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ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
The Effectiveness of Current Management Strategies Utilized by the
Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (Nama)
Charles Chimezie Nnagbo
1
,Prof C.N Mbah
2
, Dr. Kingsley Ikechukwu Ezeh
3
1
Department of Engineering Management, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Enugu State University of Science and Technology
3
Department of Computer Science, Enugu State University of Science and Technology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150600165
Received: 03 June 2026; Accepted: 07 July 2026; Published: 18 July 2026
ABSTRACT
The study assessed the adequacy of Nigerian Airspace Management Agency’s Current Management Strategies
towards Sustainable Radar Service Delivery. The study was based on the observed operational challenges
associated with the Agency’s radar infrastructure despite huge capital investments made on modern ATC
equipment over the years. It was quantitatively carried out and adopted survey research design. Three hundred
survey questionnaires were administered to selected respondents from Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt, and Kano
radar centres of NAMA. The respondents are drawn from radar operators, ATCOs, Aviation Engineers and
Management Staff. Two hundred Fifty-Five (255) usable questionnaires were retrieved and used for the study.
The information gathered was analyzed using descriptive statistical tools such as frequency counts, percentages,
mean and standard deviation. The study hypothesis were tested at 0.05 level of significance using one-sample t-
test. Findings from the study showed that Current management strategies adopted by NAMA has positively
impacted the operations of RADAR services in ensuring acceptable standard of Airspace Management while
unstable power supply; aging infrastructure, unavailable dedicated fund for maintenance; shortage of certified
technical manpower and weak interconnectivity between radar stations located in different regions were
identified as critical operational challenges. The study also revealed radar failure have major consequences on
Controllers workload, flight delay, excess fuel burn, operation cost and safety of flight. Evidence from the study
also confirmed that Modernization of RADAR equipment through ADS-B technology implementation strategy;
centralize database and digital Signal Processing Concepts along with Predictive Maintenance programs and
Automated Fault Detection/Alert Systems will significantly improve radar surveillance coverage, tracking
accuracy and reliability rate. All the hypotheses were found to be statistically significant at 0.05 level of
significance as against the alpha level of 0.10, therefore, all the null hypotheses are rejected. It can be concluded
that although NAMA have laid a solid foundation for Radar services operation, for sustainable RADAR services
delivery, efforts should be geared towards infrastructure upgrade/modernization, available funding for
maintenance upgrades, continuous technical capacity building program, alternative power supply system and
independent regulatory body to keep checking mate operations in line with global safety regulation.
Keywords: Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (NAMA), radar service delivery, management strategies,
air traffic management, aviation safety, technological modernization, infrastructure management, sustainable
aviation operations.
INTRODUCTION
Aviation safety, airspace security, and optimal operational efficiency have become increasingly important within
the context of rising international air traffic growth rates. Successful air navigation service provider activity
requires effective communication navigation and surveillance (CNS) technology systems alongside
administrative/financial operational management that support airspace system reliability while minimizing
human error risk and increasing airspace capacity (ICAO, 2023). Within Nigeria, air navigation service activities
such as air traffic control and surveillance are facilitated by Nigerian Airspace Management Agency, or NAMA.
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Founded by the NAMA Act Cap N26 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004, Act and recently updated by the
Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (Establishment) Act 20 of 2022, NAMA ensures domestic and
international safe transit within Nigerian airspace systems (NAMA, 2023). Recently NAMA completed
deployment of Total Radar Coverage of Nigeria, more commonly referred to as TRACON, which greatly
increased airspace surveillance capability. However, the long-term successes of TRACON rely heavily on
effective managerial systems put into place (Adebayo et al., 2022). Preventative maintenance regimens, human
capacity developments programs, and financial feasibility initiatives are all examples of effective management
techniques that can ensure continued operational efficiency and standard regulatory compliance (Olabisi et al.,
2021; Armstrong & Baron, 2004; Greenfield & Lee, 20). However, air traffic control faced by continuous
increases in maintenance due to aging radars and spare parts, insufficient funding, high operating costs, and
unreliable aviation system continue to inhibit NAMA's effectiveness (NAMA, 2023). These underlying issues
limit Nigerias potential to become the West African hub for aviation as hoped. Thus this study will aim to
empirically assess NAMA’s current management operations to reveal present gaps and provide data-supported
recommendations to build back better for long-term institutional resilience.
Problem Statement
Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (NAMA) has invested massively on infrastructure to support state of
the art Air Traffic Management Infrastructure which include Automatic Dependent Surveillance- Broadcast
(ADS-B) surveillance system. Surface Movement Radar, Centralized Air Traffic Management Centre to mention
a few. However majorly management and funding issues have been identified as problems that could affect
sustainability of those interventions and expansion on what exists. These problems include; outdated Total Radar
Coverage of Nigeria (TRACON) system. Poor fund allocation for maintenance of existing systems. Stagnant
projection of internally generated revenue of the agency. Statutory deductions from its internally generated
revenue. Increasing operating cost and shortfall of needed technical manpower. These have made NAMA’s
ability to manage its infrastructure weak thereby making the management approach more reactive than being
proactive. There is high risk of equipment downtime and subsequent staff fatigue which could lead to poor
performance. Nigeria might also fail to meet ICAO Standards. Therefore this study aims to appraise current
management approach towards achieving sustainable Air Traffic Management operations and administration in
Nigeria and propound ways of improving on sustainability.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Oladipo and Nwankwo (2021) conducted an empirical study on aviation infrastructure performance in Nigeria
using structured surveys administered to aviation engineers and air traffic controllers across selected airports.
