Review on Uses and Modification of Gum Arabic
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Gum Arabic (GA), a natural, edible hydrocolloid obtained predominantly from Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal, is a highly branched heteropolysaccharide composed mainly of arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, and small proportions of protein. Its unique molecular architecture comprising arabinogalactan (AG), arabinogalactan protein (AGP), and glycoprotein (GP) fractions confers exceptional solubility, emulsification, film-forming capacity, and stability, which underpin its long-standing relevance in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and industrial applications. Renewed scientific interest in GA is driven by its biodegradability, safety, and functional versatility, as well as its growing importance as a sustainable biomaterial. Recent advances have focused on modifying GA to enhance its physicochemical and functional properties. Chemical, physical, and enzymatic approaches including oxidation, cross-linking, esterification, graft-copolymerization, and nanoparticle functionalization have produced derivatives with improved rheological behavior, stability, and targeted performance. Modified GA has demonstrated significant potential in Nano chemistry as a stabilizer and reducing agent for metal nanoparticles, in drug delivery through pH-responsive hydrogels and polysaccharide drug conjugates, and in environmental technologies such as wastewater remediation and semiconductor development. In construction materials, GA acts as a natural binder that improves compressive strength, durability, and water resistance of stabilized earth blocks, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional stabilizers. Beyond industrial applications, GA provides notable health benefits. As a fermentable dietary fiber, it functions as a prebiotic, enhancing mineral absorption and supporting gut microbiota. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and detoxification properties contribute to renal, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal protection. Modified GA derivatives, including aldehyde-functionalized and cross-linked forms, have also shown promise for controlled drug release, tissue engineering, and biomedical therapeutics. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the composition, structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, and applications of GA, with emphasis on recent modification strategies that broaden its utility across scientific and industrial domains. The growing development of GA-based materials highlights its potential as a renewable, biocompatible platform for next-generation technological innovations.
Downloads
References
Abdel Halim, A. S., Ali, M. A. M., Inam, F., Alhalwan, A. M., & Daoush, W. M. (2024). Fe3O4-Coated
CNTs-Gum Arabic Nano-Hybrid Composites Exhibit Enhanced Anti-Leukemia Potency Against AML Cells via ROS-Mediated Signaling. International journal of nanomedicine, 19, 7323–7352. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S467733
Ahmad, S. I., Mazumdar, N., & Kumar, S. (2013). Functionalization of natural gum: An effective
method to prepare iodine complex. Carbohydrate Polymers, 92(1), 497–502. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.049.
Al-Assaf, S., Sakata, M., McKenna, C., Aoki, H. and Philips, G.O. (2009). Molecular Associations in acacia gums. Structural Chemistry, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp 325–336.
Al-Assaf, S., Gulrez, S.K.H., Phillips, G.O., Czechowska-Biskup, R., Wach, R.A., Rosiak, J.M. & Ulanski, P. (2012). Radiation Modification of Polysaccharides, Glyn Phillips Hydrocolloids Research Centre. Glyndwr University, Wrexham, U.K.
Alladjo, John N. M. & Erick K. R. (2021). Performance evaluation of compressed laterite blocks stabilised with cement and gum Arabic. International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration, Vol 8(83). http://dx.doi.org/10.19101/IJATEE.2021.874536
Al‑Mosawi A. J. (2006). Acacia gum therapeutic potential: Possible role in the management of uremia – A new potential medicine. Therapy. 2:299‑300.
Al-Saleh, M.H. and Sundararaj, U. (2010). Processing-microstructure-property relationship in conductive polymer nanocomposites. Polymer, Vol. 51, 2740-2747.
Akbar, A., Showkat A. G., &Nasreen M. (2017). A new study of iodine complexes of oxidized gum arabic: an interaction between iodine monochloride and aldehyde groups. Carbohydrate polymers. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.005.
Anderson, D.M. and Morrison N.A. (1990). The identification of Combretum gums which are not permitted food additives, II. Food Addit. Contam, 7:181-188.
