The Role of Agricultural Extension in Farmers’ Technology Adoption for Sustainable Agricultural Practices in Davao Oriental, Philippines
Shiella Mae B. Inutan1, Ivan L. Dujali1, Maryjoy S. Bacus2, Anecil S. Quijano-Pagutayao2, Venson B. Sarita*3
1Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Davao Oriental State University,
City of Mati, Davao Oriental, Philippines
2College of Agriculture, Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon, Philippines
3Faculty of Computing, Engineering, and Technology, Davao Oriental State University,
City of Mati, Davao Oriental, Philippines
Agricultural extension services play a crucial role in promoting technology adoption among farmers, leading to increased productivity and sustainable agricultural practices. This systematic review examines the structure, policies, and implementation of agricultural extension in Davao Oriental, focusing on the challenges and opportunities for technology adoption. Findings highlight the collaborative efforts between government agencies, such as the Agricultural Training Institute (ATI), and private sector initiatives in delivering extension services. Policies and funding mechanisms, including the Agriculture and Fisheries Extension (AFE) Strategic Plan 2023-2028, have contributed to the development of localized extension programs. However, challenges such as limited financial resources, digital literacy gaps, and socio-cultural barriers hinder widespread adoption. This paper emphasizes the need for enhanced extension strategies, including digital and ICT-based platforms, participatory learning approaches, and financial support systems to encourage technology dissemination. Furthermore, community-based initiatives, such as cooperatives and peer learning networks, are recommended to strengthen knowledge sharing and confidence in new agricultural technologies. By addressing existing barriers and improving extension strategies, farmers in Davao Oriental can achieve long-term sustainability and resilience in agriculture.
Keywords: Agricultural extension, technology adoption, sustainable agriculture, Davao Oriental, extension strategies.
Agricultural extension services have long been considered a cornerstone of rural development, particularly in agrarian economies where farming remains a primary livelihood. These services facilitate the transfer of agricultural innovations from research institutions to farmers, thereby bridging the gap between scientific advancements and grassroots application (Davis et al., 2012). Through structured training, field demonstrations, and advisory services, agricultural extension aims to enhance farmers’ knowledge, improve productivity, and promote sustainable practices. In many developing countries, including the Philippines, extension services play a crucial role in achieving food security, climate resilience, and rural empowerment (Kassem et al., 2023).
In the Philippines, agricultural extension has undergone significant transformation, evolving from top-down, supply-driven systems to more participatory and technology-enabled approaches. The government, through the Agricultural Training Institute (ATI), leads the charge in delivering decentralized and digitized extension services. The ATI’s Agriculture and Fisheries Extension Strategic Plan (2023–2028) emphasizes digital integration, agripreneurship, and localized service delivery to increase the sector’s resilience and competitiveness (ATI Central Office, 2023). This strategic realignment is especially critical in regions like Davao Oriental, where agriculture constitutes a vital part of the local economy and where farmers are increasingly vulnerable to environmental and market shocks.
Despite the strategic direction and policy support, technology adoption among Filipino farmers remains inconsistent and slow. In Davao Oriental, this is evident in the limited uptake of climate-resilient crops, organic farming methods, and ICT-based advisory tools. Barriers such as inadequate financial resources, digital illiteracy, socio-cultural resistance, and fragmented service delivery hinder widespread technology adoption (Dissanayake et al., 2022; Briones et al., 2023). While pockets of successful adoption exist—such as among coffee farmers near Mt. Hamiguitan practicing agroforestry—these cases are exceptions rather than the norm (Bacong et al., 2024).
One key issue is the mismatch between available technologies and the localized needs and capacities of farmers. National programs often lack contextual grounding in community-level realities, making the technologies introduced difficult to implement or sustain. Moreover, the limited involvement of farmers in the planning and evaluation of extension activities weakens the relevance and ownership of interventions (Chambers, 1994). Consequently, while policies and programs are in place, the mechanisms for effective and inclusive technology transfer require further examination and enhancement.
