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Adherence, Engagement and Participant Experiences in a Workplace
Rajyoga Meditation Programme: Findings from an Eight-Week
Intervention Study Among Corporate Executives
Anagha Sharad Kalghatgi*
Manipur International University
*Corresponding Author
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51583/IJLTEMAS.2026.150600282
Received: 22 July 2026; Accepted: 27 July 2026; Published: 04 August 2026
ABSTRACT
Background: Adherence and participant engagement are important determinants of the success of Adherence,
Engagement and Participant Experiences in a Workplace Rajyoga Meditation Programme: Findings from an
Eight-Week Intervention Study Among Corporate Executives
workplace meditation interventions. Although meditation has been widely investigated for its psychological and
organisational benefits, comparatively few studies have examined attendance, practice engagement and
participant experiences during programme implementation. Understanding these process-related outcomes is
essential for evaluating the feasibility and acceptability of workplace meditation interventions.
Methods: This study was conducted as a secondary analysis of process-related outcomes from a larger
experimental pre-test–post-test control group study among corporate executives working in the Environment,
Health and Safety (EHS) function of a large agrochemical organisation in India. Ninety-four participants were
randomly assigned to either a Rajyoga meditation group (n = 46) or an active control group receiving physical
relaxation commentary (n = 48). Participants attended guided online sessions on weekdays for eight weeks.
Attendance records, self-reported daily practice logs and participant feedback questionnaires were analysed
using descriptive statistics.
Results: Participants in the Rajyoga meditation group demonstrated higher attendance and engagement than
those in the control group. Mean attendance was 64.95% in the Rajyoga group compared with 55.73% in the
control group, while 60.9% and 31.3% of participants, respectively, met the predefined adherence criterion of
attending at least 70% of sessions. Rajyoga participants also reported greater self-practice engagement, higher
numbers of good-quality and distraction-free practice sessions, and more favourable feedback regarding
emotional regulation, concentration, confidence in decision-making and overall programme benefit.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that workplace Rajyoga meditation is a feasible and well-accepted
intervention for corporate executives. Higher adherence, greater engagement and positive participant
experiences suggest that Rajyoga meditation can be successfully integrated into organisational wellness
programmes. Future research should investigate factors influencing long-term adherence and sustained practice
across diverse workplace settings.
Keywords: Rajyoga meditation; workplace wellness; corporate executives; adherence; participant engagement;
feasibility.
INTRODUCTION
Modern workplaces increasingly expose employees to demanding schedules, complex decision-making
responsibilities and continuous performance pressures. These challenges often contribute to elevated stress
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levels, emotional exhaustion and reduced psychological well-being. Consequently, organisations are
increasingly adopting evidence-based workplace wellness interventions that promote resilience, emotional
regulation and overall employee well-being (Good et al., 2016; Badagavi, 2018).
Meditation-based interventions have gained considerable attention in organisational settings because of their
potential to improve psychological well-being, reduce stress and enhance workplace functioning. Previous
research has demonstrated that meditation positively influences attentional control, emotional regulation,
executive functioning and overall well-being (Sun et al., 2015; Raman et al., 2015; Singh, 2021). These
psychological processes are closely associated with effective judgement and adaptive decision-making in
complex organisational environments.
Among the various meditation practices, Rajyoga meditation, as taught by the Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual
University, is an open-eyed meditation technique that emphasises self-awareness, positive thinking and
conscious regulation of thoughts. Previous studies have reported that Rajyoga meditation is associated with
improvements in attention, emotional well-being, happiness, quality of life and psychological functioning (Misra
et al., 2013; Ramesh et al., 2013; Doowa, 2021). More recent evidence also suggests that Rajyoga meditation
may influence neural processes involved in attentional control and cognitive stability (Biswas et al., 2026).
The effectiveness of behavioural interventions depends not only on their outcomes but also on the extent to
which participants actively engage with the programme. Attendance, adherence to intervention protocols,
consistency of self-practice and participant experiences are important implementation-related indicators that
influence intervention success. Poor attendance and inconsistent practice may reduce the effectiveness of even
well-designed interventions, whereas sustained engagement is more likely to enhance intervention benefits.
