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Assessment of Occupants' Satisfaction Level with Aesthetic Qualities
of Selected Interlocking Stabilized Soil Block Houses in Southwestern
Nigeria
Abakayebime David, Okorie Nneoma, Kashim Bahira Atere, Azuka Divine-Favour Ogochukwu,
Chukwu Emmanuel Uche, Ebo Olawale Ayodeji, Ojo Abdul-Azeez, Osemwegie Isaac Ikponmwosa,
Owolabi Emmanuel Kayode, Anindu Chikeleze, Owoka Olamilekan Victor
Department of Architecture, College of Postgraduate Studies, Caleb University, Imota, Lagos State,
Nigeria
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150600220
Received: 12 July 2026; Accepted: 17 July 2026; Published: 25 July 2026
ABSTRACT
Interlocking Stabilized Soil Block (ISSB) technology is gaining ground in Nigeria as a sustainable, cost-effective
alternative to conventional masonry, yet its aesthetic dimension has received little empirical scrutiny. This study
assesses occupant satisfaction with the aesthetic qualities of selected ISSB residential buildings in Southwestern
Nigeria, drawing on structured questionnaire data from 110 respondents across three estates in Ekiti, Ogun, and
Lagos states. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analyses were applied using
SPSS. Occupants expressed strong satisfaction with the environmental harmony, natural colour, and visual
distinctiveness of ISSB buildings (mean scores of 4.05, 4.00, and 3.98 respectively), while surface finishing
quality (2.87) and public perception (2.95) fell within the neutral range. The grand mean of 3.65 confirms general
aesthetic satisfaction. Regression analysis identified environmental harmony as the strongest predictor of overall
satisfaction (β = 0.298, p < 0.001), and surface finishing quality as a disproportionately influential weakness (β
= 0.143, p < 0.05). Targeted improvements in finishing technique, architectural detailing, and public awareness
are recommended to consolidate and extend ISSB's aesthetic appeal in the Nigerian housing market.
Keywords: Interlocking Stabilized Soil Blocks (ISSBs), Occupant Satisfaction, Aesthetic Quality, Sustainable
Housing, Earth Construction, Southwestern Nigeria
INTRODUCTION
Nigeria's housing sector has long struggled with the twin pressures of affordability and sustainability. As
sandcrete block production costs continue to climb alongside cement prices, researchers and policymakers have
directed growing attention toward earth-based construction technologies that draw on locally available materials.
Interlocking Stabilized Soil Blocks (ISSBs) — produced by compressing lateritic soil with a small cement
fraction into precisely dimensioned interlocking units — have emerged as one of the most studied alternatives.
Their appeal is well-founded: reduced construction cost, lower embodied energy, improved thermal
performance, minimal mortar requirement, and compatibility with local labour skills (Ibitoye & Dare-Abel,
2022; Ibitoye et al., 2022).
Adoption across Southwestern Nigeria has been growing. Three estates now carry meaningful concentrations of
ISSB buildings: Olusegun Obasanjo Estate in Ekiti State (148 units), Redemption City in Ogun State (48 units),
and Amen Estate in Lagos State (122 buildings with 300 units) (Ibitoye et al., 2023). Architects increasingly
acknowledge the material's merits, and studies confirm its structural and thermal advantages over sandcrete
(Olaleye & Ibitoye, 2023; Bede & Uwakonye, 2026).