The need for this study stems from the urgency to close the gap between agricultural innovation and farmer adoption in Davao Oriental. As the province grapples with challenges such as climate variability, declining soil fertility, and volatile market prices, empowering farmers with appropriate technologies becomes not just an economic imperative but also an ecological and social one (Sarita & Inutan, 2025). This requires reimagining the role of agricultural extension as not only a conduit of knowledge but also a platform for participatory, context-sensitive, and sustainable development.
This paper addresses the research gap concerning the effectiveness of agricultural extension services in fostering technology adoption for sustainable agriculture in Davao Oriental. While previous studies have examined national-level extension systems, fewer have focused specifically on localized dynamics, community responses, and the socio-technical factors influencing adoption at the provincial level (Gonzales & Magcale-Macandog, 2020). Additionally, limited research has explored how digital tools, community-based approaches, and financial mechanisms intersect to influence the effectiveness of extension services.
The main objective of this study is to systematically review the role of agricultural extension in technology adoption among farmers in Davao Oriental. Specifically, it seeks to examine the structure and strategies of extension services in the province, identify key factors facilitating or hindering technology adoption, assess the integration of digital and participatory approaches, and provide recommendations to enhance extension strategies for sustainable agricultural development.
To achieve these objectives, the study adopts a systematic review methodology, analyzing peer-reviewed journal articles, government reports, case studies, and policy documents from the past ten years. Keywords such as “agricultural extension,” “technology adoption,” “sustainable agriculture,” and “Davao Oriental” were used in sourcing the literature. Thematic analysis was applied to synthesize findings across different data sources, providing both qualitative and quantitative insights into the effectiveness of extension services in the province.
By focusing on Davao Oriental as a case study, this research contributes to the broader discourse on agricultural transformation in the Philippines. It not only highlights the successes and limitations of current extension strategies but also offers actionable pathways for scaling effective practices. Importantly, the study foregrounds the voices of local farmers, cooperatives, and extension workers—stakeholders who are too often left at the periphery of policy design yet are central to its implementation.
Ultimately, this study argues that agricultural extension in Davao Oriental can serve as a catalyst for sustainable development—provided that it is adequately funded, contextually tailored, and participatory in nature. In doing so, it reinforces the idea that agricultural modernization is not merely about introducing new technologies, but about building systems of learning, collaboration, and trust that empower farmers to innovate and adapt in the face of change.
This systematic review follows a structured approach to analyzing the role of agricultural extension in farmers’ technology adoption for sustainable agricultural practices. The review process involves three main stages: literature selection, data extraction, and synthesis. To ensure a comprehensive and objective analysis, peer-reviewed journal articles, government reports, and relevant policy documents were collected from reputable sources. Keywords such as “agricultural extension,” “technology adoption,” “sustainable agriculture,” “Davao Oriental,” and extension strategies” were used to identify relevant literature. The selection criteria included studies published within the last ten years, focusing on the structure, policies, challenges, and opportunities in agricultural extension and technology dissemination. Grey literature, such as reports from the Agricultural Training Institute (ATI) and Philippine government agencies, was also considered to capture localized extension strategies.
Following the literature selection, data extraction was conducted to identify key themes, patterns, and findings related to agricultural extension in Davao Oriental. The extracted data included information on extension service models, digital innovations, policy support, and farmer adoption rates of new technologies. Studies were categorized based on their focus, such as government-led extension programs, private sector contributions, financial mechanisms, and socio-cultural barriers to technology adoption. Qualitative data from case studies and policy documents were synthesized to provide contextual insights, while quantitative findings were used to highlight measurable impacts of extension services on productivity and income levels. By triangulating multiple data sources, the review aimed to present a balanced perspective on the effectiveness and limitations of existing extension strategies.