Therefore, evaluating these process-related outcomes is essential for determining the feasibility and acceptability
of workplace meditation programmes.
Although a growing body of literature has examined the effects of meditation on psychological well-being, stress
reduction and organisational outcomes, comparatively few studies have investigated participant adherence,
engagement and implementation experiences during workplace Rajyoga meditation programmes. Most
published studies primarily focus on intervention outcomes, with limited attention to attendance patterns, self-
practice behaviour and participant perceptions, all of which are important for understanding programme
feasibility in real-world organisational settings.
The present study was conducted as a secondary analysis of process-related outcomes from a larger experimental
pre-test–post-test control group study that investigated the effects of Brahma Kumaris Rajyoga meditation
among corporate executives. Specifically, the study examined attendance, intervention adherence, engagement
in self-practice and participant experiences during an eight-week workplace Rajyoga meditation programme. By
evaluating these implementation-related outcomes, the study contributes to the growing evidence on the
feasibility and practical application of Rajyoga meditation within organisational wellness programmes.
Objectives of the Study
1. To evaluate participant attendance and adherence during an eight-week workplace Rajyoga meditation
programme.
2. To examine participant engagement in self-practice through the analysis of daily practice logs.
3. To explore participant experiences and perceptions of the intervention through post-intervention
feedback.
4. To assess the feasibility and acceptability of implementing Rajyoga meditation within a corporate
workplace setting.
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METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The present study examined participant adherence, engagement and experiences during the implementation of
an eight-week workplace Rajyoga meditation programme. It was conducted as a secondary analysis of process-
related outcomes derived from a larger experimental pre-test–post-test control group study that investigated the
effects of Brahma Kumaris Rajyoga meditation on decision-making among corporate executives.
Participants
Participants were recruited from the Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) function of a large agrochemical
organisation in India. Following eligibility screening, 94 corporate executives were randomly assigned to either
the experimental group receiving Rajyoga meditation (n = 46) or the active control group receiving physical
relaxation commentary (n = 48). Random assignment was performed using the RAND function in Microsoft
Excel to minimise allocation bias.
Ethical Considerations
Participation in the study was voluntary. Before completing the pre-test questionnaire, participants were
provided with information regarding the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation,
confidentiality of their responses and their right to withdraw from the study at any stage without any adverse
consequences. Participants provided informed consent electronically by selecting the “I agree” option before
accessing the Google Forms pre-test questionnaire. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the
participating agrochemical organisation prior to commencement of the intervention.
Intervention
The intervention was conducted over a period of eight weeks. Guided online sessions were delivered through
Microsoft Teams on every working day (Monday to Friday), resulting in a total of 40 scheduled sessions.
Each session was scheduled for approximately 15 minutes to allow participants sufficient time to join the online
platform and settle before the guided practice commenced. The actual guided intervention lasted approximately
6 minutes and 15 seconds in both groups.
Participants in the experimental group received a guided Rajyoga meditation commentary specifically developed
to enhance psychological processes associated with effective decision-making, including emotional regulation,
clarity of thought, self-awareness and confidence in decision-making. Participants in the control group received
a guided physical relaxation commentary of comparable duration and frequency to ensure equivalent
intervention exposure.
Measures
Attendance and Adherence
Attendance was recorded through Microsoft Teams attendance records for every scheduled intervention session
throughout the eight-week programme. For each participant, the total number of sessions attended and the
corresponding attendance percentage were calculated. Participants attending at least 70% of the scheduled
sessions (28 of 40 sessions) were classified as adherent to the intervention protocol.
Daily Practice Logs
Participants were encouraged to engage in self-practice outside the scheduled sessions and record their practice
using a structured daily practice log. The log captured the frequency and duration of practice, perceived quality
of each session and the presence or absence of distractions during practice.
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Participant Feedback
At the completion of the intervention, participants were invited to complete a structured feedback questionnaire
assessing perceived programme benefits, emotional regulation, stress management, concentration, confidence in
decision-making, ease of integrating the practice into their daily routine and willingness to continue the practice.
Optional open-ended questions were included to obtain additional qualitative feedback regarding participant
experiences and suggestions for programme improvement.
Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, frequencies and percentages, were computed to
summarise attendance, adherence, self-practice engagement and participant feedback. Responses to the open-
ended feedback questions were reviewed descriptively to identify commonly reported participant experiences
and implementation-related observations.
Table 1
Baseline Characteristics of Participants
Characteristic
Experimental Group (n = 46)
Control Group (n = 48)
Age, Mean (SD)
37.6 (8.45)
35.9 (7.78)
Years of Experience, Mean (SD)
13.9 (8.10)
13.0 (7.20)
Pre-test DMSA Score, Mean (SD)
3.90 (0.517)
3.88 (0.585)
Job Level, n (%)
Junior Management
8 (16.7%)
9 (19.6%)
Middle Management
31 (64.6%)
30 (65.2%)
Senior Management
9 (18.8%)
7 (15.2%)
Self-Rated Stress Level, n (%)
Low
14 (29.2%)
11 (23.9%)
Moderate
32 (66.7%)
29 (63.0%)
High
2 (4.2%)
6 (13.0%)
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Characteristic
Experimental Group (n = 46)
Control Group (n = 48)
Prior Meditation Experience, n (%)
Yes
11 (22.9%)
10 (21.7%)
No
37 (77.1%)
36 (78.3%)
Note. Values are presented as mean (SD) or frequency (n) and percentage (%), as appropriate.
The baseline characteristics indicate that the experimental and control groups were broadly comparable in terms
of age, work experience, decision-making scores, job level, self-rated stress level and prior meditation
experience. In both groups, the majority of participants belonged to the middle management category and
reported moderate levels of perceived stress. Approximately one-fifth of participants in each group reported
prior meditation experience. This similarity suggests that the two groups were reasonably comparable before the
commencement of the intervention.
RESULTS
Attendance and Adherence
Attendance records were available for all 94 participants allocated to the intervention programme. Table 2
presents attendance and adherence statistics for both groups.
Table 2
Attendance and Adherence Statistics
Variable
Experimental (n=46)
Mean attendance (sessions)
25.98
SD attendance (sessions)
11.41
Mean attendance (%)
64.95
SD attendance (%)
28.52
Participants attending ≥70% sessions
28 (60.9%)
Participants in the Rajyoga meditation group demonstrated higher attendance and adherence compared with the
control group. The mean attendance percentage in the experimental group was approximately nine percentage
points higher than that observed in the control group. Furthermore, nearly two-thirds of participants in the
Rajyoga group achieved the predefined adherence criterion of attending at least 70% of intervention sessions,
compared with approximately one-third of participants in the control group. The attendance findings suggest
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stronger programme adherence among participants receiving Rajyoga meditation. Nearly twice the proportion
of participants in the experimental group met the predefined adherence criterion compared with the control
group. This pattern indicates greater sustained engagement with the intervention and may reflect higher
participant acceptance and perceived relevance of Rajyoga meditation within the workplace context.
Daily Practice Engagement
Daily practice logs were submitted by 33 participants in the experimental group and 33 participants in the control
group.
Table 3
Daily Practice Log Summary
Variable
Experimental
Control
Practice log submitters
33
33
Total practice entries (Mean ± SD)
19.36 ± 17.71
13.24 ± 13.46
Mean duration (minutes)
12.01 ± 7.86
11.12 ± 5.31
Good quality sessions
16.51 ± 18.07
8.88 ± 11.95
Moderate quality sessions
2.48 ± 3.72
3.21 ± 8.17
Poor quality sessions
0.36 ± 0.96
0.27 ± 0.57
Distraction-free sessions
15.84 ± 16.97
9.67 ± 11.78
Participants in the Rajyoga meditation group reported a greater number of self-practice entries and a higher
frequency of good-quality practice sessions compared with participants in the control group. Reports of
distraction-free practice sessions were also higher among Rajyoga participants, suggesting comparatively
stronger engagement with the intervention.
Participant Feedback
Feedback questionnaires were completed by 96 attendees. This included participants who formed part of the
intervention study as well as a small number of employees who attended the intervention sessions but were not
included in the final quantitative outcome analysis. Consequently, the feedback sample was slightly larger than
the sample used for the primary intervention analyses.
Table 4 presents the comparison of participant feedback ratings between the experimental and control groups.