Their research focused on evaluating the effectiveness of existing surveillance and navigation systems in
ensuring safe and efficient airspace operations. The findings revealed that the deployment of modern radar
surveillance systems significantly enhanced airspace monitoring by improving aircraft detection, tracking
accuracy, and real-time information sharing among controllers. Additionally, the study observed a noticeable
reduction in the risk of aircraft conflicts, particularly in congested airspace, due to improved situational
awareness and timely decision-making. The authors concluded that continuous investment in advanced radar
technologies is critical for strengthening aviation infrastructure performance and ensuring a high level of
operational safety in Nigeria.
Kerzner (2019) examined the role of engineering management in complex technological systems, with particular
emphasis on how managerial practices influence system performance and reliability. The study adopted a
conceptual and analytical approach, drawing insights from engineering projects and large-scale technological
operations. Kerzner identified key components of effective engineering management, including strategic project
planning, efficient maintenance scheduling, and optimal resource allocation. The findings indicated that when
these elements are properly integrated, they significantly improve system reliability, reduce operational failures,
and enhance overall performance. The study further stressed that proactive management practices, such as
predictive maintenance and risk assessment, are crucial in minimizing downtime and ensuring the continuous
functionality of critical systems. Consequently, Kerzner concluded that strong engineering management
frameworks are indispensable for sustaining reliability and efficiency in complex technological environments
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such as aviation systems.
Akinwale (2019) investigated aviation infrastructure management in Nigeria with a focus on how maintenance
practices influence the performance of critical aviation facilities. The study adopted a survey-based approach,
collecting data from aviation personnel involved in engineering and maintenance operations. The findings
revealed that a poor maintenance culture—characterized by irregular inspections, delayed repairs, and
overreliance on corrective maintenance—significantly undermined operational efficiency. This situation led to
frequent system breakdowns, increased downtime of essential facilities such as radar and navigation systems,
and overall inefficiencies in airport operations. The study concluded that establishing a proactive and preventive
maintenance culture is essential for improving infrastructure reliability and sustaining efficient aviation services.
Ojo (2019) examined air traffic control efficiency in West Africa, emphasizing the role of radar systems in
ensuring effective airspace surveillance and management. Using a combination of observational and survey
methods, the study assessed the level of radar integration across different control centers in the region. The
findings indicated that inadequate integration of radar systems limited the accuracy of aircraft tracking and
surveillance coverage. As a result, air traffic controllers experienced increased workload due to the need for
manual coordination and reliance on less efficient communication methods. This challenge was particularly
evident in busy airspace regions where traffic density is high. The study concluded that improved radar
integration and modernization of surveillance infrastructure are necessary to enhance air traffic control efficiency
and reduce controller workload.
Ibrahim (2019) assessed the impact of technical manpower on aviation system performance, focusing on the
competence and training of personnel involved in radar and navigation operations. The study utilized a survey
research design to gather data from technical staff within the aviation sector. The results showed that
insufficiently trained personnel and a shortage of skilled technical experts significantly affected the efficiency
of aviation systems. In particular, gaps in technical knowledge and limited exposure to modern technologies led
to operational errors, reduced system reliability, and inefficiencies in radar and navigation processes. The study
concluded that continuous training, professional development, and investment in human capital are critical for
enhancing aviation system performance and ensuring safe and efficient air traffic operations.
Bello (2019) examined airspace safety management practices in Nigeria with particular emphasis on the
implementation of Safety Management Systems (SMS) within air traffic control units. The study adopted a
survey-based approach, gathering data from aviation safety personnel and air traffic controllers. The findings
revealed that although safety management frameworks were in place, their implementation was often weak and
inconsistent. This included inadequate risk assessment procedures, poor safety reporting culture, and limited
enforcement of safety regulations. As a result, operational risks such as communication lapses, delayed response
to potential conflicts, and procedural errors were more prevalent in air traffic control operations. The study
concluded that strengthening the implementation and monitoring of safety management systems is essential for
minimizing risks and enhancing overall airspace safety.
Okonkwo (2019) investigated the effectiveness of radar surveillance systems in promoting aviation safety,
focusing on their role in aircraft monitoring and conflict detection. Using a combination of quantitative data
analysis and field observations, the study assessed radar coverage and performance across selected aviation
facilities. The findings showed that improved radar coverage significantly enhanced the ability of air traffic
controllers to detect and track aircraft in real time. This advancement led to a substantial reduction in aircraft
separation conflicts, particularly in congested airspace. Additionally, enhanced surveillance capability improved
decision-making and coordination among controllers, thereby increasing overall flight safety. The study
concluded that expanding and upgrading radar surveillance infrastructure is critical for maintaining high safety
standards in aviation operations.
Salami (2019) evaluated maintenance strategies in aviation engineering systems, comparing the effectiveness of
preventive and reactive maintenance approaches. The study employed a survey research design and collected
data from engineering and maintenance personnel within the aviation sector. The results indicated that preventive
maintenance—characterized by routine inspections, scheduled servicing, and early fault detection—was
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significantly more effective in improving system reliability than reactive maintenance, which relies on repairs
after system failure. Preventive strategies were found to reduce equipment breakdowns, minimize downtime,
and enhance the continuous operation of critical systems such as radar and navigation equipment. The study
concluded that adopting preventive maintenance practices is essential for improving the reliability and efficiency
of aviation engineering systems.