For the synthesis stage, a thematic analysis was performed to integrate findings from multiple sources. The results were organized into key discussion areas, including the role of digital and ICT-based extension platforms, participatory learning approaches, and the impact of financial and policy support on technology dissemination. The discussions focuses on these topics; “Agricultural Extension Services in Davao Oriental”, “Technology Adoption among Farmers in Davao Oriental”, “Sustainable Agricultural Practices and their Adoption through Extension Services”, “Impact of Agricultural Extension on Farmers’ Productivity and Income”, “Enhancing Agricultural Extension Strategies for Effective Technology Transfer”.
The review also examined community-based initiatives such as cooperatives and peer learning networks to assess their effectiveness in knowledge-sharing and technology adoption. Limitations of the study were acknowledged, particularly regarding the availability of empirical data on specific extension initiatives in Davao Oriental. However, by analyzing a diverse range of sources, this systematic review provides a comprehensive evaluation of agricultural extension services and offers recommendations for enhancing technology adoption to achieve sustainable agriculture in the region.
Agricultural Extension Services in Davao Oriental
Agricultural extension services in Davao Oriental are important for enhancing farmers’ knowledge and practices, leading to increased productivity and sustainable agriculture. These services encompass training programs, workshops, and field demonstrations that introduce modern farming techniques and sustainable methods to local farmers. The primary aim is to equip farmers with the necessary skills and information to improve crop yields while ensuring environmental sustainability (Davis et al., 2012; Gonzales & Magcale-Macandog, 2020).
The structure of these extension services involves both government and private sector participation. Government agencies, notably the Agricultural Training Institute (ATI), play a leading role in providing training and resources to farmers. The ATI has been designated as the lead agency for e-Extension services, integrating digital technologies into agriculture to enhance knowledge dissemination (ATI Davao, n.d.; Briones et al., 2023). Private organizations and cooperatives also contribute by offering specialized training and financial support, creating a collaborative effort to uplift the agricultural sector (Alzate, 2013).
Policies and funding are crucial to the success of these extension activities. The ATI’s Agriculture and Fisheries Extension (AFE) Strategic Plan for 2023–2028 emphasizes objectives such as efficient production, improved competitiveness through agripreneurship, and ensuring nourishment among Filipino farm and fisher families. This plan also highlights the importance of integrating digital technologies to increase farmers’ access to relevant information (ATI Central Office, 2023). Additionally, local initiatives like the Province-led Agriculture and Fisheries Extension System aim to empower provinces by localizing agricultural development (ATI Davao Region, 2023).
In Davao Oriental, specific programs have been implemented to support farmers. For example, micro-financing initiatives through cooperative development have enabled farmers to adopt technologies for producing hybrid rice, hybrid corn, and eggplant. These programs have led to significant increases in farmers’ incomes and crop productivity, demonstrating the positive impact of well-structured policies and financial support (Alzate, 2013; Bayani & Corpus, 2024).
The collaborative efforts between government agencies and private sectors have resulted in a more robust agricultural extension system in Davao Oriental. By working together, these entities ensure that farmers receive comprehensive support, from technical training to financial assistance, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural practices (Bacong et al., 2024; Agro-Eco Philippines, 2020).
Moreover, the integration of digital technologies into extension services has revolutionized the way information is disseminated to farmers. Through e-Extension services, farmers can now access up-to-date information and training materials online, making learning more accessible and efficient (Fabregas et al., 2019; ATI Davao, n.d.).
Funding support from both government and private sectors has been instrumental in sustaining these extension activities. Allocations for training programs, infrastructure development, and technology adoption initiatives ensure that farmers have the necessary resources to implement modern farming practices (Sarita & Inutan, 2025; ATI Davao Region, 2023).
The combined efforts of government policies, funding mechanisms, and collaborative programs have strengthened agricultural extension services in Davao Oriental. By continuously adapting and implementing effective strategies, these services contribute to sustainable agricultural practices and the overall development of the farming community in the province (Mwangi, 2024; Mendoza & Quiton, 2024).
