Biomedical Waste Management: Current Practices, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Abstract— Biomedical waste management (BMWM) has emerged as a significant global concern due to its growing volume and potential hazards to human health and the environment. Biomedical waste includes infectious, toxic, and radioactive materials generated from hospitals, clinics, research centres, and laboratories. This review examines the classification, sources, and treatment methods of biomedical waste, with a focus on healthcare institutions in India. It also examines international and national regulations, the challenges of implementation, and the pressing need for awareness, effective policy enforcement, and sustainable waste management technologies. Future directions emphasise the importance of green technology, training, and the 5R approach (Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose, Recycle) to achieve a zero-waste healthcare ecosystem.

Biomedical waste, waste management, environmental pollution, healthcare system, 5R principles

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