Comparative Assessment of Enzyme inhibiting Properties of Selected Ethnomedicinal Cereals (Panicum sumatrense and Eleusine coracana) used in The Management of Diabetes Mellitus

This study comparatively evaluated the inhibitory effects of two ethnomedicinal cereals, Panicum sumatrense and Eleusine coracana, on carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes associated with postprandial hyperglycemia. Aqueous extracts of the cereals were prepared and tested for their inhibitory activities against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes at concentrations ranging from 1–5 mg/ml. Acarbose served as the standard reference drug. The results showed that both extracts exhibited inhibitory activities against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in a concentration-dependent manner. For α-amylase inhibition, Panicum sumatrense and Eleusine coracana showed IC₅₀ values of 3.25 mg/ml and 5.00 mg/ml respectively, while acarbose exhibited a lower IC₅₀ of 1.28 mg/ml. In the α-glucosidase assay, Eleusine coracana demonstrated stronger inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 3.87 mg/ml) compared to Panicum sumatrense (IC₅₀ = 4.30 mg/ml), although both were less potent than acarbose (IC₅₀ = 0.30 mg/ml). The findings suggest that these ethnomedicinal cereals possess significant enzyme inhibitory activities which may contribute to their traditional use in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Ethnomedicinal cereals, Aqueous extracts, Enzyme inhibitory, Diabetes mellitus

1. Abioye,VF, Babatunde,GO, Ogunlakin, GO, AdejuyitanJA, Olatunde, SJ, and Abioye, AO(2022). Varietal and Processing influence on Nutritional and Phytochemical Properties of Finger Millet: Review. Heliyon8(12) e12310. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Ahmad, E., Lim, S., Lamptey, R., Webb, D.R., Davies, M.J. (2022). Type 2 diabetes. The Lancet. 400 (10365):1803‐1820. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. American Diabetes Association. (2014). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 37: S81–90. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. American Diabetes Association. (2018). Cardiovascular disease and risk management: Standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care. 41:86–104. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. American Diabetes Association. (2018). Introduction: Standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care. 41:1–2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. American Diabetes Association. (2018). Microvascular complications and foot care: Standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care.;41:105 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Kim, Y.M., Wang, M.H. and Rhee, H.I. (2004). A novel alpha glucosidase inhibitor from pine bark (Pinus densiflora). Carbohydrate Research, 339 (3): 715-717. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Kumar, A., Yadav, S., Panwar, P., Gaur, V. S. and Sood, S. (2016). Identification of anchored simple sequence repeat markers associated with calcium content in finger millet (Eleusine coracana). Proc. National Academic Science India Sect. B Biol. Sci. 85, 311–317 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Mathanghi, S. K., and Sudha, K. (2012). Functional and phytochemical properties of finger millet for health. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biological Science. 2, 431–438. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Miller, G. L.; Anal. Chem. 1959, 31, 426. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Ravindran, G. (1992). Seed protein of millets: amino acid composition, proteinase inhibitors [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. and in vitro protein digestibility. Food Chemistry. 44: 13-17. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Rawshani, A., Rawshani A, Franzén S, Eliasson B., Svensson A.M, Miftaraj, M., et al. (2017). Mortality and cardiovascular disease in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. N. Engl J. Med. 376:1407–18. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Saini, S., Saxena, S., Samtiya, M., Puniya, M. and Dhewa, T. (2021). Potential of Underutilized Millets as Nutritional-Cereal: An Overview. Journal of Food Science. Technology. 58, 4465–4477. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Shobana, S., Kumari, S. R., Malleshi, N. G., and Ali, S. Z. (2007). Glycemic response of rice, wheat and finger millet based diabetic food formulations in normoglycemic subjects. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 58, 363–372. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Shukla, K., and Srivastava, S. (2014). Evaluation of finger millet incorporated noodles for nutritive value and glycemic index. J. Food Sci. Technol. 51, 527–534 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Simardeep Kaur, Arti Kumari, Karishma Seem, Gurkanwal Kaur, Deepash Kumar...et Al., (2024 ). Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.) From staple to superfood:a comprehensive review on nutritional, bioactive, industrial and climate resilient potential. Planta260(3): 75 . [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Singh, M., Metwal, M., Kumar, V. A., and Kumar, A. (2016). Identification and molecular characterization of 48 kDa calcium binding protein as calreticulin from finger millet (Eleusine coracana) using peptide mass finger printing and transcript profiling. Journal of Science Food Agriculture. 96, 672–679. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Srivastava, M., and Deal, C. (2002). Osteoporosis in elderly: prevention andtreatment. Clin. Geriatr. Med. 18, 529–555. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. van Dam, R. M., Hu, F. B., Rosenberg, L., Krishnan, S., and Palmer, J. R. (2006). Dietary calcium and magnesium, major food sources, and risk of type 2 diabetes in U.S. black women. Diabetes Care 29, 2238–2243. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Block-Based Programming for Education: A Comprehensive Analysis of Visual Programming Environments in K-12 Learning
• Management of Academic Libraries and Client Satisfaction Towards Digital Utilization: Basis for Monitoring Library Operations in SOCCSKSARGEN Region.
• Revenue Leakages in TPA Insurance Claims and Corporate Claims: An Institutional Overview of Aster Prime Hospital, Hyderabad
• Technology and Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism: A Management Perspective
• Geospatial Distribution of Tarok Sacred Grove of Langtang North and Langtang South Local Government Areas