www.rsisinternational.org
Page 3272
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
An Assessment of Accessibility of Library Services for Persons with
Disability in Federal Universities in Nigeria
Victoria Chukwu Nwali PhD. Cln
1
, Ifeyinwa. J. Udumukwu. PhD. Cln
2
1
Ebonyi State University Abakaliki Ebonyi State
2
Donald Ekong Library, University of Port Harcourt Rivers State
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150600240
Received: 10 July 2026; Accepted: 15 July 2026; Published: 01 August 2026
ABSTRACT
This study assessed the accessibility of library services for persons with disabilities in selected federal
universities in Nigeria. The study was motivated by the need to determine the extent to which university libraries
provide inclusive services, facilities, information resources, and assistive technologies that support equitable
access to information for persons with disabilities. Specifically, the study sought to identify the library services
available to persons with disabilities, determine the accessibility of library facilities and information resources,
and examine the assistive technologies and support services provided in federal university libraries.
A descriptive survey research design was adopted, using a quantitative approach. The study covered six federal
universities representing the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria: Ahmadu Bello University, University of
Maiduguri, University of Ilorin, University of Ibadan, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, and University of Port
Harcourt. The population of the study comprised 1,000 registered persons with disabilities, from which a sample
size of 286 respondents was drawn using proportionate and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected
through a structured questionnaire, and 282 valid responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including
frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. The findings revealed that most conventional library
services, including reference services, circulation services, internet and ICT services, online database access,
and reprographic services, were available to persons with disabilities. The study further found that library
facilities and information resources were moderately accessible, with electronic resources, digital databases,
library entrances, and catalogues recording relatively high accessibility levels.
The study concluded that although federal university libraries in Nigeria have made notable efforts toward
improving accessibility, significant gaps still exist in the provision of disability-focused services and assistive
technologies. The study recommends increased investment in accessible infrastructure, specialized assistive
technologies, staff training, and inclusive library policies to enhance equitable access to library services for
persons with disabilities.
Keywords: Assessment, Accessibility, Library Services, Persons with Disabilities, Federal Universities, Nigeria.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the global emphasis on inclusive education, digital inclusion, and equal access to information
has increased attention on the information needs of persons with disabilities. Universities and their libraries are
increasingly expected to provide environments, services, and technologies that support equitable participation in
learning and research activities. However, evidence from recent studies indicates that persons with disabilities
continue to face significant barriers in accessing library resources and services despite advances in information
and communication technologies. A recent study on public university libraries in Nigeria revealed that although
substantial investments have been made in digital resources and services, concerns persist regarding the
accessibility and usability of these resources by users with disabilities (Idhalama, Oredo, & Makori, 2025).
Similarly, emerging research on inclusive design in Nigerian university libraries emphasizes the need for libraries
www.rsisinternational.org
Page 3273
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
to adopt accessibility-focused infrastructure and universal design principles to ensure that all users can benefit
from available information resources and services (Popoola & Taiwo, 2025). These developments underscore
the growing importance of accessibility as a fundamental component of contemporary library service delivery
and higher education inclusion.
In Nigeria, the enactment of the Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities (Prohibition) Act and the
increasing advocacy for disability inclusion have further heightened the need for accessible educational and
information environments. Nevertheless, recent studies continue to report deficiencies in accessible
infrastructure, alternative-format information resources, assistive technologies, and disability-support services
within many academic libraries.
Research conducted in Nigerian university libraries has shown that while staff often demonstrate willingness to
support users with disabilities, significant gaps remain in digital accessibility, institutional preparedness, and the
provision of specialized assistive technologies required for independent information access (Elewode, 2025).
Consequently, many persons with disabilities still encounter challenges in fully utilizing library facilities and
information resources. These concerns have generated renewed interest among researchers, policymakers, and
library professionals in assessing the extent to which university libraries are meeting the accessibility needs of
persons with disabilities and identifying strategies for improving inclusive access to information.