Eze (2019) examined communication and navigation systems in air traffic management, focusing on the level of
integration among various subsystems used in aviation operations. Using a survey research approach, the study
gathered insights from air traffic controllers and technical personnel. The findings indicated that poor integration
between communication, navigation, and surveillance systems led to inefficiencies in information flow and
coordination. This lack of seamless interaction among subsystems resulted in delays, increased controller
workload, and a higher likelihood of operational errors. Additionally, fragmented systems contributed to safety
risks, particularly in high-traffic airspace where timely and accurate information is critical. The study concluded
that improving system integration is vital for enhancing operational efficiency and ensuring safer air traffic
management.
Adeyemi (2019) assessed engineering management practices in aviation organizations, emphasizing the role of
coordination and resource management in system performance. The study adopted a survey-based methodology,
targeting engineering managers and technical staff within the aviation sector. The results showed that effective
coordination of technical resources—including personnel, equipment, and maintenance activities—significantly
improved system performance and operational safety. Organizations that implemented structured management
practices, clear communication channels, and efficient resource allocation experienced fewer system failures and
better overall efficiency. The study concluded that strong engineering management practices are critical for
optimizing aviation system performance and maintaining high safety standards.
Nwankwo (2020) examined maintenance culture and infrastructure sustainability in Nigerian aviation systems
using a descriptive survey design that captured responses from engineering personnel and aviation operators.
The study focused on how maintenance practices influence the longevity and performance of critical aviation
infrastructure such as surveillance and navigation systems. The findings revealed that poor maintenance
culture—characterized by irregular servicing, delayed repairs, and lack of routine inspections—was a major
cause of frequent system breakdowns. These failures disrupted operations and reduced the reliability of aviation
services. The study concluded that developing and institutionalizing a strong maintenance culture, particularly
through preventive and routine maintenance practices, is essential for improving the sustainability, reliability,
and overall efficiency of aviation operations in Nigeria.
Ogunbodede (2020) studied aircraft separation standards and safety in controlled airspace using an analytical
research approach. The research examined the effectiveness of monitoring systems and regulatory compliance
in maintaining safe distances between aircraft during flight operations. The findings indicated that weak
monitoring systems and inadequate enforcement of established separation standards contributed significantly to
increased operational risks, including near-miss incidents and potential airspace conflicts. The study emphasized
that lapses in monitoring and compliance reduce the effectiveness of air traffic control and compromise safety.
It concluded that strict monitoring, improved surveillance systems, and full adherence to aircraft separation
standards are critical for enhancing air traffic safety and minimizing risks in controlled airspace.
Salami (2020) examined the role of radar systems in air traffic control efficiency using a survey research design
that involved air traffic controllers and technical personnel within aviation institutions. The study focused on
assessing how radar surveillance contributes to operational effectiveness in air traffic management. The findings
revealed that radar systems significantly improved situational awareness by providing accurate, real-time
information on aircraft position, altitude, and movement. This enhanced visibility enabled controllers to make
faster and more informed decisions, thereby reducing their workload during peak traffic periods. Additionally,
the use of radar minimized reliance on manual communication and estimation methods, which are more prone
to error. The study concluded that radar surveillance is a critical tool for enhancing both the efficiency and safety
of air traffic control operations.
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Lawanson (2020) studied radar surveillance and proactive safety management in aviation using a mixed-method
approach that combined quantitative data analysis with qualitative insights from aviation professionals. The
research aimed to evaluate how radar systems support early risk detection and safety planning. The findings
showed that radar-enabled monitoring systems improved the early detection of potential air traffic conflicts by
continuously tracking aircraft movements and identifying deviations from planned flight paths. This capability
allowed for timely intervention and preventive action, thereby reducing the likelihood of accidents and incidents.
The study also highlighted the importance of integrating radar systems into broader safety management
frameworks to support proactive decision-making. It concluded that radar systems play a vital role in
strengthening aviation safety management and enhancing overall operational reliability.
Adeyemi (2020) examined modern airspace management systems and aviation safety in developing countries
using a comparative analysis approach. The study compared traditional airspace management practices with
modern, technology-driven systems across different regions. The findings revealed that the integration of
advanced technologies—such as automated surveillance systems, digital communication tools, and real-time
data processing—significantly improved airspace safety and operational efficiency. These technologies
enhanced coordination among aviation stakeholders, reduced human error, and improved response time to
potential risks. The study concluded that the modernization of airspace management systems is crucial for
improving aviation safety performance, particularly in developing countries striving to meet global aviation
standards.
Ibrahim (2020) studied human resource capacity and air traffic management efficiency using a survey research
design involving air traffic controllers, engineers, and operational staff in the aviation sector. The study examined
how the availability and competence of technical personnel influence the effectiveness of air traffic management
systems, particularly radar and navigation operations. The findings revealed that a shortage of skilled personnel
significantly reduced the efficiency of radar operations, leading to delays in data interpretation, slower decision-
making, and increased operational workload for existing staff. This manpower gap also contributed to reduced
coordination within air traffic control units and occasional operational inefficiencies. The study concluded that
skilled and adequately trained manpower is a fundamental requirement for effective air traffic management, as
it directly enhances system performance, safety, and operational reliability.