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Table 4
Comparison of Mean Feedback Scores Between Experimental and Control Groups
Variable
Experimental Mean
Control Mean
Mean Difference
Overall Benefit
4.30
4.08
0.22
Integration into Routine
4.17
3.98
0.19
Willingness to Continue Practice
4.35
4.14
0.21
Helpfulness of Sessions
4.15
4.10
0.05
Control Over Emotional Reactions
4.13
4.04
0.96
Confidence in Decision-Making
4.30
4.04
0.26
Ability to Handle Work Pressure
4.24
4.06
0.18
Concentration Improvement
4.22
4.08
0.14
Emotional Calmness Improvement
4.15
4.12
0.03
Stress Reduction
4.13
4.02
0.11
Manageability of Practice
3.74
3.78
-0.04
Ability to Analyse Situations Calmly
4.26
4.00
0.26
Participants in both groups reported generally positive experiences with their respective interventions. However,
the Rajyoga meditation group demonstrated comparatively higher mean ratings across most feedback
dimensions. The largest differences between groups were observed for confidence in decision-making and the
ability to analyse situations calmly, followed by overall benefit, willingness to continue practice, integration into
daily routine, and ability to handle work pressure.
Participants in the Rajyoga meditation group also reported slightly higher levels of overall benefit, willingness
to continue practice, concentration improvement, stress reduction and ability to handle work pressure. The only
dimension in which the control group demonstrated a marginally higher score was manageability of practice,
suggesting that physical relaxation exercises may have been perceived as slightly easier to incorporate into daily
routines.
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Table 5
Summary of Key Feasibility Indicators
Indicator
Experimental Group
Control Group
Participants allocated
46
48
Mean attendance (%)
64.95
55.73
Participants attending ≥70% sessions
28 (60.9%)
15 (31.3%)
Practice log submitters
33 (71.7%)
33 (68.8%)
Mean practice entries
19.36
13.24
Willingness to continue practice
4.35
4.14
The feasibility indicators demonstrate favourable participant engagement with the Rajyoga meditation
programme. Compared with the control group, participants in the experimental group demonstrated higher
attendance, greater adherence, more frequent self-practice and a slightly greater willingness to continue the
practice beyond the intervention period.
Participant Experiences
In addition to quantitative ratings, participants provided optional comments regarding their experiences of the
intervention. Responses from the Rajyoga meditation group frequently referred to emotional calmness, improved
concentration, stress management, self-awareness and better emotional control during workplace situations.
Several participants reported that the intervention helped them respond more thoughtfully to challenging
situations and enhanced their ability to maintain composure during periods of work pressure.
Participants from the control group commonly reported temporary relaxation, calmness and reduced stress
following the physical relaxation sessions. While positive experiences were reported in both groups, comments
from the Rajyoga meditation group reflected a broader range of perceived psychological benefits extending
beyond immediate relaxation.
A recurring challenge reported by participants in both groups was difficulty maintaining consistency of practice
because of work schedules, meetings and competing professional responsibilities. Some participants also
indicated a preference for longer sessions or alternative scheduling arrangements.
DISCUSSION
The present study examined participant adherence, engagement and experiences associated with an eight-week
workplace Rajyoga meditation programme delivered to corporate executives. The findings indicate that the
intervention was feasible to implement within an organisational setting and was generally well accepted by
participants.
Attendance records demonstrated higher adherence among participants assigned to the Rajyoga meditation
programme. The experimental group showed higher mean attendance percentages and a substantially greater
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proportion of participants meeting the predefined adherence criterion of attending at least 70% of the scheduled
sessions than the control group. These findings suggest that participants were willing to engage consistently with
the Rajyoga meditation programme despite workplace demands and scheduling constraints.
Analysis of the daily practice logs further supported these findings. Participants in the Rajyoga meditation group
reported more frequent self-practice, a greater number of good-quality practice sessions and more distraction-
free practice sessions than participants in the control group. These findings indicate stronger engagement with
the intervention beyond the scheduled sessions and suggest that participants were motivated to continue
practising independently.
