable, with summer showing the highest COD levels (51.67–70.0 mg/L), followed by winter
(38.0–54.67 mg/L), while other seasons exhibited relatively stable values. These COD values exceeded WHO
recommended limits, suggesting significant organic contamination likely driven by increased oxygen demand in
chemical oxidation processes.
In water chemistry, ions are classified as cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions).
The balance between these ions governs key water quality characteristics such as salinity, hardness, alkalinity,
and overall hydrochemical behavior.
Page 1790
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
Gibbs (1970) and subsequent researchers have identified three primary processes—or controlling factors—that
influence both the total and relative concentrations of major ions in surface waters:
1. Evaporation–Crystallization (or Precipitation) Process: This involves an increasing ratio of
evaporation to precipitation (such as rainfall), which can lead to differential loss of ions through
mechanisms like mineral precipitation or degassing.
2. Rock Dominance: The composition of the underlying geological strata significantly influences ion
content, as different minerals release different ions during weathering.
3. Atmospheric Precipitation Dominance: The chemical composition of rainfall or other forms of
atmospheric input also plays a role, depending on the nature of aerosols, dust, and airborne particles
(Kilham 1990).
These processes are interrelated rather than independent and together determine the natural levels of specific
conductivity and the concentrations of various ions in freshwater systems. Ion concentrations in precipitation are
typically low and vary based on the atmospheric sources of dust and aerosols (Gorham, 1961). As precipitation
interacts with soils and rocks, ion concentrations generally increase due to chemical weathering—unless the
geology is particularly resistant. Additionally, evaporation may further concentrate ions, although some may be
removed from solution through mineral formation or gas release.
In the present study, the major ionic composition of the water body was represented by chloride (32.33 ± 2.52
mg/L) among anions, and calcium (82.33 ± 2.52 mg/L), magnesium (31.67 ± 1.53 mg/L), sodium (27.67 ± 2.52
mg/L), and potassium (22 ± 2 mg/L) among cations. These ions collectively indicate the chemical nature of the
water and reflect both natural geochemical processes and possible anthropogenic influences affecting the lake
system.
Pearson Correlation
Highly positive correlations were observed between Chloride (Cl) and Sodium (Na) (r = 0.92), indicating a
strong influence of salinity, likely due to the presence of common salt (NaCl). A similarly strong positive
correlation between Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Chloride (r = 0.92) suggests that fluctuations in
organic matter are closely associated with dissolved salts, possibly influenced by surface runoff. Additionally, a
high positive correlation between Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and pH (r = 0.85) indicates that increasing
organic pollution is associated with a shift towards more alkaline conditions in the water.
In contrast, strong negative correlations were observed between Total Alkalinity (TA) and Sodium, Chloride,
and COD (ranging from −0.85 to −0.89), suggesting that higher alkalinity levels are associated with reduced
concentrations of these pollutants. Furthermore, Potassium (K) showed moderate negative correlations with
BOD and Sodium (approximately −0.75), indicating that higher organic pollution and sodium levels are
associated with a decrease in potassium concentration.
The Water Quality Index (WQI): WQI was utilized to integrate multiple physicochemical parameters into a
single, easily interpretable value, providing an overall assessment of water quality in Bheemanakuppe Lake.
WQI values remained within the ‘Good’ range: 45.1 throughout the year 2024-2025. A comprehensive summary
of the water quality data for the year 2024-2025 is presented in Table 2. Overall, these findings highlight clear
water quality within Bheemanakuppe Lake, emphasizing the need for cautious use to prevent further decrease
of water quality.