Anderson, D. M. W., Dea, I. C. M. and Karamalla, K. A. (1968). Studies on uronic acid materials: Part XXXII. Some structural features of the gum exudate from acacia seyal. Carbohydr. Research, Vol. 6, pp.97.
Ashiq H. P., Nasreen M., Khalid I. M., Moshahid A. R., and Sharif A. (2019). Periodate-Modified Gum Arabic Cross-linked PVA Hydrogels: A Promising Approach toward Photoprotection and Sustained Delivery of Folic Acid. ACS Omega 4 (14), 16026-16036, DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02137.
Ayeldeen M, Negm A, El-Sawwaf M, Kitazume M. (2019). Enhancing mechanical behaviors of collapsible soil using two biopolymers. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 9(2):329-39.
ATAR Sudan in perspectives (2025). Sudanese Gum Arabic in the Grip of War: From Supply Chains to Smuggling Routes. Collaboration between Facts Center for Journalism and Heinrich-Böll-Foundation - Horn of Africa. Network special reports 2. https://atarnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Atar-Network-Special-Report-2-Sudanese-Gum-Arabic-in-the-Grip-of-War-EN.pdf?
Baldwin, T. C., Quah, P. E. and Menzies, A. R. (1999). A Serotaxonomic study of Acacia gum exudates. Phytochemistry, 50, 599-606.
Bakar B.A., Saari S. & Surip N.A. (2017). Water absorption characteristic of interlocking compressed earth brick units. In AIP Conference Proceedings. (p. 020018). AIP Publishing LLC
Banerji, S.N. (1952). Surface-tension measurement of some colloidal solutions. I. Gum arabic, gum tragacanth, and dextrin solutions. Journal of Indian Chern. Soc. 29, 270-274.
Barksdale, R. D. (1991). “The Aggregate Handbook”, National Stone Association.
Baran, T., & Menteş, A. (2020). Production of palladium nanocatalyst supported on modified gum arabic and investigation of its potential against treatment of environmental contaminants. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 161, 1559-1567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.321
Bhandaru, M., Walter, M., Mohebbi, N., Wagner, C. A., Saeed, A. M. and Lang, F. (2010).
Down regulation of Mouse Intestinal Na+-coupled Glucose Transporter SGLT1 by Gum Arabic (Acacia Senegal). Cell Physiol. Biochem., 25, 203-210.
Bliss D.Z., Stein T.P, Schleifer C.R., Settle R. G. (1996). Supplementation with gum Arabic fiber increases fecal nitrogen excretion and lowers serum urea nitrogen concentration in chronic renal failure patients consuming a low‑protein diet. Am J Clin Nutr 63:392‑8.
Calame W., Weseler A.R., Viebke C., Flynn C. & Siemensma A.D. (2008). Gum Arabic establishes prebiotic functionality in healthy human volunteers in a dose‑dependent manner. Br J Nutr. 100:1269‑75.
Chabot, V., Kim, B., Sloper, B., Tzoganakis, C., & Yu, A. (2013). High yield production and purification of few layer graphene by Gum Arabic assisted physical sonication. Scientific Reports, 3(1). doi:10.1038/srep01378
Chang I, Im J, Prasidhi AK, Cho G. C. (2015). Effects of Xanthan gum biopolymer on soil strengthening. Construction and Building Materials. 74:65-72.
Cherbut C., Michel C., Raison V., Kravtchenko T. & Severine M. (2003). Acacia Gum is a Bifidogenic Dietary Fibre with High Digestive Tolerance in Healthy Humans. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 15:43-50.
Cecil, C. (2005) Gum Arabic, chemically modified starches for food application – A review. Food [Accessed 6th November, 2022]. Retrieved from:
https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200502/gum.arabic.htm
Clark, G. L. and Mann, W. A. (1922). A quantitative study of the adsorption in solution and at Interfaces of sugars, dextrin, starch, gum arabic, and egg albumin, and the mechanism of their action as emulsifying agents. Journ. Biol. Chem., 52,157.
Dashtdar M., & Kardi K. (2018). Benefits of gum arabic, for a solitary kidney under adverse conditions: A case study. Chin Med Cult.1:88-96.
