Innovative Agricultural Robotics: Addressing Labour and Efficiency Challenges Through a Multipurpose IOT-Controlled Platform.

Modern agriculture faces a convergence of critical challenges: acute labour shortages, escalating agrochemical costs, inefficient manual seed sowing, and persistent weed infestations that collectively reduce crop yields by 20 - 40% in smallholder farms. This paper presents a Multipurpose Agriculture Robot, a low-cost, farmer-configurable, IoT-controlled robotic platform designed to address these challenges through a unified modular architecture. The proposed system integrates three primary operational units - chemical spraying and irrigation unit, a precision seeding unit and a cutting unit -  mounted on a common ESP32-based chassis equipped with servo-actuated extensible folding-arm mechanisms. The arms dynamically adjust irrigation and pesticide spray coverage width from 30 cm to 90 cm per side in real time without halting field operations, a feature not available in any existing low-cost agricultural robot. Optional attachments including a field - leveling tool can be added or removed via a standardized quick-connect modular tool bay, enabling season-specific farmer configuration. A dedicated mobile application communicates with the robot over Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, providing real-time directional control, arm angle adjustment, spray activation and cutting unit. Mathematical models govern irrigation water calculation using soil moisture feedback and seeding error minimization using motor-speed adjustment.

Agricultural robotics, modular design, extensible arm mechanism, IoT-based control, seeding automation

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