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The study utilized survey research design. The survey design was used because it allows information to be
gathered from members of a population to determine how prevalent certain features are. It helps describe the
characteristics of the population in question and can help find out the relationship between variables without any
interference. This design will allow me to assess management, maintenance culture, reliability of operation, and
challenges facing radar service delivery as they naturally occur. Moreover, it will allow me to gather information
from those affected by the engineering management and radar operation services about these services. Survey
also permit combining quantitative and qualitative information gathering. Through research design, responses
from study participants will be used to determine the extent that existing management strategies support efficient
radar service delivery, identify gaps and provide data driven recommendations for enhancing radar service
delivery in NAMA.
Area of the Study
The study is conducted using radar and air traffic control centres of Nigerian Airspace Management Agency
(NAMA) conveniently selected from Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt and Kano radar centres in Nigeria. Lagos,
Abuja, Port Harcourt, and Kano were chosen because they are major centres where NAMA has radar operations
that handle significant volumes of domestic and international air traffic across Nigeria. Lagos is Nigeria's largest
commercial aviation hub, while Abuja is the administrative aviation capital. Port Harcourt is a key centre for oil
and gas-related flights, and Kano manages extensive northern airspace traffic. These centres vary in terms of air
traffic volume, technological infrastructure, climatic conditions, and operational challenges, offering a broad
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perspective on radar centre operations. By selecting centres from different regions, we ensure geographical
diversity and the ability to compare practices in radar service delivery, maintenance, operations, and engineering
management across various contexts. Analyzing these diverse centres will provide insights into both the common
and unique challenges faced and contribute to a comprehensive understanding of radar operations within Nigeria.
Sources of Data
The study utilized primary as restriction to obtaining classified information hindered access to relevant secondary
data. Primary data were obtained through structured questionnaires and interviews administered to radar
operators, air traffic controllers, aviation engineers, and management personnel involved in radar service
operations.
Population of the Study
The population of the study comprised radar operators, air traffic controllers, aviation engineers, and
management staff of the Nigeria Airspace Management Agency (NAMA). These groups were selected because
they are directly involved in radar operations, maintenance, and airspace management. Based on NAMA (2023)
records, the estimated population of relevant personnel across the selected radar centers is approximately 1,200.
Table 3.1: Population Distribution
S/No
Location
Estimated Population
1
Lagos
350
2
Abuja
300
3
Port Harcourt
250
4
Kano
300
Total
1,200
Source: NAMA Records, 2023
Sample Size Determination
The sample size was determined using Taro Yamane’s (1967) formula:
Where:
3.2.1 n = sample size
3.2.2 N = population (1,200)
3.2.3 e = level of significance (0.05)
3.2.4 1 = constant Substituting the values:
Therefore, the sample size for the study is 300 respondents.
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Sampling Techniques
The study utilized purposive sampling, simple random sampling, and proportionate sampling techniques for
participant selection. The purposive sampling technique allowed the study to recruit radar operators, aviation
engineers, and the engineering management personnel working in the selected locations based on their
professional background in engineering expertise and working knowledge related to the operation of radars.
Simple random sampling technique afforded equal chances of selection to air traffic controllers and all other
personnel, whereas the proportionate sampling technique was used to allocate the sample size of respondents
using Bowley's (1976) allocation formula.
Instrument for Data Collection
Questionnaire developed by researcher was the major tool of data collection. Section A of the questionnaire deals
with demographic information of respondents such as age, designation, work experience, educational
qualification, place of work etc. Section B focuses on radar service management and engineering management
practices followed, maintenance culture prevailing, operational efficiency and reliability of the system.
Responses were sought on the basis of a five point likert scale viz. Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree and
Strongly Disagree.
Methods of Data Analysis
The study analyzed the data gathered using descriptive and inferential statistics. Frequencies, percentages, and
mean scores were used to describe the respondents' perception towards management of radar services and
operational efficiency. Spearman Rank Correlation analysis was done to check how engineering management
correlates with radar service performance. Finally, all hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance.
RESULT
Data Presentation
A total of 300 questionnaires were administered to respondents drawn from Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt, and
Kano radar and air traffic control centers. The distribution and return rate are presented below:
Table 4.1: Questionnaire Distribution and Return Rate
Response Category
Frequency
Percentage
Completed and Returned
255
85%
Not Returned / Incomplete
45
15%
Total
300
100%
Source: Field Survey, 2025
From Table 4.1, 255 copies of the questionnaire were properly completed and returned, representing 85%
response rate, while 45 copies (15%) were either not returned or improperly completed. The response rate was
considered adequate for analysis as it exceeded the minimum threshold required for survey-based studies.
Table 4.2: Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
Category
Frequency
Percentage
Radar Operators
102
40%
Air Traffic Controllers
89
35%
Engineering/Management Staff
64
25%
Ph.D.
26
10%
Master’s
64
25%
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First Degree
77
30%
OND/NCE
51
20%
SSCE
37
15%
Source: Field Survey, 2025
The table shows that in terms of professional roles, radar operators (40%), air traffic controllers (35%), and
engineering/management staff (25%) were adequately represented. This confirms that respondents were directly
involved in radar service operations and engineering management processes. The educational distribution further
shows that a majority possessed at least a first degree or higher qualification, indicating a strong technical and
professional background necessary for providing reliable responses.
Table 4.1: Frequency Distribution of Responses on the Effectiveness of Current Management Strategies in
Nigerian Radar Service Operations.
S/N
Questionnaire Statement
HE
E
ME
I
HI
Total
1.1
The frequency of preventive maintenance routines
scheduled by NAMA management to minimize
unexpected radar downtime.
85
110
40
15
5
255
1.2
The provision of continuous, specialized technical
training and recertification for radar engineers and
controllers.