Persons with disability are individuals who have long-term physical, sensory, intellectual, mental, or multiple
impairments which, in interaction with various environmental and social barriers, may hinder their full and
effective participation in society on an equal basis with others. The concept of disability has evolved from a
purely medical perspective that viewed disability as an individual's limitation to a social and human-rights
perspective that recognizes disability as the result of interactions between impairments and societal barriers that
hinder participation and inclusion (United Nations, 2006). This understanding emphasizes the need for equal
opportunities, accessibility, and inclusion in all aspects of life, including education, employment, healthcare, and
access to information.
In the educational and information environment, persons with disability often encounter challenges such as
inaccessible buildings, inadequate assistive technologies, limited access to learning materials, and discriminatory
attitudes. These barriers can significantly affect their ability to benefit from educational resources and services,
including those provided by libraries. The World Health Organization estimates that over one billion people
worldwide live with some form of disability, making them one of the largest minority groups globally (World
Health Organization & World Bank, 2011). Ensuring accessibility for persons with disability therefore requires
the adoption of inclusive policies, provision of assistive technologies, accessible infrastructure, and the removal
of social and institutional barriers that limit participation and equal access to information and knowledge
resources (Shakespeare, 2018).
Accessibility of library services is the extent to which library resources, facilities, technologies, and services can
be easily reached, used, and benefited from by all users, regardless of their physical, sensory, cognitive, or other
disabilities. It encompasses the provision of barrier-free physical access to library buildings, accessible
information resources, assistive technologies, inclusive communication methods, and supportive services that
enable equitable access to information. Accessibility is a fundamental principle of librarianship because libraries
serve as gateways to knowledge and should ensure that every individual has equal opportunities to access
information and educational resources.
According to the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), libraries have a
responsibility to provide services that are inclusive and accessible to all users, including persons with disabilities,
through appropriate policies, facilities, and technologies (IFLA, 2005). In higher education institutions,
accessibility of library services is particularly important for supporting the academic success and social inclusion
of students with disabilities.
Accessible library services may include ramps, elevators, Braille materials, screen-reading software, accessible
websites, alternative formats of information resources, and trained staff capable of assisting users with diverse
needs. However, studies have shown that many libraries, especially in developing countries, continue to face
www.rsisinternational.org
Page 3274
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, insufficient assistive technologies, and limited funding for
accessibility initiatives (Adebayo, 2020; IFLA, 2005). Improving accessibility therefore requires a commitment
to universal design principles, continuous staff training, policy implementation, and investment in technologies
that promote equal access to information for all library users.
The assessment of accessibility of library services for persons with disability involves the systematic evaluation
of the extent to which library facilities, resources, technologies, and services are available, usable, and inclusive
for individuals with diverse disabilities. Such assessment examines key dimensions of accessibility, including
physical access to library buildings through ramps, elevators, accessible furniture, and signage; access to
information resources in alternative formats such as Braille, audio, and electronic texts; availability of assistive
technologies such as screen readers and magnification software; and the capacity of library staff to provide
appropriate support to users with disabilities.
The purpose of assessing accessibility is to identify existing barriers that may hinder equal access to information
and educational opportunities while also determining the effectiveness of policies and practices aimed at
promoting inclusion. According to the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA),
libraries should ensure that services, facilities, and information resources are accessible to all users regardless of
disability status (IFLA, 2005).
Therefore, an assessment of accessibility provides valuable evidence for improving library services, enhancing
compliance with accessibility standards, and ensuring that persons with disabilities can fully participate in
learning, research, and information-seeking activities within academic environments (World Health
Organization & World Bank, 2011).
Therefore, this study assesses the accessibility of library services for persons with disabilities in selected federal
universities in Nigeria with a view to determining the library services available to them, the extent to which
library facilities and information resources are accessible, and the assistive technologies and support services
provided to facilitate their effective access and utilization of library resources.
Research Objectives
1. To identify the library services available to persons with disabilities in federal university libraries in
Nigeria.
2. To determine the extent to which library facilities and information resources are accessible to persons
with disabilities in federal university libraries in Nigeria.
3. To examine the assistive technologies and support services provided for persons with disabilities in
federal university libraries in Nigeria.
Scope of the Study
This study assesses the accessibility of library services for persons with disabilities in selected federal
universities in Nigeria. The study is specifically limited to identifying the library services available to persons
with disabilities, determining the extent to which library facilities and information resources are accessible to
them, and examining the assistive technologies and support services provided to facilitate their effective access
and utilization of library resources. The study focuses on persons with various forms of disabilities, including
visual, hearing, physical, and other impairments that may influence their access to library services.