Dayoub, M. (2025). Trends and Challenges in Gum Arabic Markets in Key Producing Countries in Africa
(Sudan, Chad, Nigeria, and Senegal). Commodities, 4(3), 16.
https://doi.org/10.3390/commodities403001.
Dickinson, E. (2001 and 2003). Hydrocolloids at interfaces and the influence on the properties of dispersed systems. Food Hydrocolloids, Vol.17, No 1, pp. 25-39.
Dror, Y., Cohen, Y. and Yerushalmi-Rozen, R. (2006). Structure of gum Arabic in aqueous solutions. Journ. of Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys., 44, 3265–3271.
Dobelis, I.N. (1986). Magic and Medicine of Plants. Pleasantville, NY: Reader's Digest Association, Inc.;
Edouard, K., Haftu, A. Ahmed, L. & Ahmed, S. (2024). Response of Species to the Impact of Climate Change in the Gum Arabic Belt, Sudan: A Case Study in Acacia senegal. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change. 14. 305-323. 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i54191.
EFSA FEEDAP Panel (EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed), Villa, R.E., Azimonti, G., Bonos, E., Christensen, H., Durjava, M., Dusemund, B., Gehring, R., Glandorf, B., Kouba, M., López-Alonso, M., Marcon, F., Nebbia, C., Pechová, A., Prieto-Maradona, M., Röhe, I., Theodoridou, K., Galobart, J., Innocenti, M. L., Vettori, M. V., & Gkimprixi, E. (2025). Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of acacia gum (gum Arabic) for all animal species (A.I.P.G. Association for International Promotion of Gums). EFSA Journal, 23(7), e9542. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9542
Elmanan M, Al-Assaf S, Phillips GO, Williams PA (2008) Studies on Acacia exudate gums: part VI. Interfacial rheology of Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal. Food Hydrocoll 22:682e–6689.
Eltahir ME, Elsayed ME, Hamad MA. (2013). Assessment of local knowledge and traditional uses of Acacia senegal in rural areas of North Kordofan, Sudan. Agricultural development within the rural-urban continuum, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart-Hohenheim.
Eqbal, D. and Aminah, A. (2013). Utilization of gum Arabic for Industries and Human Health. American Journal of Applied Sciences 10 (10): 1270-1279.
Ganie, S. A., Ali, A., & Mazumdar, N. (2015). Iodine derivatives of chemically modified gum Arabic microspheres. Carbohydrate Polymers, 129, 224–231. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.044
Glicksman, M. and Sand, R. E. (1973). In Whishtler, R. L. (1993). “Industrial gums”, 3rd Ed. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 197. ISBN-978-0-12-746253-0
Glicksman, M. (1979). "Physicochemical aspects of starch gelatin”. In Blanshard, J.V.M and Mitchell, J.R. (Ed.) “Polysaccharides in Food". Butterworth, London.
Glover D. A., Ushida K, Phillips A. O. & Riley S.G. (2009). Acacia (sen) SUPERGUM (Gum Arabic): An evaluation of potential health benefits in human subjects. Food Hydrocoll.8:2410‑5.
Goodrum, L. J., Patel, A., Leykam, J. F. and Kieliszewski, M. J. (2000). Gum arabic glycoprotein contains glycomodules of both extension and arabinogalactan glycoproteins. Phytochemistry, Vol.54, No. 1, pp. 99-106, ISSN: 0031-9422.
Grosso, C. R. F. and De Carvalho, R. A. (2004). Characterization of gelatin-based films modified with transglutaminase, glyoxal and formaldehyde. Food Hydrocolloids, 18, 717–726.
Hassan, E. A., Al-Assaf, S., Phillips, G.O. and Williams, P.A. (2005). Studies on Acacia gums: Part III molecular weight characteristics of Acacia seyal var. seyal and Acacia seyal var fistula. Food Hydrocolloids, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 669-677, ISSN: 0268-005X.
Hassan EA (2000) Characterization and fractionation of Acacia seyal gum. Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Khartoum, Khartoum.