Participant feedback also reflected favourable perceptions of the Rajyoga meditation programme. Compared
with the control group, participants in the experimental group reported greater perceived improvements in
emotional regulation, concentration, confidence in decision-making, stress management and the ability to
analyse situations calmly. The largest difference between groups was observed for perceived control over
emotional reactions, suggesting that participants considered Rajyoga meditation particularly beneficial for
managing emotional responses in workplace situations.
The present findings are broadly consistent with previous research demonstrating that workplace meditation
interventions are associated with improved emotional well-being, attentional control and perceived stress
reduction (Good et al., 2016; Sun et al., 2015). Similarly, studies on Rajyoga meditation have reported
improvements in emotional intelligence, self-awareness and psychological well-being (Misra et al., 2013;
Ramesh et al., 2013; Nagesh, 2023). The comparatively higher adherence and engagement observed in the
present study extend this literature by suggesting that Rajyoga meditation is not only associated with perceived
psychological benefits but is also acceptable and sustainable within a workplace setting.
Although participant engagement was generally positive, several participants reported challenges in maintaining
consistent attendance because of work schedules, meetings and competing professional responsibilities. Such
implementation challenges are common in organisational intervention studies and highlight the importance of
managerial support, flexible scheduling and organisational commitment when implementing workplace wellness
programmes.
Overall, the findings demonstrate that Rajyoga meditation was both feasible and well accepted among corporate
executives. Higher attendance, stronger adherence, greater engagement in self-practice and favourable
participant experiences suggest that Rajyoga meditation has the potential to be successfully integrated into
workplace wellness initiatives. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the
practical implementation of meditation-based interventions for promoting employee well-being in organisational
settings.
CONCLUSION
The present study evaluated participant adherence, engagement and experiences during an eight-week workplace
Rajyoga meditation programme delivered to corporate executives.
The findings demonstrated that participants in the Rajyoga meditation group exhibited higher attendance, greater
adherence to the intervention protocol and stronger engagement in self-practice than participants receiving
physical relaxation commentary. Participant feedback further indicated favourable experiences, particularly with
respect to emotional regulation, concentration, calmness, stress management and confidence in decision-making.
The study provides evidence that workplace Rajyoga meditation is a feasible and well-accepted intervention for
corporate executives. The comparatively higher levels of adherence and engagement observed in the Rajyoga
meditation group suggest that the intervention can be successfully implemented within organisational settings
and may contribute to employee well-being when incorporated into workplace wellness programmes.
By highlighting implementation-related outcomes alongside participant experiences, the present study
contributes to the growing body of literature on workplace meditation interventions. The findings may assist
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researchers and organisations in designing, implementing and evaluating meditation-based wellness programmes
that promote sustained participant engagement and long-term organisational well-being.
Limitations
The present study has several limitations. First, the intervention was conducted within a single organisational
setting, which may limit the generalisability of the findings. Second, self-practice data were based on participant-
reported daily practice logs and may therefore be subject to reporting bias. Third, participant feedback reflected
subjective perceptions and may not necessarily correspond to objective behavioural changes. Finally, participant
comments were obtained through optional open-ended questions and were intended to provide supplementary
insights rather than a comprehensive qualitative evaluation.
Future Directions
Future research should investigate factors that influence long-term adherence to workplace Rajyoga meditation
programmes and evaluate strategies for improving consistency of practice. Studies involving multiple
organisations, larger and more diverse samples and longer follow-up periods would provide further evidence
regarding the sustainability and scalability of workplace Rajyoga meditation interventions.
Future studies may also examine the relationship between participant adherence and intervention outcomes, as
well as compare adherence, engagement and perceived benefits between experienced Rajyoga practitioners and
meditation-naïve participants. Such investigations may help identify factors that promote sustained practice and
long-term participation in workplace meditation programmes.
Conflict of Interest
The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Data Availability
The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon
reasonable request.
Author Contributions
The author conceptualised and designed the study, developed the intervention protocol, collected the data,
performed the data analysis, interpreted the findings and prepared the manuscript.
Ethical Approval
Prior organisational approval was obtained before commencement of the study. All participants were informed
about the purpose and procedures of the research, participation was entirely voluntary, written informed consent
was obtained from all participants before enrolment, and the confidentiality and anonymity of participant data
were maintained throughout the study. At the time the research was conducted, the university did not have an
Institutional Ethics Committee for reviewing doctoral research
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