The study covers six federal universities selected from the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria to ensure national
representation. These universities are: Ahmadu Bello University (North-West), University of Maiduguri (North-
East), University of Ilorin (North-Central), University of Ibadan (South-West), University of Nigeria (South-
East), and University of Port Harcourt (South-South).
The study is restricted to the library systems of these universities and does not include state or private
universities. Also the study focuses solely on issues relating to the accessibility of library services and does not
cover other aspects of disability support services available within the universities.
www.rsisinternational.org
Page 3275
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Library Services Available to Persons with Disabilities
Libraries provide a variety of services designed to ensure that persons with disabilities have equitable access to
information and educational resources. These services are intended to remove barriers that may limit access to
library collections, facilities, and information technologies. The availability of such services promotes inclusion,
independent learning, and academic success among users with disabilities (IFLA, 2005).
Reference and Information Services
Reference and information services involve assisting users in locating, retrieving, and utilizing information
resources relevant to their needs. For persons with disabilities, librarians may provide individualized assistance
in searching library catalogues, accessing databases, and locating materials in accessible formats. These services
help ensure that users with disabilities can effectively access information despite physical or sensory limitations
(Aina, 2004).
Circulation and Lending Services
Circulation services enable users to borrow and return library materials. Many academic libraries provide
extended loan periods, home delivery services, or proxy borrowing arrangements for users with disabilities who
may face mobility challenges. Such adaptations help ensure equitable access to library collections (Olatokun,
2008).
Accessible Information Resources
Libraries increasingly provide information resources in alternative formats such as Braille books, audiobooks,
large-print materials, electronic books, and digital documents compatible with screen-reading software. These
resources enable users with visual impairments and other disabilities to access information in formats suitable
to their needs (IFLA, 2005).
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Services
ICT services include access to computers, internet facilities, online databases, and digital libraries. For persons
with disabilities, these services may be enhanced through accessibility features such as screen readers, screen
magnifiers, voice recognition software, and accessible websites. Such technologies facilitate independent access
to information and learning resources (World Health Organization & World Bank, 2011).
User Education and Library Orientation Services
User education programmes are designed to teach library users how to effectively utilize library resources and
services. Libraries may provide specialized orientation sessions for persons with disabilities, focusing on the use
of accessible technologies, library facilities, and information retrieval tools. These programmes help users
develop the skills needed for independent information seeking (Aina, 2004).
Reader Assistance Services
Reader assistance services involve direct support from library staff in reading, locating, retrieving, or accessing
library materials. These services are particularly beneficial to users with visual impairments, mobility
impairments, or other conditions that make independent access difficult. Through reader assistance, libraries
enhance access to information and support academic participation (IFLA, 2005).
Reprographic and Document Delivery Services
Libraries often provide photocopying, scanning, printing, and document delivery services. For persons with
disabilities, these services may include converting materials into accessible formats such as audio files, Braille,
www.rsisinternational.org
Page 3276
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
or enlarged text. Such services ensure that users can obtain information in forms that meet their accessibility
requirements (Todaro, 2005).
Current Awareness and Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) Services
Current awareness services keep users informed about newly acquired resources, while SDI services provide
personalized information based on users' interests and needs. These services can be delivered through accessible
electronic formats, helping persons with disabilities remain informed about relevant information resources and
developments in their fields of study (Aina, 2004).
Accessibility of Library Facilities and Information Resources to Persons with Disabilities
Accessibility of library facilities and information resources refers to the extent to which persons with disabilities
can conveniently access, navigate, and utilize library buildings, services, and information materials without
encountering physical, technological, or communication barriers. Accessible library facilities ensure that all
users, regardless of disability status, have equal opportunities to benefit from library resources and services.
Accessibility is a key principle of inclusive librarianship and is essential for promoting equal access to
information, education, and lifelong learning. According to the International Federation of Library Associations
and Institutions, libraries should provide environments, services, and resources that accommodate the diverse
needs of users with disabilities and enable their full participation in information activities (IFLA, 2005).