CONCLUSION
Water quality plays a fundamental role in supporting healthy communities, sustainable ecosystems, and long-
term development goals. Globally, water pollution continues to pose significant environmental and public health
challenges; however, certain water bodies still exhibit resilience and maintain good quality, offering a model for
sustainable management. In the present study, Bheemanakuppe lake was assessed using a comprehensive set of
Page 1791
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
physico-chemical parameters. The findings indicate that the lake water remains within acceptable standards for
most tested parameters, suggesting it is currently unpolluted and does not pose any immediate risk to public
health or ecological balance. This relatively good water quality can be attributed to lower pollution inputs, natural
self-purification processes, or effective informal waste management practices in the surrounding area.To
maintain and enhance this favorable condition, it is important to adopt proactive and preventive strategies. Public
awareness campaigns should be promoted to educate residents about the importance of proper waste disposal,
minimising the use of harmful chemicals, and maintaining hygiene in the lake’s vicinity. Community-led clean-
up drives, ecological monitoring, and collaboration with local authorities can further help safeguard the lake
from future threats. Protecting unpolluted water bodies like Bheemanakuppe Lake not only ensures safe water
availability for local populations but also contributes to regional environmental sustainability and biodiversity
conservation.
REFERENCES
1. Alobaidy, A. H. M., Al-Sameraiy, M. A., Kadhem, A. J., & Abdul Majeed, A. (2010). Evaluation of
treated municipal wastewater quality for irrigation. Journal of Environmental Protection, 1(3), 216–
225. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2010.13026.
2. Benjamin R, Chakrapani BK, Devashish K, Nagarathna AV, Ramachandra TV (1996) Fish mortality
in Bangalore Lakes, India. EGJ 1(6). http://escholarship.org/uc/item/00d1m13p
3. Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., Tyagi, V., & Ram, K. (2018). Evaluation of water quality of River Malin
using water quality index (WQI) at Najibabad, Bijnor (UP) India. Environment Conservation Journal,
19(1&2), 191–201. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2018.191228.
4. Brown, T. L. (2008). Environmental chemistry: Principles and applications. Oxford University Press.
5. Davis, M. L., & Thompson, T. J. (2012). Water and wastewater engineering: Design principles and
practice (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
6. Garcia, M. E., & Martinez, F. J. (2015). Geographic and seasonal variation of dissolved methane and
aerobic methane oxidation in Alaskan lakes. Biogeosciences, 12(15), 4595-4606.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4595-2015
7. Gibbs, R. J. (1970). Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry. Science, 170, 1088–1090.
8. Gorham, E. (1961). Factors influencing supply of major ions to inland waters, with special reference
to the atmosphere. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 72, 795–840.
9. Johnson, R. B., & Lee, C. D. (2012). Assessing the impact of seasonal variations on dissolved oxygen
levels in river systems. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(5), 2919-2929.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2222-2
10. Kilham, P. (1990). Mechanisms controlling the chemical composition of lakes and rivers: data from
Africa. Limnology and Oceanography, 35, 80–83.
11. Maansi K, Jindal R, Wats M. Evaluation of surface water quality using water quality indices (WQIs)
in Lake Sukhna, Chandigarh, India. Appl Water Sci. 2022;12(1):2. doi:10.1007/s13201-021-01534-
x
12. Martinez, P., Gomez, R., & Silva, A. (2008a). Impact of agricultural runoff on biochemical oxygen
demand and water quality in river systems. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 43(9),
1023-1030. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934520802021570
13. Martinez, P., Gomez, R., & Silva, A. (2008b). Impact of organic pollutants on water quality and
aquatic life: A focus on chemical oxygen demand. Journal of Environmental Science and Health,
43(9), 1023-1030. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934520802021570
14. McCleskey, R. B., Nordstrom, D. K., & Ryan, J. N. (2012). Electrical conductivity method for natural
waters. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(3), 1165–1173. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2037503.