Idris, O.H.M., Williams, P.A. and Phillips, G.O. (1998). Characterization of gum from Acacia Senegal trees of different age and location using multi-detection gel permeation chromatography. Food Hydrocolloid. 12, 379–388.
Islam, A. M. (1997), In Nasir, O. (2012). A review of recent developments on the regulatory, structural and functional aspects of gum arabic. Food Hydrocolloids, 11 (4), 493-505.
Jani GK, Shah DP, Prajapati VD, Jain VC (2009) Gums and mucilages: versatile excipients for pharmaceutical formulations. Asian J Pharm Sci 4:309–323.
Jang J. (2020). A review of the application of biopolymers on geotechnical engineering and the strengthening mechanisms between typical biopolymers and soils. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering.
Joga J.R., Varaprasad B.J. (2020). Effect of xanthan gum biopolymer on dispersive properties of soils. World Journal of Engineering. 17(4):563-71.
Karamalla KA (1999) Gum arabic production, chemistry and applications. University of Khartoum, Khartoum.
Kiada, S.H., Tseng, Y. C., Tabata, Y. and Yyon (1990). In vitro toxicity test of 2-yanoacrylate polymers by cell culture method. Journ. Biomed. Mater. Res. 21: 1355–1367. Kaushik, A,
Kim, Y. D., Morr, C. V. and Schenz, T. W. (1996). Microencapsulation Properties of Gum Arabic and Several Food Proteins: Liquid Orange Oil Emulsion Particles. Journ. Agric. Food Chemistry, 44, 1308-1313.
Larson, B.A., and Bromley, D.W. (1991). Natural resource prices, export policies and deforestation: the case of Sudan. World Development, Vol.19, No.10, pp.1289-1297, ISSN: 0305-750X.
Marcuse R. (1960). Antioxidative effect of amino‑acids. Nature. 186:886‑7
Medvey B, Dobszay G. (2020). Durability of stabilized earthen constructions: a review. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. 38(3):2403-25.
Mahendran, T., Williams, P.A., Philips, G.O., Al-Asaaf, S. and Baldwin, T.C. (2008). New insights into the structural characteristics of the arabinogalactan-protein (AGP) fraction of gum arabic. Journ. Agric Food Chem. 56(19): 9269 – 76.
Mariana, A. M., María, L. B., Lorena, V. and Claudio, D. B. (2012). Gum Arabic: More than an Edible Emulsifier. Products and Applications of Biopolymers. Dr. Johan Verbeek (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0226-7, InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/products-and-applications-of biopolymers/gumarabic-more-than-an-edible-emulsifier.
Mark Golden (22nd Aug, 2022). http://www.justpaint.org/jp31/jp31article6.php
McLean R. A. H., Eastwood M.A., Brydon W.G., Busuttil A., Mckay L.F., & Anderson D.M. (1984). A study of the effects of dietary gum Arabic in the rat. Br J Nutr 51:47-56.2.
Mocak, J., Jurasek, P., Phillips, G.O., Vargas, S. Casadei, E. and Chikamai, B.N. (1998). The classification of natural gums. X. Chemometric characterization of exudate gums that conform to the revised specification of the gum arabic for food use, and the identification of adulterants. Food Hydrocolloids, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp 141-150, ISSN: 0268-005X.
Mohamed AM, Osman M.H, Smaoui H, Mohd Ariffin M.A. (2017). Permeability and tensile strength of concrete with Arabic gum biopolymer. Advances in Civil Engineering.
Mohamed AM, Osman MH, Smaoui H, Mohd Ariffin MA. (2018). Durability and microstructure properties of concrete with Arabic gum biopolymer admixture. Advances in Civil Engineering.
Mohamed, S. A., Elsherbini, A. M., Alrefaey, H. R., Adelrahman, K., Moustafa, A., Egodawaththa, N. M., Crawford, K. E., Nesnas, N., & Sabra, S. A. (2025). Gum Arabic: A Commodity with Versatile Formulations and Applications. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), 15(4), 290. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040290
Muhwezi L & Achanit S.E. (2019). Effect of sand on the properties of compressed soil-cement stabilized blocks. Colloid and Surface Science. 4(1):1-6.