What the literature has not adequately addressed is the lived aesthetic experience of occupants — how residents
actually feel about the way their ISSB homes look. Architectural aesthetics encompass colour, texture, form,
surface quality, and visual harmony, and these qualities shape occupant pride, emotional attachment, and
willingness to recommend the material to others. Ibitoye (2025) noted that while ISSB buildings have a
distinctive natural appeal, finishing quality and societal perception influence broader acceptance. Closing this
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empirical gap is what this study sets out to do, with findings intended to inform architects, developers, and
policymakers seeking to strengthen ISSB's position in Nigeria's residential market.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Aesthetic Characteristics and Resident Satisfaction in ISSB Housing
The aesthetic appeal of ISSB structures derives primarily from the distinctive reddish-brown colouration of
stabilized lateritic soil, a natural finish that requires no external plaster and gives ISSB buildings a visual identity
quite unlike sandcrete construction. When quality blockwork is complemented by a varnish treatment, the freshly
constructed appearance can be preserved for extended periods (Ibitoye, 2025). Precision-formed interlocking
units, joined by tongue-and-groove profiles, produce clean, consistent wall surfaces that reinforce occupant
perceptions of well-executed construction (Nambatya, 2015; Adedeji, 2012).
In terms of resident satisfaction broadly, research on Nigerian housing estates confirms that building type,
location, and aesthetic appearance collectively account for a large share of variance in how occupants evaluate
their living environments — roughly 32.55% of total satisfaction variance, according to Ibem et al. (2013). This
positions visual quality not as a decorative afterthought but as a primary satisfaction driver. Ibem et al. (2013)
and Jiboye (2012) further establish, from studies of Ogun State and Lagos respectively, that the physical quality
of walling materials is among the strongest individual predictors of overall residential satisfaction — a finding
that gives added weight to investigating how ISSB's particular surface qualities register with current occupants.
The sustainability associations of ISSB also carry aesthetic significance. In luxury developments like Amen
Estate, Lagos, the choice of ISSB is linked to an aspirational, eco-conscious lifestyle — a symbolic dimension
that resonates with occupants who want their housing choice to communicate environmental values (Ibitoye et
al., 2023). Adejumobi et al. (2026) extend this argument culturally, observing that the material properties of
ISSBs can be mobilised to express Yoruba vernacular building identity in contemporary residential design.
Challenges and Strategies for Enhancing ISSB Aesthetic Acceptance
Despite these strengths, several studies point to recurrent gaps. Surface finishing quality in functional and wet
areas remains a persistent weakness; ceramic tile application in kitchens and bathrooms, selective plasterwork
on feature walls, and varnish on exposed block faces are all identified by Ibitoye (2025) as appropriate remedies.
Okunlola and Ibitoye (2026) note that the thermal mass of soil-based blocks delivers passive temperature
regulation that enriches the overall living experience, but this benefit is undercut when poor surface treatment
creates a perception of incompleteness or low quality.
Public perception poses an equally significant challenge. Ibitoye and Dare-Abel (2022) identify prevailing
societal bias toward conventional masonry as one of the main barriers to ISSB adoption, arguing that awareness
campaigns, demonstration projects, and professional training are needed before this cultural disposition shifts.
Olaleye and Ibitoye (2023) make the complementary point that architect-level knowledge and enthusiasm for
ISSB is a necessary precondition for its mainstream uptake — without informed professional advocacy, clients
default to what they know.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A quantitative research design was adopted. The study was conducted across three ISSB residential estates in
Southwestern Nigeria: Olusegun Obasanjo Estate (Ekiti State), Redemption City (Ogun State), and Amen Estate
(Lagos State). These estates were selected purposively as the most established concentrations of ISSB housing
in the region. Within each estate, household respondents were selected by systematic random sampling, with
questionnaire allocation proportional to the number of residential buildings per estate.
The structured questionnaire captured respondent demographics and perceptions of eight aesthetic attributes —
architectural appearance, colour and natural appearance, wall texture, surface finishing quality, visual appeal,
environmental harmony, uniqueness and distinctiveness, and public perception — each measured on a five-point
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Likert scale ranging from Very Dissatisfied (1) to Very Satisfied (5). Overall aesthetic satisfaction was assessed
through a composite item using the same scale. A total of 120 questionnaires were administered; 110 valid
responses were returned, yielding an effective response rate of 91.7%.