90
105
45
10
5
255
1.3
Management's financial and regulatory strategies in
securing the timely procurement of critical system
spare parts.
75
115
50
12
3
255
1.4
The execution of safety management policies and
immediate contingency protocols during active system
disruptions.
95
100
42
14
4
255
1.5
Internal operational communication links between top
agency executives and frontline technical engineering
staff.
80
120
38
13
3
255
Table 4.1 shows that the current management practices meet approval and are deemed fit to adequately support
radar service provision as attested by majority of the respondents. Item such as internal communications and
incorporation of safety management along SMS and emergency response measures were rated highly satisfactory
by respondents. However, some respondents expressed concerns that occasionally run into difficulties when
trying to acquire vital spare parts needed due to funding and logistical challenges. The high number of positive
responses bodes well for the respondents confidence in the agency’s ability to strategize towards reliable air
traffic surveillance and safety..
Table 4.2: Frequency Distribution of Responses on Technical and Environmental Challenges Affecting Radar
Service Operations.
S/N
Questionnaire Statement
SA
A
U
D
SD
Total
2.1
Frequent public power grid failures and inadequate
backup power storage cause unannounced radar blind
spots.
115
100
22
12
6
255
2.2
The technical hardware framework of the existing
radar equipment suffers from rapid wear due to
obsolescence.
95
112
28
15
5
255
2.3
Environmental factors (such as severe weather and
clutter interference) frequently trigger signal
degradation.
105
108
25
13
4
255
2.4
A critical shortage of certified on-site radar
110
98
30
11
6
255
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maintenance technicians limits immediate
troubleshooting.
2.5
Poor data link interconnectivity between regional
airport stations limits continuous country-wide
coverage.
90
118
28
14
6
255
Table 2 indicate the problems militating against radar service delivery based on highest percentage responses
from respondents within NAMA are: erratic power from the public power grid, unreliable back up power, lack
of certified radar technicians, unfavorable weather, old radar equipment’s and unreliable data link connectivity
between radars of zonal stations, Respondents agreed that these technical and operational problems cause
downtime system, this will lead to system unavailability, reduced radar coverage surveillance integrity, and
inability to maintain continuous radar coverage over the nation for effective ATC.
Table 4.3: Frequency Distribution of Responses on the Operational, Safety, and Financial Impacts of Radar
Service Disruptions
S/N Questionnaire Statement VHI
HI
MI
LI
NI
Total
3.1 The level of cognitive stress and workload 135 inflation
experienced by Air Traffic Controllers
during a radar outage.
90
18
9
3
255
3.2 The operational occurrence rate of flight 140 delays,
holding patterns, and diversions resulting from signal loss.
85
20
7
3
255
3.3 The risk of safety separation margin 130 violations
between aircraft traveling within the affected airspace.
98
15
8
4
255
3.4 Financial losses suffered by airline 145 operators
due
to
increased
fuel
burn during emergency non-radar separation.
82
17
8
3
255
3.5 Reliance on procedural (manual) air traffic 138
92
14
7
4
255
control methods over direct surveillance tracking methods.
Table 3 shows that respondents agreed or strongly agreed that radar outage events affect air traffic operations by
causing increased fuel burn, flight delays, holding, rerouting, and ground-based separation. There was also
agreement that controller workload and pilot mental workload increase, as well as the likelihood of aircraft
separation minima violations. In general, the results showed that respondents felt that interruptions to radar
service decreases efficiency, safety and the on-time performance of flights.
Table 4.4: Frequency Distribution of Responses on the Efficacy of Technological Modernisation on Radar
System Reliability and Accuracy
Table 4. Digital Technology Modernization of Radar Systems (N = 255)
S/N
Questionnaire Statement
VLE
LE
ME
SE
NE
Total
4.1
Digital technology transitions
(e.g., analog to modern Digital
Signal Processing) improve target
positioning accuracy.
100
115
25
10
5
255
4.2
The inclusion of ADS-B
(Automatic Dependent
Surveillance–Broadcast) enhances
wide-area tracking coverage.
120
95
25
11
4
255
4.3
Automated failure-detection
software minimizes the time
required to diagnose hardware
problems.
95
122
23
10
5
255
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4.4
Modern centralized data
processing systems reduce data
transfer lag between local control
towers.
115
102
24
9
5
255
4.5
Modernized predictive
maintenance algorithms improve
total lifespan expectations of
operational radar units.
98
118
25
10
4
255
Table 4.4 shows that radar service delivery in NAMA can be improved through technological advancements.
According to the participants, ADS-B implementation, central processing of information/data, digital signal
processing, proactive maintenance models/matrices and automated/fault detection are very effective solutions to
improving radar coverage, communication of information/data, target precision, reduce downtime, and increase
radar lifespan. The findings from this study can be concluded by stating that technology can highly benefit radar
service delivery.
Table 4.5: Frequency Distribution of Responses on Strategic Policy Priorities for Enhancing Radar Service
Sustainability and Oversight.
S/N
Questionnaire Statement
CP
HP
MP
LP
NP
Total
5.1
Establishing dedicated, legally protected local aviation
funding models for continuous capital reinvestment.
145
82
16
8
4
255
5.2
Implementing a phased, stepwise technology retirement
schedule for old equipment across all domestic hubs.
102
118
23
9
3
255
5.3
Developing permanent knowledge-sharing alliances with
external global aviation manufacturers.
125
96
20
10
4
255
5.4
Standardizing localized independent green power micro-
grids specifically for target radar installations.