Muguda S, Booth SJ, Hughes PN, Augarde CE, Perlot C, Bruno AW, Gallipoli D. (2017). Mechanical properties of biopolymer-stabilised soil-based construction materials. Géotechnique Letters. 7(4):309-14.
Muguda S, Lucas G, Hughes P.N, Augarde C.E, Perlot C, Bruno A.W, et al. (2020). Durability and hygroscopic behaviour of biopolymer stabilised earthen construction materials. Construction and Building Materials. 259:119725.
Morton, J.F. (1977). Major medicinal plants. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas Publisher.
Nasir, O., Artun, F., Wang, K., Rexhepaj, R., Föller, M., Ebrahim, A., Kempe, D. S., Biswas, R., Islam, A. M., Phillips, G. O., Sljivo, A., Snowden, M. J. and Williams, P.A. (1997). A review of recent developments on the regulatory, structural and functional aspects of gum arabic. Food Hydrocolloids, 11 (4): 493-505.
Nasir, O., Artun, F., Saeed, A., Kambal, M.A., Kalbacher, H., Sandulache, D. and Lang, F. (2008). Effects of gum arabic (Acacia senegal) on water and electrolyte balance in healthy mice. Journal of Renal Nutrition. 18, 230–238.
Nasir, O., Umbach, A.T., Rexhepaj, R., Ackermann, F., Bhandaru, M., Ebrahim, A. and Lang, F. (2012). Effects of gum arabic (Acacia senegal) on renal function in diabetic mice. Kidney and Blood Pressure Research, 35, 365–372.
Navarro, A. (2008). Sudan's manna from heaven and strategic weapon, AFP. Wayback machine.
Nishi, K. K., Antony, M., Mohanan, P. V., Anilkumar, T. V., Loiseau, P. M., & Jayakrishnan, A. (2007). Amphotericin B-Gum Arabic Conjugates: Synthesis, Toxicity, Bioavailability, and Activities Against Leishmania and Fungi. Pharmaceutical Research, 24(5), 971–980. doi:10.1007/s11095-006-9222-z.
Okatahi, S. S and Onyibe, J. E. (2015). Production of Gum Arabic Extention Bulletin 78, Forestry series 11, Published by National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. In collaboration with The Rubber Research Institute of Nigerian Benin. http://www.naerls.gov.ng/extmat/bulletins/Gum%20Arabic.pdf.
Olatunji,O. (2018). Processing and Modification of Gum Arabic in Specific Applications. Gum Arabic. Vol. 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812002-6.00011-7
Omokhafe K. O, Imoren E. A & Samuel O. G. (2019). Climate change, Sahel Savanna, gum arabic and biotechnology. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 01(01), 001–003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2019.1.1.0002
Osagie, C. (2002). Gum Arabic and Diversification of Nigerian Economy. This day Publishing Co. Limited. Lagos, Nigeria.
Osborne, G. E. and Lee, C. O. (1951). In Abdel, R.A.M. (2004). Microflora Contamination of Gum Arabic (Acacia senegal Gum) from Tree to Store. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirement of the degree of Master of Science in Agricultural Biotechnology, Department of Botany and Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan.
Osman, M.E., Williams, P. A., Menzies, A. R. and Phillips, G. O. (1993). Characterization of Commercial Samples of Gum Arabic. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 71-77, ISSN: 0021-8561.
Paulino, A. T., Guilherme, M. R., Mattoso, L. H. C., & Tambourgi, E. B. (2010). Smart Hydrogels Based on Modified Gum Arabic as a Potential Device for Magnetic Biomaterial. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 211(11), 1196–1205. doi:10.1002/macp.200900657
Phan, T. D., Debaufort, F., Voilley, A. and Luu, D. (2009). Biopolymer interactions affect the functional properties of edible films based on agar, cassava starch and arabinoxylan blends. Journ. Food Eng. 90: 548-558.
Philips, G.O. (1998). Acacia Gum (gum arabic): a nutritional fibre; metabolism and calorific value. Food Addit. Contam. 15:251 – 264.