Accessible library facilities include features such as ramps, elevators, accessible entrances, wide doorways,
handrails, adapted furniture, accessible restrooms, and clear directional signage. These facilities are particularly
important for persons with physical and mobility impairments, as they facilitate independent movement within
the library environment. In addition, adequate lighting, tactile signs, and designated study spaces contribute to a
more inclusive library setting for users with visual impairments and other disabilities (Jaeger et al., 2011). The
absence of such facilities can significantly limit the ability of persons with disabilities to access and utilize library
services effectively.
Accessibility of information resources involves the provision of library materials in formats that can be used by
persons with different types of disabilities. Such resources may include Braille books, audiobooks, large-print
materials, electronic books, captioned multimedia resources, and digital documents compatible with assistive
technologies such as screen readers and screen magnifiers. The increasing adoption of digital library services
has expanded access to information; however, accessibility depends on whether online catalogues, databases,
and library websites comply with recognized accessibility standards (World Health Organization & World Bank,
2011). When information resources are available in accessible formats, persons with disabilities can participate
more fully in academic, research, and lifelong learning activities.
Assistive Technologies and Support Services Provided for Persons with Disabilities
Assistive technologies and support services are essential components of accessible library services for persons
with disabilities. Assistive technologies refer to devices, software, equipment, and systems designed to enhance
the functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities, thereby enabling them to access and utilize information
resources effectively. In library settings, these technologies help to reduce barriers to information access and
promote independent learning, research, and participation in academic activities. The provision of assistive
technologies reflects the commitment of libraries to ensuring equitable access to information for all users
regardless of their physical, sensory, or cognitive limitations (World Health Organization & World Bank, 2011).
Libraries serving persons with disabilities commonly provide a range of assistive technologies. For users with
visual impairments, these may include screen-reading software such as JAWS and NVDA, screen magnification
software, Braille displays, Braille embossers, optical character recognition (OCR) systems, audiobooks, and
large-print materials. These technologies enable users to read printed and digital information in formats suited
to their needs. For individuals with hearing impairments, libraries may provide captioned multimedia resources,
hearing loop systems, and text-based communication tools. Similarly, persons with physical disabilities may
benefit from adaptive keyboards, alternative input devices, voice recognition software, and adjustable computer
workstations that facilitate easier access to library resources (IFLA, 2005; Todaro, 2005). Libraries provide
www.rsisinternational.org
Page 3277
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
various support services aimed at enhancing access to information and improving user experience. Such services
include reader assistance, personalized reference services, orientation and user education programmes, document
delivery services, and technical support for the use of assistive devices. Library staff may assist users in locating
materials, navigating electronic databases, accessing online resources, or converting information into accessible
formats. These support services are particularly important for users who may require guidance in utilizing
specialized technologies or accessing complex information systems (Aina, 2004).
Support services may extend to the provision of accessible websites, disability-friendly library policies, reserved
study spaces, and collaboration with disability support units within universities. Training library staff on
disability awareness and inclusive service delivery is also an important aspect of support provision, as it helps
create a welcoming and supportive environment for users with disabilities. The combined provision of assistive
technologies and support services enhances information accessibility, promotes educational inclusion, and
contributes to the academic success and social participation of persons with disabilities within higher education
institutions (Jaeger et al., 2011). Therefore, the availability and effectiveness of these technologies and services
are critical indicators of the accessibility and inclusiveness of university libraries.
METHODOLOGY
This study adopted a quantitative research approach using a descriptive survey design to assess the accessibility
of library services for persons with disabilities in selected federal universities in Nigeria. The study population
comprised all registered students and library users with disabilities in the libraries of Ahmadu Bello University,
Zaria; University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri; University of Ilorin, Ilorin; University of Ibadan, Ibadan; University
of Nigeria, Nsukka; and University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt.
Table 1: Population of Persons with Disabilities in Selected Federal Universities in Nigeria
S/N
University
Geopolitical
Zone
Estimated Population of PWDs
1
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
North-West
180
2
University of Maiduguri,
Maiduguri
North-East
150
3
University of Ilorin, Ilorin
North-Central
170
4
University of Ibadan, Ibadan
South-West
200
5
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
South-East
160
6
University of Port Harcourt, Port
Harcourt
South-South
140
Total
1000
Source: Registry Department of each University, 2026
A representative sample of 286 was drawn from the population using proportionate sampling to ensure
adequate representation of respondents from each university. Thereafter, purposive sampling was
employed to select persons with disabilities who met the inclusion criteria and had utilized library
services within the study period.