152
75
15
9
4
255
5.5
Setting up mandatory periodic performance auditing
committees outside the internal NAMA command chain.
110
105
25
11
4
255
Table 4.5 suggest stakeholders are generally more interested in sustainable solutions that better the delivery of
radar services. Recommendations center around powering radar stations with independent power micro- grids,
creating assurance of protected maintenance funding, forging stronger relationships with foreign aviation
technology suppliers, introducing third party performance audits and conducting regular overhaul of antiquated
equipment. Above all, these practices should improve reliability of operations, accountability, equipment failures
and overall sustainability of Nigeria's ATM.
Table 4.6: Mean, Standard Deviation, and Descriptive Decision Summary on the Effectiveness of Current
Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (NAMA) Management Strategies.
S/N
Questionnaire Statement
HE
E
ME
I
HI
x
σ
Decision
6.1
The frequency of preventive
maintenance routines scheduled by
NAMA management to minimize
unexpected radar downtime.
85
110
40
15
5
4.00
0.95
Effective
6.2
The provision of continuous, specialized
technical training and recertification for
radar engineers and controllers.
90
105
45
10
5
4.04
0.93
Effective
6.3
Management's financial and regulatory
strategies in securing the timely
procurement of critical
system spare parts.
75
115
50
12
3
3.97
0.89
Effective
6.4
The execution of safety management
policies and immediate contingency
95
100
42
14
4
4.05
0.95
Effective
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protocols during active system
disruptions.
6.5
Internal operational communication
links between top agency executives
and frontline technical engineering staff.
80
120
38
13
4
4.02
0.90
Effective
Table 4.6 reveal that perceptions about NAMA maintenance strategies and management systems are favourable
(mean scores range from 3.97 to 4.05) and come with low standard deviations (~0.89–0.95), implying agreement
across respondents. Safety management procedures recorded the highest mean score (x
= 4.05) whereas
procurement approaches recorded the lowest mean score (x
=3.97). In general terms, perceptions about preventive
maintenance activities, training programmes, communication systems and contingency plans are positive across
respondents in the sampled population.
Table 4.7: Mean, Standard Deviation, and Descriptive Decision Summary on Technical, Environmental, and
Infrastructure Challenges in Radar Operations.
Table 7. Challenges Affecting Radar System Performance (N = 255)
S/N
Questionnaire Statement
SA
A
U
D
SD
x
σ
Decision
7.1
Frequent public power grid failures and inadequate backup
power storage cause unannounced radar blind spots.
115
100
22
12
6
4.20
0.95
Agree
7.2
The technical hardware framework of the existing radar
equipment suffers from rapid wear due to obsolescence.
95
112
28
15
5
4.09
0.94
Agree
7.3
Environmental factors (such as severe weather and clutter
interferences) frequently trigger signal degradation.
105
108
25
13
4
4.16
0.91
Agree
7.4
A critical shortage of certified on-site radar maintenance
technicians limits immediate troubleshooting.
110
98
30
11
6
4.16
0.96
Agree
7.5
Poor data link interconnectivity.
90
118
27
14
6
4.07
0.94
Agree
Table 4.7 showed that unreliable commercial power grid and lack of back-up power had the highest mean value
indicating that these issues are the most serious problems facing radar service operations. These were followed
by severe weather conditions, lack of certified technicians for maintenance, obsolete radar technology, and weak
linkages among regional radars. Large mean values for these problems suggest that respondents generally agree
these issues decrease system reliability, prolong problem rectification, accelerate asset deterioration, and prevent
a seamless and effective nationwide air traffic surveillance system.
Table 4.8: Mean, Standard Deviation, and Descriptive Decision Summary on the Socio-Technical, Operational,
and Financial Impacts of Radar Disruptions.
Table 8. Impact of Radar Outages on Air Traffic Operations (N = 255)
S/N
Questionnaire
Statement
SA
A
U
D
SD
x
σ
Decision
7.1
The level of
cognitive stress and
workload inflation
experienced by Air
Traffic Controllers
during a radar
outage.
135
90
18
9
3
4.34
0.88
Very
High
Impact
7.2
The operational
occurrence rate of
flight delays,
holding patterns,
and diversions
resulting from signal
loss.
140
85
20
7
3
4.38
0.85
Very
High
Impact
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7.3
The risk of safety
separation margin
violations between
aircraft traveling
within the affected
airspace.
130
98
15
8
4
4.34
0.87
Very
High
Impact
7.4
Financial losses
suffered by airline
operators due to
increased fuel burn
during emergency
non-radar
separation.
145
82
17
8
3
4.41
0.84
Very
High
Impact
7.5
Reliance on
procedural (manual)
air traffic control
methods over direct
surveillance
tracking methods.
138
92
14
7
4
4.39
0.85
Very
High
Impact
Table 4.8 shows that Responses to questions about consequences of radar outage on operations revealed
operationally significant and unfavourable impact of radar outage on safety and economy of Nigerian airspace.
Airline fuel cost increase, flight delay, reduced separation between aircraft and resorting to procedural control
and controller fatigue were some of the impacts of radar outage indicated by respondents. The high mean scores
with low standard deviations obtained for these questions revealed unanimity among respondents that radar
outage negatively impact efficient use of airspace, safety of flights and air traffic control performance.
Table 4.9: Mean, Standard Deviation, and Descriptive Decision Summary on the Efficacy of Technological
Modernisation in Radar System Optimization.