Data were analysed in SPSS using descriptive statistics (frequency counts, percentages, mean scores) to
characterise satisfaction levels, Pearson correlation to examine variable-level associations with overall
satisfaction, and multiple linear regression to identify significant predictors. Mean scores were interpreted on
the following scale: 1.00–1.80 (Very Dissatisfied), 1.81–2.60 (Dissatisfied), 2.61–3.40 (Neutral), 3.41–4.20
(Satisfied), 4.21–5.00 (Very Satisfied).
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
Response Rate
Table 1: Distribution and Retrieval of Questionnaires
Estate
State
Distributed
Retrieved
Valid
Olusegun Obasanjo Estate
Ekiti
56
53
52
Redemption City
Ogun
18
17
16
Amen Estate
Lagos
46
43
42
Total
120
113
110
Of 120 questionnaires administered, 110 valid responses were retrieved — an effective return rate of 91.7%,
which compares well with similar Nigerian ISSB survey studies (Ibitoye et al., 2023; Olaleye & Ibitoye, 2023).
Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
Table 2: Demographic Characteristics of Respondents (n = 110)
Variable
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Gender
72
65.5
38
34.5
Age
22
20.0
50
45.5
30
27.3
8
7.3
Educational Level
15
13.6
22
20.0
48
43.6
25
22.7
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Occupation
35
31.8
30
27.3
28
25.5
10
9.1
7
6.4
Duration of Residence
18
16.4
42
38.2
33
30.0
17
15.5
Male respondents made up 65.5% of the sample, reflecting the predominantly male-headed household
composition observed across the three estates. The 31–45 age bracket was the most represented (45.5%), pointing
to a middle-aged occupant base with purchasing power and considered housing choices. Nearly two-thirds
(66.3%) held an HND or higher qualification, and 68.2% fell into professional or civil-servant occupational
categories — a profile consistent with the middle-income character of estates like Amen Lagos. Importantly,
84.6% of respondents had lived in their ISSB homes for at least one year, giving them a grounded basis for
aesthetic judgement.
Aesthetic Satisfaction: Variable-by-Variable Results
Table 3: Satisfaction with Architectural Appearance
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Very Dissatisfied
4
3.6
Dissatisfied
10
9.1
Neutral
18
16.4
Satisfied
51
46.4
Very Satisfied
27
24.5
Total
110
100.0
Mean Score
3.79
Satisfied
Table 4: Satisfaction with Colour and Natural Appearance
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Very Dissatisfied
3
2.7
Dissatisfied
7
6.4
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Neutral
14
12.7
Satisfied
49
44.5
Very Satisfied
37
33.6
Total
110
100.0
Mean Score
4.00
Satisfied
Table 5: Satisfaction with Texture of ISSB Walls
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Very Dissatisfied
5
4.5
Dissatisfied
12
10.9
Neutral
22
20.0
Satisfied
46
41.8
Very Satisfied
25
22.7
Total
110
100.0
Mean Score
3.67
Satisfied
Table 6: Satisfaction with Surface Finishing Quality
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Very Dissatisfied
14
12.7
Dissatisfied
28
25.5
Neutral
35
31.8
Satisfied
24
21.8
Very Satisfied
9
8.2
Total
110
100.0
Mean Score
2.87
Neutral
Table 7: Satisfaction with Visual Appeal
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Very Dissatisfied
4
3.6
Dissatisfied
11
10.0
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Neutral
20
18.2
Satisfied
52
47.3
Very Satisfied
23
20.9
Total
110
100.0
Mean Score
3.72
Satisfied
Table 8: Satisfaction with Environmental Harmony
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Very Dissatisfied
2
1.8
Dissatisfied
6
5.5
Neutral
14
12.7
Satisfied
51
46.4
Very Satisfied
37
33.6
Total
110
100.0
Mean Score
4.05
Satisfied
Table 9: Satisfaction with Uniqueness and Distinctiveness
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Very Dissatisfied
2
1.8
Dissatisfied
8
7.3
Neutral
16
14.5
Satisfied
48
43.6
Very Satisfied
36
32.7
Total
110
100.0
Mean Score
3.98
Satisfied
Table 10: Satisfaction with Public Perception