Philips, G. O. and Williams, P.A. (2006). Controlling the molecular structure of food hydrocolloids. Food Hydrocolloids, Vol. 20, No. 2-3, pp.369 – 377.
Pinnavaia, T.J. and Beall, G.W. (2000). Polymer–clay nanocomposites. New York: John Wiley and Sons Editors.
Prasad, N., Thombare, N., Sharma, S.C. & Kumar S. (2022). Gum Arabic – A versatile natural gum: A review on production, processing, properties and applications, Industrial Crops and Products. Volume 187, Part A, ISSN 0926-6690, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115304.
Qi, W., Fong, C. and Lamport, D. T. A. (1991). Gum Arabic glycoprotein is a twisted hairy rope. Plant Physiology. Vol. 96, No. 3, pp. 848–855, ISSN 0032-0889.
Ralph Jolyon (22nd Dec, 2015). http://www.mindat.org/min-2821.html
Ray, C., Apurba, K., Bird, P. B., Iacobucci, G. A. and Clark Jr, B. (1995). Functionality of gum Arabic. Fractionation, characterization and evaluation of gum fractions in citrus oil emulsions and model beverages. Food Hydrocolloids, 9(2): 123-131
Randall, R. C., Phillips, G. O. and Williams P. A. (1988). The role of the proteinaceous component on the emulsifying properties of gum Arabic. Food Hydrocolloids, 2, 131– 140.
Renard, D., Lavenant-Gourgeon, L., Ralet, M. and Sanchez, C. (2006). Acacia Senegal Gum: Continuum of Molecular Species Differing by Their Protein to Sugar Ratio, Molecular Weight, and Charges. Biomacromolecules, Vol.7, No.9, pp. 2637–2649, ISSN: 1525-7797.
Ribeiro F. W.M., Larissa D.L., Alves,C. R., Bastos M. S. R., Correia da Costa J. M., Canuto
K.M., Furtado R. F., (2014). Chemical Modification of Gum Arabic and Its Application in the Encapsulation of Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oil. Journal of Applied Polymer Sci. DOI: 10.1002/app.41519
Roeper, C.E. (2013). Gum Arabic applications. Nature is not Replaceable. Hamburg. http://www.roeper.de. todor@EVA, Hans - Duncker - Str. 13. D – 21035.
Saeed, A. M., Lang, F., Nasir, O., Artun, F., Wang, K., Rexhepaj, R., Föller, M., Ebrahim, A., Kempe, D. S., Biswas, R., Bhandaru, M., Walter, M., Mohebbi N. and Wagner C. A., (2010). Downregulation of Mouse Intestinal Na+-coupled Glucose Transporter SGLT1 by Gum Arabic (Acacia Senegal). Cell Physiol. Biochem., 25, 203210.
Salih M.M., Osofero A.I. & Imbabi M.S. (2020). Critical review of recent development in fiber reinforced adobe bricks for sustainable construction. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering. 1-6.
Sarah Saleh Obaid (2020). The Medical Uses of Gum Acacia-Gum Arabic (GA) In Human. Academic Journal of Research and Scientific Publishing | Vol 1 | Issue 10. ISSN: 2706-6495.
Said Said Elshama (2018). The preventive role of Arabic gum in the treatment of Toxicity. Bio Core.
Savalry, G., Hucher, N., Bernadi, E., Grisel, M. and Malhiac C. (2009). Relationship between the emulsifying properties of Acacia gums and the retention and diffusion of aroma compounds. Food Hydrocolloids, 24,178-183.
Seema, P. and Arun, G. (2015). Applications of Natural Polymer Gum Arabic: A Review, International Journal of Food Properties, 18:5, pp.986 – 998.
Seigler, D. S. (2002). Phytochemistry of Acacia-sensu lato. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 31, 845-873.
Siddig, N.E., Osman, M.E., Al-Assaf, S., Phillips, G.O. and Williams, P.A. (2005). Studies on acacia exudate gums, part IV. Distribution of molecular components in Acacia seyal in relation to Acacia senegal. Food Hydrocolloids, Vol. 19, No.4, (July 2005), pp. 679-686, ISSN: 0268-005X.