15. Nguyen, H. T., Lee, J. Y., & Park, S. J. (2021). Monitoring organic pollution in freshwater ecosystems
using biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment, 193(4), 215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09012-3
16. Patel, R. S., Kumar, A., & Sharma, P. (2019a). Assessment of organic load in surface waters through
chemical oxygen demand analysis. Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 24(2), 145-153.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvchem.2019.01.005
Page 1792
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
17. Patel, R. S., Kumar, A., & Sharma, P. (2019b). Impact of photosynthetic activity on dissolved oxygen
levels in freshwater bodies. Aquatic Ecology Studies, 35(2), 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-
019-0975-6
18. Pathak, A. K. (2013). Water pollution and treatment. International Journal of Environmental
Engineering and Management, 4(3), 191-198.
19. 19.Sawyer, C. N., McCarty, P. L., & Parkin, G. F. (2003). Chemistry for Environmental Engineering
and Science (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
20. 20.Singh, R., & Kumar, S. (2015). Assessment of water pollution through BOD and COD analysis in
urban river. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12(1), 345-352.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-014-0583-5
21. 21.Smith, J. A., Johnson, R. B., & Lee, C. D. (2010). Dissolved oxygen dynamics in freshwater
ecosystems: Implications for aquatic life and water quality management. Journal of Environmental
Science and Technology, 44(3), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jest.2009.11.003
22. World Health Organization. (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition
incorporating the first addendum. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/254637
Table 1: Showing the Mean and Standard deviation of the Water Quality Parameters of Bheemanakuppe Lake:
Water Parameters
Mean
Standard Deviation
Water Temperature
27
0.5
pH
7.4
0.1
Total Dissolved Solids
360
10
Total Hardness
122.33
2.52
Electrical Conductivity
460
10
Dissolved Oxygen
7.5
0.3
Biological Oxygen Demand
1.17
0.15
Chemical Oxygen Demand
27.67
2.52
Chloride
32.33
2.52
Calcium
82.33
2.52
Magnesium
31.67
1.53
Sodium
27.67
2.52
Potassium
22
2
Table 2: Showing the calculation of Water Quality Index of Bheemanakuppe Lake:
Water Parameters
Mean (Vi)
Ideal
(Vi)
Qi (Quality
rating)
Wi (Weight)
Qi × Wi
pH
7.4
7
20.00
0.200
4.00
TDS (mg/L)
360
0
72.00
0.100
7.20
Total Hardness
(mg/L)
122.33
0
24.47
0.050
1.22
Chloride (mg/L)
32.33
0
12.93
0.100
1.29
Calcium (mg/L)
82.33
0
109.77
0.100
10.98
Page 1793
www.rsisinternational.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
Magnesium (mg/L)
31.67
0
63.34
0.100
6.33
Sodium (mg/L)
27.67
0
13.84
0.100
1.38
BOD (mg/L)
1.17
0
39.00
0.250
9.75
ΣWi=1.0
ΣQiWi=42.15
Total WQI=42.15/1.00=42.15
Table 3: Showing the Water Quality Classification based on the Water Quality Index
WQI Range
Quality of Water
0–25
Excellent
26–50
Good
51–75
Poor
76–100
Very Poor
>100
Unsuitable
Table 4: Calculation of Water Quality Index:
Component
Symbol / Formula
Description
Quality Rating
Qi = ((Vi − Videal) / (Si − Videal)) ×
100
Vi = observed mean value; Si = WHO standard
value; Videal = ideal value (0 for most
parameters, 7 for pH)
Unit Weight
Wi = 1 / Si
Si = WHO recommended standard value for
each parameter
WQI Formula
WQI = Σ(Qi × Wi) / ΣWi
Overall Water Quality Index calculated using
weighted aggregation
Ideal Value
Videal
0 for most parameters; 7 for pH
Total Unit Weight
ΣWi = 1.00
Sum of all unit weights used in calculation
Σ(Qi × Wi)
—
42.15
Final WQI
—
42.15
Water Quality
Interpretation
—
Good (WQI: 0–50)
Fig: 1 Bheemanakuppe lake located at Latitude; 12° 54′ 52″ N;
Longitude; 77° 26′ 0″ E