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Very Dissatisfied
12
10.9
Dissatisfied
25
22.7
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Neutral
38
34.5
Satisfied
26
23.6
Very Satisfied
9
8.2
Total
110
100.0
Mean Score
2.95
Neutral
Table 11: Overall Aesthetic Satisfaction
Response
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Very Dissatisfied
3
2.7
Dissatisfied
9
8.2
Neutral
22
20.0
Satisfied
51
46.4
Very Satisfied
25
22.7
Total
110
100.0
Mean Score
3.78
Satisfied
Summary of Mean Scores
Table 12: Aesthetic Attribute Rankings by Mean Score
Rank
Aesthetic Variable
Mean Score
Satisfaction Level
1
Environmental Harmony
4.05
Satisfied
2
Colour and Natural Appearance
4.00
Satisfied
3
Uniqueness and Distinctiveness
3.98
Satisfied
4
Architectural Appearance
3.79
Satisfied
5
Overall Aesthetic Satisfaction
3.78
Satisfied
6
Visual Appeal
3.72
Satisfied
7
Texture of ISSB Walls
3.67
Satisfied
8
Public Perception
2.95
Neutral
9
Surface Finishing Quality
2.87
Neutral
Grand Mean
3.65
Satisfied
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Six of the eight attributes fell within the satisfied range. The clear outliers — surface finishing (2.87) and public
perception (2.95) — both sit in neutral territory, meaning neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, a finding with
practical implications discussed in Section 4.6.
Correlation Analysis
Table 13: Pearson Correlations with Overall Aesthetic Satisfaction
Aesthetic Variable
Pearson r
Significance (p)
Environmental Harmony
0.712
0.000**
Colour and Natural Appearance
0.698
0.000**
Uniqueness and Distinctiveness
0.681
0.000**
Architectural Appearance
0.653
0.000**
Visual Appeal
0.641
0.000**
Texture of ISSB Walls
0.589
0.000**
Surface Finishing Quality
0.421
0.000**
Public Perception
0.387
0.000**
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
All eight variables returned statistically significant positive correlations with overall satisfaction. The strongest
associations were with environmental harmony (r = 0.712), natural colour (r = 0.698), and distinctiveness (r =
0.681) — the intrinsic material qualities of ISSB that occupants cannot easily modify. Surface finishing (r =
0.421) and public perception (r = 0.387) showed weaker but still significant correlations, indicating that they
contribute to the overall picture without being its dominant colours.
Regression Analysis
Table 14: Regression Model Summary
R
R²
Adjusted R²
F
Sig.
0.827
0.684
0.659
27.14
0.000
Table 15: Regression Coefficients (Dependent Variable: Overall Aesthetic Satisfaction)
Variable
B
Std. Error
Beta (β)
t
p-value
(Constant)
0.412
0.218
—
1.890
0.061
Environmental Harmony
0.287
0.071
0.298
4.042
0.000
Colour and Natural Appearance
0.221
0.063
0.241
3.508
0.001
Uniqueness and Distinctiveness
0.195
0.068
0.198
2.868
0.005
Architectural Appearance
0.168
0.065
0.176
2.585
0.011
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Surface Finishing Quality
0.138
0.065
0.143
2.123
0.036
Visual Appeal
0.097
0.061
0.089
1.590
0.115
Texture of ISSB Walls
0.078
0.059
0.072
1.322
0.189
Public Perception
0.071
0.058
0.065
1.224
0.224
The eight variables together explain 68.4% of the variance in overall aesthetic satisfaction (R² = 0.684, F = 27.14,
p < 0.001) — a strong model fit. Five predictors reached statistical significance: environmental harmony led (β
= 0.298, p < 0.001), followed by natural colour (β = 0.241, p < 0.001), uniqueness (β = 0.198, p < 0.01),
architectural appearance (β = 0.176, p < 0.05), and surface finishing quality (β = 0.143, p < 0.05). Texture, visual
appeal, and public perception did not reach significance as independent predictors. The finding that surface
finishing quality is a significant regression predictor despite carrying the lowest mean satisfaction score (2.87)
is particularly telling: occupants may not rate the current finishing quality highly, but how it is done matters
considerably to how they feel about the building overall.