Table 2: Population and Sample Size Distribution Across Universities
S/N
University
Population
Sample Size
(Proportionate)
1
Ahmadu Bello University,
Zaria
180
51
www.rsisinternational.org
Page 3278
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
2
University of Maiduguri
150
43
3
University of Ilorin
170
49
4
University of Ibadan
200
57
5
University of Nigeria,
Nsukka
160
46
6
University of Port Harcourt
140
40
Total
1000
286
Data were collected using a structured questionnaire developed by the researcher based on the objectives of the
study. Prior to data collection, approval was obtained from the relevant authorities of the selected universities
and libraries. The questionnaire was administered physically and electronically to eligible respondents, with
necessary accommodations provided to ensure accessibility for participants with visual, hearing, or physical
impairments. The instrument was designed to elicit information on available library services, accessibility of
library facilities and information resources, and assistive technologies and support services provided for persons
with disabilities. Data collected were coded and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
(SPSS). Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, were used to
answer the research questions. Findings were presented in tables where appropriate, and interpretations were
made in line with the objectives of the study.
Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussion of Findings
A total of 286 questionnaires were distributed to respondents across the selected federal universities. Out of
these, 282 questionnaires were correctly completed and returned, representing a response rate of 98.6%. Four
questionnaires were not included in the analysis because they were either not returned or were incompletely
filled. Therefore, the analysis was based on the 282 valid questionnaires returned by the respondents.
Library Services Available to Persons with Disabilities
Table 4.1: Library Services Available to Persons with Disabilities in Federal University Libraries in
Nigeria
S/N
Library Services
Available (A) f (%)
Not Available (NA) f
(%)
1
Reference and information services
256 (90.8)
26 (9.2)
2
Circulation and lending services
249 (88.3)
33 (11.7)
3
User education/orientation services
221 (78.4)
61 (21.6)
4
Internet and ICT services
265 (94.0)
17 (6.0)
5
Online database access services
238 (84.4)
44 (15.6)
6
Current awareness services
195 (69.1)
87 (30.9)
7
Selective dissemination of information (SDI)
services
174 (61.7)
108 (38.3)
8
Reader assistance services
212 (75.2)
70 (24.8)
www.rsisinternational.org
Page 3279
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
9
Reprographic services (printing, scanning,
photocopying)
260 (92.2)
22 (7.8)
10
Access to electronic resources
246 (87.2)
36 (12.8)
11
Document delivery services
187 (66.3)
95 (33.7)
12
Specialized services for persons with
disabilities
143 (50.7)
139 (49.3)
Source: Field Survey, 2026.
The findings in Table 4.1 indicate that most of the library services investigated were available in the selected
federal university libraries. Internet and ICT services recorded the highest level of availability with 265
respondents (94.0%) indicating that the service was available, followed by reprographic services with 260
respondents (92.2%) and reference and information services with 256 respondents (90.8%). Circulation and
lending services (88.3%), access to electronic resources (87.2%), and online database access services (84.4%)
were also reported as widely available. However, some specialized services recorded lower levels of availability.
Selective dissemination of information (SDI) services was reported as available by only 174 respondents
(61.7%), while document delivery services were available according to 187 respondents (66.3%). Most notably,
specialized services specifically designed for persons with disabilities were reported as available by only 143
respondents (50.7%), suggesting that many university libraries still have limited disability-focused services. The
findings therefore indicate that while general library services are widely available, specialized services tailored
to the needs of persons with disabilities remain inadequate in many federal university libraries in Nigeria.
Accessibility of Library Facilities and Information Resources
Table 4.2: The extent to which library facilities and information resources are accessible to persons with
disabilities in federal university libraries in Nigeria.