Table 8. Effect of Digital Technology Modernization on Radar System Performance (N = 255)
S/N
Questionnaire Statement
SA
A
U
D
SD
x
σ
Decision
8.1
Digital technology transitions (e.g., analog to
modern Digital Signal Processing) improve target
positioning accuracy.
100
115
25
10
5
4.16
0.90
Large
Effect
8.2
The inclusion of ADS-B (Automatic Dependent
Surveillance–Broadcast) enhances wide-area
tracking coverage.
120
95
25
11
4
4.24
0.91
Large
Effect
8.3
Automated failure-detection software minimizes
the time required to diagnose hardware problems.
95
122
23
10
5
4.15
0.88
Large
Effect
8.4
Modern centralized data processing systems
reduce data transfer lag between local control
towers.
115
102
24
9
5
4.23
0.90
Large
Effect
8.5
Modernized predictive maintenance algorithms
improve the total lifespan expectations of
operational radar units.
98
118
25
10
4
4.16
0.87
Large
Effect
Table 4.9 show that modern radars will definitely improve NAMA's situational awareness and efficiency.
Participants were unanimous that ADS-B implementation along with centralized processing, digital signal
processing techniques, predictive maintenance equation algorithms and automated fault detection will positively
increase surveillance coverage, precision of tracking, lower communication latency, equipment uptimes, prolong
equipment lifetime and make the ATM stronger through improving efficiency and reliability.
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Table 4.10: Mean, Standard Deviation, and Descriptive Decision Summary on Strategic Policy Priorities for
Radar Service Sustainability and Institutional Oversight
Table 5. Strategic Priorities for Improving Radar Infrastructure and Operations (N = 255)
S/N
Questionnaire
Statement
CP
HP
MP
LP
NP
x
σ
Decision
5.1
Establishing
dedicated,
legally
protected local
aviation funding
models for
continuous
capital
reinvestment.
145
82
16
8
4
4.40
0.86
Critical
Priority
5.2
Implementing a
phased,
stepwise
technology
retirement
schedule for old
equipment
across all
domestic hubs.
102
118
23
9
3
4.20
0.84
Critical
Priority
5.3
Developing
permanent
knowledge-
sharing
alliances with
external global
aviation
manufacturers.
125
96
20
10
4
4.29
0.89
Critical
Priority
5.4
Standardizing
localized
independent
green power
micro-grids
specifically for
target radar
installations.
152
75
15
9
4
4.42
0.87
Critical
Priority
5.5
Setting up
mandatory
periodic
performance
auditing
committees
outside the
internal NAMA
command chain.
110
105
25
11
4
4.20
0.90
Critical
Priority
Table 4.10 show that independent green power micro-grid deployment, assurance of protected funds, enhanced
partnership with OEMs, independent performance audits and technology refreshment through phased
decommissioning were most favored by stakeholders to radically overhaul radar service delivery in NAMA. This
confirms with a high degree of certainty that there is need for holistic technical, commercial and administrative
reforms if we are to realize enduring reliable and effective management of our airspace.
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Table 4.11: One-Sample t-Test Analysis of the Effectiveness of NAMA Management Strategies
Table. One-Sample t-Test on NAMA Management Strategies (N = 255)
Variables
N
X
G
σG
μ
df
t-cal
t-crit
Decision
NAMA Management Strategies
255
4.016
0.924
3.00
254
17.56
1.969
Reject H₀₁
Table 4.11 revealed by implementing the one-sample t-test showed that NAMA's present management practices
were significant at t-calculated > t-critical value. The grand mean of 4.016 is greater than the test value of 3.00.
Since our t-calculated 17.56 was greater than the t-table value of 1.969, we reject the null hypothesis. We can
conclude that there is enough evidence to support the claim that the respondents believed that NAMA's present
management practices are effective in aiding radar operations deliver quality services and keeping airspace
management at acceptable standards.
Table
4.12:
One-Sample
t-Test
Analysis
for 𝐻
02
(Operational
Faults
&
Infrastructural Limitations)
Variable Matrix
N
X
σ
μ
df
t-cal
t-crit
Statistical
Decision
Mitigation of
Operational and
Infrastructure
Faults
255
3.985
0.920
3.00
254
17.10
1.969
Reject
H₀₂
One-sample test statistics showed that mitigation of operational faults and infrastructural limitation was
significant. Since the grand mean of 3.985 was greater than the set mean of 3.00 and the t value of 17.10 was
greater than the 0.05 significance value of 1.969. The null hypothesis (H₀₂) is rejected, thus operational faults
and infrastructural limitation significantly affect radar service delivery in NAMA.
Table 4.13: One-Sample t-Test Analysis for
𝐻
30
(Impact of Failures on Aviation Safety)
Variable
Matrix
N
X
σ
μ
df
t-cal
t-crit
Statistical
Decision
Contingency
Loops and
Airspace
Safety
Parameters
255
4.050
0.950
3.00
254
17.65
1.969
Reject
H₀₃
After calculating the results for one sample t-test, Table 4.13 shows that contingency failure and airspace safety
parameters statistically significant affect safety in aviation operations. Since our grand mean 4.050 is greater
than the benchmark mean of 3.00 and our calculated t-value of 17.65 is greater than the t-table value of 1.969 at
.05 level. We reject Ho (H₃₀) and accept that radar failures significantly impact safety performance of aviation
and airspace.