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
The data paint a consistent picture. ISSB housing in Southwestern Nigeria is meeting occupants' fundamental
aesthetic expectations — a grand mean of 3.65 is not a marginal result, and the 69.1% combined satisfied-and-
very-satisfied rating on the overall satisfaction item signals genuine positive reception. What drives that
reception is equally clear: environmental harmony, natural colour, and distinctiveness top both the mean-score
ranking and the regression model. These are qualities the material simply has — the earthy colouration that
requires no plaster, the way a well-built ISSB wall sits visually within its landscape, the unique architectural
identity that sets the building apart from sandcrete neighbours. Occupants recognise and appreciate all three, and
they align with the material's ecological associations that estate developers in Lagos and Ekiti have been
marketing (Ibitoye et al., 2023; Adejumobi et al., 2026).
Surface finishing is where the satisfaction picture breaks down. A mean score of 2.87 and a 38.2% combined
dissatisfied-or-very-dissatisfied rate on this variable are hard to ignore, and the regression finding that it is
nonetheless a significant predictor of overall satisfaction reinforces the point: every point gained in finishing
quality has a measurable effect on how satisfied people are with their homes overall. This maps directly onto
Ibitoye (2025), who flags finishing as ISSB's most consequential practical shortcoming and recommends
selective plastering of feature walls, ceramic tiles in wet areas, and varnish treatment on exposed block faces.
Those are not expensive or technically demanding interventions — they require knowledge and intention, not
additional capital.
Public perception sits in similar neutral territory (mean = 2.95), reflecting the persistence of cultural bias toward
conventional masonry. This is less about what occupants experience inside their homes — which is where the
high harmony and distinctiveness scores come from — and more about how the wider society reads an ISSB
building from the outside. Ibitoye and Dare-Abel (2022) identify this as ISSB's most stubborn adoption barrier,
and the data here confirm that it has not yet been overcome. Demonstration projects, targeted awareness
campaigns, and architect-led advocacy of the kind Olaleye and Ibitoye (2023) call for remain the most credible
pathways for changing it.
Taken together, the findings confirm that ISSB housing's aesthetic potential is already being substantially
realised — but it is not being fully realised. The ceiling on satisfaction is being set not by the material's inherent
visual qualities, which score well, but by how the construction process is managed and how the material is
communicated to those who have not yet lived in it.
CONCLUSION
This study set out to measure how satisfied occupants actually are with the way their ISSB homes look, and the
answer is: broadly positive, but unevenly so. Across 110 residents of ISSB estates in Ekiti, Ogun, and Lagos
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states, a grand mean satisfaction score of 3.65 and an overall satisfaction mean of 3.78 affirm that ISSB housing
meets its occupants' aesthetic expectations. Environmental harmony, natural colour, and the distinctive visual
identity of stabilized soil block construction emerged as the material's clearest aesthetic strengths, each scoring
above 3.97 and each showing strong correlation with — and significant regression-based prediction of — overall
satisfaction.
Surface finishing quality and public perception tell a more cautionary story. Both sat in neutral territory, and the
regression model confirmed that poor finishing quality exerts an outsized drag on overall satisfaction even when
all other aspects of the building are well received. These are the two areas where targeted intervention — better
construction detailing, quality control in block laying, appropriate surface treatment, and sustained public
awareness — can achieve the most visible improvement in occupant experience and marketability.
For architects and developers, the practical message is straightforward: ISSB's aesthetic case is already strong
and largely understood by those who live in these buildings. The work that remains is to honour that case through
careful finishing and to communicate it more effectively to those who have not yet had the chance to live in one.
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