Shi, Y., Li, C., Zhang, L., Huang, T., Ma, D., Tu, Z. & Ouyang, B. (2017). Characterization andemulsifying properties of octenyl succinate anhydride modified Acacia seyal gum (gum arabic). Food Hydrocolloids, 65, 10–16. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.10.043
Smith, J. S. and Pillai, S. (2004). Irradiation and food safety. Food Technol. 58, 48–55.
Tiss A., Carrière F., Verger R. (2001). Effects of gum Arabic on lipase interfacial binding and activity. Anal Biochem. 294:36‑43.
Tiwari, A. (2007). Gum Arabic‐Graft‐Polyaniline: An Electrically Active Redox Biomaterial for
Sensor Applications. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A, 44(7), 735–745. doi:10.1080/10601320701353116
Tomas, A.W. and Murray, H. A. (1928). A Physico-chemical of Gum Arabic, J.Phys. Chem. 32: 676.
Toti, U. S., Soppimath, K. S., Mallikarjuna, N. N., & Aminabhavi, T. M. (2004). Acrylamide-
grafted-acacia gum polymer matrix tablets as erosion-controlled drug delivery systems. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 93(5), 2245–2253. doi:10.1002/app.20768
Verbeken, D., Dierckx, S. and Dewettinck, K. (2003). Exudate gums. Occurrence, production, and applications. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 63, 10–21.
Vissac A, Bourgès A, Gandreau D, Anger R, Fontaine L. (2017). Clays & Biopolymers – Natural stabilizers for earthen construction.
Whiteside, W. S., Yi, J. B., Kim, Y. T., Bae, H. J. and Park, H. J. (2006). Influence of transglutaminase-induced cross-linking on properties of fish gelatine films. Journ. of Food Sci. 71, 376–383.
Whistler, R. L. (1959). "Industrial gums", Fractionation, characterization and evaluation of gum fractions in citrus oil emulsions and model beverages. Food Hydrocolloids, 9 (2), 123131. Academic Press, London.
Williams, P. A., Phillips, G. O. and Stephen, A. M. (1990). Spectroscopic and molecular comparisons of three fractions from Acacia senegal gum. Food Hydrocolloids, Vol.4, No.4, (December 1990), pp. 305-311, ISSN: 0268-005X.
Wilhelm, P. H. (1891). Taubert’s Leguminosae. In Engelmann (ed.): Naturliche Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. III, 3 (http://www.biolib.de) Access date: 8th November, 2022:
http://gumarabic.blogspot.com/2011/01/origin-of-gum-arabic.html).
Williams, P.A. and Philips, G.O. (2000). Tree exudate gums; natural and versatile food additives and ingredients. Food Ingredients and Analysis International, Vol. 23, (nd), pp. 26-28, ISSN: 0968-574X.
Wouw, M. V. (2025). The European market potential for acacia gum. [Accessed 16th December, 2025]. https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/natural-food-additives/acacia-gum/market-potential
Yadav, M. P., Igartuburu, J. M., Yan, Y. and Nothnagel, E. A. (2007). Chemical investigation of the structural basis of the emulsifying activity of gum Arabic. Food Hydrocoll., 21, 297– 308.
Zhang, Z. and Friedrich, K. (2003). Artificial neural networks applied to polymer composites: a review. Compos. Sci. Technol., Vol. 63, 2029-2044.
Zhang, R., Ni, Q.Q., Natsuki, T. & Iwamoto, M. (2007). Mechanical properties of composites filled with SMA particles and short fibers. Composite Structures, Vol. 79, 90-96.
Ziada, A., Ali, B. H. and Blunden, G. (2008). Biological effects of gum Arabic: A review of some recent research. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47, 1-8.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All articles published in our journal are licensed under CC-BY 4.0, which permits authors to retain copyright of their work. This license allows for unrestricted use, sharing, and reproduction of the articles, provided that proper credit is given to the original authors and the source.