S/N
Library Facilities and
Information Resources
VHE
HE
LE
VLE
Mean
SD
1
Library entrances are
accessible
85
102
63
32
2.85
0.95
2
Ramps are available and
functional
78
95
71
38
2.75
0.98
3
Elevators/lifts are
accessible
52
80
90
60
2.44
1.01
4
Library walkways are
disability-friendly
70
99
73
40
2.7
0.97
5
Reading tables and
chairs are accessible
75
108
67
32
2.8
0.93
6
Restroom facilities are
accessible
61
90
82
49
2.58
0.99
7
Directional signs are
easy to understand
68
104
74
36
2.72
0.94
8
Printed library materials
are accessible
56
86
91
49
2.53
0.98
www.rsisinternational.org
Page 3280
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
9
Electronic resources are
accessible
88
112
55
27
2.92
0.91
10
Library catalogue is
accessible
81
103
66
32
2.82
0.93
11
Library website is
accessible
74
98
72
38
2.74
0.97
12
Information resources
are available in
alternative formats
42
70
96
74
2.28
1
13
Audiovisual resources
are accessible
58
89
87
48
2.56
0.98
14
Digital databases are
accessible
83
108
62
29
2.87
0.91
Decision Rule: Mean ≥ 2.50 = Accessible; Mean < 2.50 = Not Accessible.
Source: Field Survey, 2026.
The results in Table 4.2 show that the overall accessibility of library facilities and information resources for
persons with disabilities was relatively high, with a grand mean of 2.68 and a standard deviation of 0.96.
Electronic resources (Mean = 2.92), digital databases (Mean = 2.87), library entrances (Mean = 2.85), and library
catalogues (Mean = 2.82) were rated as the most accessible facilities and resources. Reading tables and chairs
(Mean = 2.80) and library websites (Mean = 2.74) were also perceived as accessible by the respondents.
Information resources available in alternative formats recorded the lowest mean score (Mean = 2.28), followed
by elevators/lifts (Mean = 2.44). This suggests that while general library infrastructure and electronic resources
are reasonably accessible, the provision of specialized accessibility features and alternative-format resources for
persons with disabilities remains inadequate in many federal university libraries. The findings indicate a
moderate level of accessibility of library facilities and information resources across the selected universities.
Assistive Technologies and Support Services Provided for Persons with Disabilities in Federal University
Libraries
Table 4.3: The assistive technologies and support services provided for persons with disabilities in federal
university libraries in Nigeria
S/N
Assistive Technologies and Support Services
VA
A
IA
VIA
Mean
SD
1
Screen reader software
62
88
79
53
2.56
1.02
2
Screen magnification software
58
82
86
56
2.5
1.01
3
Braille books and materials
46
75
94
67
2.35
1
4
Braille display devices
32
61
101
88
2.13
0.96
5
Audio books
55
84
87
56
2.49
1
6
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software
41
73
95
73
2.29
0.99
7
Adaptive computer workstations
48
78
92
64
2.39
1
8
Voice recognition software
36
69
98
79
2.22
0.97
www.rsisinternational.org
Page 3281
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
9
Hearing assistance devices
30
64
100
88
2.13
0.95
10
Large-print materials
60
90
81
51
2.56
1.01
11
Reader assistance services
82
104
59
37
2.82
0.95
12
Personalized reference assistance
79
101
65
37
2.79
0.96
13
Orientation on assistive technologies
53
80
89
60
2.45
1.01
14
Staff support for users with disabilities
88
109
53
32
2.9
0.92
15
Conversion of materials into accessible formats
50
76
91
65
2.39
1.01
16
Technical support for assistive devices
45
71
95
71
2.32
1
Decision Rule: Mean ≥ 2.50 = Adequately Provided; Mean < 2.50 = Inadequately Provided.
Source: Field Survey, 2026.
The findings in Table 4.3 indicate that the overall provision of assistive technologies and support services for
persons with disabilities in the selected federal university libraries was inadequate, as evidenced by the grand
mean of 2.46. Among the items assessed, staff support for users with disabilities (Mean = 2.90), reader assistance
services (Mean = 2.82), and personalized reference assistance (Mean = 2.79) recorded the highest mean scores,
suggesting that human support services were relatively well provided.