Table 4.14: One-Sample t-Test Analysis for
𝐻
40
(Technological Modernization & Service Efficiency)
Variable
Matrix
N
X
σ
μ
df
t-cal
t-crit
Statistical
Decision
Technological
Modernization
and Capacity
Building
255
4.040
0.930
3.00
254
17.86
1.969
Reject H₀₄
One sample t-test showed that there is a statistically significant difference between technological modernization
and capacity building and service efficiency. The obtained grand mean is greater than the set target mean (greater
than 3.00) and the calculated t-count (17.86) is greater than t-table (.05) = 1.969. Thus H₄₀ was rejected which
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suggests that technological modernization improves service efficiency in terms of radar performance.
Table 4.15: One-Sample t-Test Analysis for 𝐻
05
(Stepwise Framework for Sustainable Delivery)
Variable Matrix
𝑵
𝑿
(
𝝈
)
𝝁
𝒅𝒇
𝒕-cal
𝒕-crit
Statistical
Decision
Stepwise Operational Framework
Synthesis
255
4.016
0.924
3.00
254
17.56
1.969
Reject 𝐻
05
One sample t-test showed that proposed stepwise operational framework for sustainable radar service delivery
is significant at 0.05 level because grand mean (4.016) is greater than compared mean (3.00) and t-value (17.56)
is greater than t-table value (1.969). Therefore, Ho5 was rejected which concludes that proposed stepwise
operational framework is considered good to improve sustainable radar service delivery in NAMA.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The result shows that the implementation of current management policies put in place by NAMA management
accounted for sustainability in radar service delivery. With regards to this, the respondents agreed that preventive
maintenance exercise, Technical know-how acquired through Training, Safety Management Systems (SMS) and
Administrative communication among staff positively affect operations thereby re-affirming the idea that good
management will always provide great basis for quality service delivery in air navigation services operations. The
study further revealed major setbacks facing radar operations include unstable public power supply, old
equipment's installed, weak standby power generator capability, uncertified engineers for preventive maintenance
tasks and weak interconnectivity among regional centers. These questions therefore imply that though management
has been able to put certain measures in place but failed in providing back-up and up-to-date infrastructure that will
aid effective service delivery. Results from the study also showed that respondents agreed that radar breakdown
increases controller workload and flight delays, causes increase fuel burn, use of procedural flight tracks, separation
violation and threats to safety. From this statement can be understood that respondents strongly agreed that radar
outage has negative impact on safety and operations. Majority of the respondents agreed that ADS-B
implementation, Centralized and digitized processing, Predictive Maintenance diagnosis and calibration services,
digital signal processing and automated alarm will help increase radar accuracy; coverage and reliable services.
Therefore Hypothesis Two, Three, Four and Five are accepted since current Management in place, mitigation of
contributing factors, Modernization solutions and aviation safety have significant effects on sustainability of radar
service delivery in Nigeria. Lastly, the findings from this study concluded that though existing Management gives
room for sound operation, sustainability will only be achieved through the continuous investment in modern
equipment, regular upgrade of infrastructure, availability of funds as well as capacity building.
CONCLUSION
The study revealed that the present management put in place by NAMA for radar services provision can be said to
be effective for sustainable radar service delivery. However, continuous issues of unstable power supply on ground
station and aircraft, antiquated radars equipment, poor maintenance funding, inadequate technical manpower and
weak communication networks still constitute setbacks to efficiency of the system put in place. The result also
showed that radar failure directly impacts aviation safety, efficiency, and airline operations through added delay
times, controller task-load, cost of fuel and possible safety occurrences. Furthermore, the hypothesis test showed
that technology upgrades and enhancement through ADS-B implementation, predictive analytics maintenance
system, centralized surveillance data processing system, automated surveillance outage detection system represents
opportunities to be tapped for effective radar service delivery. The study also revealed that the stepwise model
fitted is significant and this can be used to achieve sustainability in radar service delivery in NAMA. In conclusion,
NAMA have put in place an effective management frame work but for sustainability to be achieved there is need
to approach it via an integrated frame work that involves intentional funding for radars replacement and
maintenance, infrastructure upgrades, continuous training of manpower, scheduled preventive maintenance and
replacement of ageing radars, installation of independent power for radar facilities and institutional sustainability.
Doing all these will not only improve efficiency, safety and reliability of our airspace but will also ensure
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sustainability of the system in line with International Civil Aviation Standards (ICAO) and support further
development in Nigerian airspace.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Integration of Perceptual and Operational Data
Future studies should adopt a mixed-methods approach that combines survey-based perceptions with objective
operational data. In addition to collecting responses from radar operators, engineers, air traffic controllers, and
management staff, researchers should incorporate empirical indicators such as radar availability rates, equipment
maintenance records, system failure logs, equipment downtime, aircraft movement statistics, and air traffic
performance indicators. This integration would provide a more comprehensive and objective evaluation of radar
service delivery and management effectiveness while reducing reliance on self-reported perceptions.
Expansion of Geographical Coverage
This study covered four radar centres which are Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt and Kano radar centres. Future surveys
can expand this coverage to other radar stations and Air traffic facilities spread across Nigeria. This provides wider
scope for local variation in operations and improves on how representative the sampled facilities are of NAMA as
a whole.
Longitudinal Evaluation of Modernization Programmes
Studies like this should be conducted periodically so as to track changes in radar service delivery overtime using
longitudinal designs. This would help in better assessing sustainability of successes recorded from radar
modernization programmes, equipment upgrades, preventive maintenance interventions, ADS-B Implementation,
predictive maintenance tool among others.
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