Housing Crisis and Informal Settlements: Urbanization, Infrastructure and Planning Challenges in Kabul City, Afghanistan

Kabul city the capital of Afghanistan is one of the most neglected and rapidly expanding cities in South Asia. In addition to decades of violent war, forced relocation, and institutional failure, it has a serious housing shortage. Based on five criteria—tenure security, water availability, sanitation, durable materials, and adequate living space—86% of Afghanistan's urban housing stock can be classified as "slum" (UN-Habitat, 2017). The difficulties of urbanization, the expansion of informal settlements, inadequate infrastructure, and poor planning in Kabul are all covered in detail in this article. The study uses data from international agencies, urban planning studies, and peer-reviewed literature to monitor Kabul's population expansion from 500,000 to an estimated 4.6 to 6 million people, most of whom reside in unplanned settlements without basic amenities. According to compiled data, there was no appreciable development in the infrastructure of peripheral informal settlements prior to 2021. The main causes of the issue are examined in this study, including internal displacement, migration from rural to urban areas, unstable land tenure, corruption, and ongoing underfunding of local governments. Evidence-based policy recommendations for community-driven infrastructure, tenure regularization, integrated metropolitan governance, and participatory upgrading are presented in the paper's conclusion. The findings have broader ramifications for comprehending urbanization affected by war and sustainable development in fragile states.

Kabul, Afghanistan, housing crisis, informal settlements, urbanization, infrastructure, Urban planning, internal displacement, land tenure, fragile states.etc.

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