Conversely, Braille display devices (Mean = 2.13), hearing assistance devices (Mean = 2.13), voice recognition
software (Mean = 2.22), and OCR software (Mean = 2.29) recorded low mean scores, indicating inadequate
provision of specialized assistive technologies. The findings suggest that while libraries provide some level of
support through staff assistance and reader services, the availability of advanced assistive technologies required
by persons with disabilities remains limited across the selected federal university libraries in Nigeria. This
emphasize the need for greater investment in disability-inclusive technologies and support systems.
CONCLUSION
This study assessed the accessibility of library services for persons with disabilities in selected federal
universities in Nigeria, namely Ahmadu Bello University, University of Maiduguri, University of Ilorin,
University of Ibadan, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, and University of Port Harcourt. The study focused on
identifying the library services available to persons with disabilities, determining the extent to which library
facilities and information resources are accessible, and examining the assistive technologies and support services
provided within the selected university libraries. The findings revealed that a wide range of conventional library
services, including reference services, circulation services, internet and ICT services, online database access,
reprographic services, and access to electronic resources, were generally available in the selected libraries. The
study also found that library facilities and information resources were moderately accessible to persons with
disabilities, particularly in areas such as access to electronic resources, digital databases, library entrances, and
library catalogues. However, accessibility challenges remained in relation to specialized facilities, elevators, and
the availability of information resources in alternative formats. Furthermore, although support services such as
reader assistance, personalized reference assistance, and staff support were relatively well provided, the
provision of specialized assistive technologies, including Braille display devices, hearing assistance devices,
voice recognition software, and optical character recognition software, was found to be inadequate.
While federal university libraries in Nigeria have made considerable efforts to provide general library services
and improve accessibility for persons with disabilities, significant gaps remain in the provision of specialized
assistive technologies and disability-focused services. Consequently, the level of accessibility currently available
is insufficient to guarantee full and equitable access to information for all categories of persons with disabilities.
www.rsisinternational.org
Page 3282
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING,
MANAGEMENT & APPLIED SCIENCE (IJLTEMAS)
ISSN 2278-2540 | DOI: 10.51583/IJLTEMAS | Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2026
Therefore, there is a need for sustained investment in accessible infrastructure, assistive technologies, staff
training, and inclusive library policies to ensure that university libraries effectively support the academic,
research, and information needs of persons with disabilities in Nigeria.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Federal university libraries should establish and strengthen specialized library services for persons with
disabilities by providing dedicated support units, accessible information resources, and disability-
friendly service policies.
2. University authorities should install, upgrade, and maintain accessible elevators and lifts in library
buildings to improve mobility and independent access for users with physical disabilities.
3. Collaboration with government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and disability advocacy
groups should be strengthened to support the provision of specialized technologies and services for
persons with disabilities.
REFERENCES
1. Adebayo, O. O. (2020). Accessibility of library and information services to persons with disabilities in
academic libraries in Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1–17.
2. Aina, L. O. (2004). Library and information science text for Africa. Third World Information Services
Limited.
3. Elewode, A. T. (2025). Staff assessment of academic libraries' readiness to support undergraduates with
disabilities in the digital age at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Journal of Library Services
and Technologies, 7(4).
4. Idhalama, O. U., Oredo, J. O., & Makori, E. O. (2025). Evaluating the availability and accessibility of
digital resources and services in public university libraries in Nigeria. Information Development.
5. International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. (2005). Access to libraries for persons
with disabilities: Checklist. IFLA.
6. Jaeger, P. T., Bertot, J. C., & Subramaniam, M. (2011). The intersection of public policy and public access:
Digital inclusion and library services. The Library Quarterly, 81(2), 147–173.
7. Olatokun, W. M. (2008). Availability, accessibility and use of information technologies by Nigerian
women with disabilities. The Electronic Library, 26(4), 533–550.
8. Popoola, O., & Taiwo, A. A. (2025). Exploring inclusive design principles applied in a Nigerian university
library. International Journal of Studies in Inclusive Education, 2(2), 67–76.
9. Shakespeare, T. (2018). Disability: The basics (2nd ed.). Routledge.
10. Todaro, J. B. (2005). Library services for people with disabilities. Libraries Unlimited.
11. United Nations. (2006). Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. United Nations.
12. World Health Organization, & World Bank. (2011). World report on disability. World Health Organization.