Technology Adoption among Farmers in Davao Oriental
The adoption of new agricultural technologies among farmers is influenced by various factors. These include individual characteristics such as age, education level, and farming experience, as well as external elements like access to credit and extension services. Understanding these factors is essential for promoting sustainable agricultural practices in the region (Mwangi, 2024).
One significant factor affecting technology adoption is the personal attributes of farmers. For instance, younger farmers are often more open to trying new technologies compared to older ones. Additionally, those with higher education levels tend to understand and implement innovative practices more readily. Experience in farming also plays a role; seasoned farmers may rely on traditional methods, while less experienced ones might be more willing to experiment with new techniques (Kassem et al., 2023).
Socioeconomic and cultural barriers also impact the willingness of farmers to adopt new technologies. Limited financial resources can hinder the ability to invest in modern equipment or practices. Cultural beliefs and traditions may lead some farmers to stick with familiar methods passed down through generations, making them hesitant to embrace change (Gonzales & Magcale-Macandog, 2020).
Access to information and support services is crucial for technology adoption. Farmers who have regular contact with agricultural extension services are more likely to be aware of and implement new technologies. These services provide essential training and resources that help farmers understand the benefits and application of innovative practices (Fabregas et al., 2019).
The characteristics of the technologies themselves also influence adoption rates. If a new technology is perceived as too complex or incompatible with existing farming systems, farmers may be reluctant to adopt it. Conversely, technologies that are affordable, easy to use, and demonstrate clear benefits are more likely to be embraced by the farming community (Douthwaite et al., 2003).
Opportunities to improve technology dissemination in Davao Oriental include enhancing the reach and effectiveness of extension services. By providing more localized and tailored support, extension workers can address specific concerns and needs of farmers, making new technologies more accessible and relevant (Boz & Akbay, 2005).
Financial support mechanisms, such as micro-financing programs, can also play a pivotal role. By offering affordable credit options, these programs enable farmers to invest in new technologies that they might not otherwise afford, thereby facilitating adoption and improving productivity (Sarita & Inutan, 2025).
Community-based approaches, including farmer cooperatives and peer learning groups, can further enhance technology adoption. When farmers observe the successes of their peers, they may be more inclined to try new methods themselves. These social networks can serve as platforms for sharing experiences and building confidence in new technologies (Chambers, 1994).
Sustainable Agricultural Practices and their Adoption through Extension Services
The promotion of sustainable agricultural practices has become a priority to ensure environmental health and improve farmers’ livelihoods. Climate-smart and regenerative agricultural techniques, such as agroforestry, intercropping, and organic farming, are being introduced to address challenges like soil degradation and climate change. These methods aim to enhance productivity while preserving natural resources (FAO, 2021).
Agroforestry, which integrates trees into farming systems, has been shown to improve soil fertility and provide additional income sources through timber and fruit production. Intercropping, the practice of growing multiple crops together, reduces pest infestations and optimizes land use. Organic farming eliminates synthetic chemicals, leading to healthier soils and produce. These practices contribute to a more resilient agricultural system in the region (Pretty et al., 2018).
Extension workers play a crucial role in promoting these sustainable practices. They serve as the bridge between research institutions and farmers, facilitating the transfer of knowledge and skills. By organizing training sessions, workshops, and field demonstrations, extension workers help farmers understand and adopt new techniques. Their continuous support ensures that farmers can implement these practices effectively (Swanson & Rajalahti, 2010).
The establishment of training centers further enhances the capacity of extension services. For instance, the Davao Oriental Development Centre, inaugurated in February 2024, serves as a hub for agricultural innovation. Equipped with modern facilities, it provides hands-on training to farmers, enabling them to learn and apply sustainable farming methods. Such infrastructure strengthens the overall agricultural extension system in the province (Davao Oriental Provincial Information Office, 2024).
Collaborations with organizations like Agro-Eco Philippines have also been instrumental. These partnerships focus on transitioning farmers to agroecological and organic regenerative practices. By emphasizing local knowledge and sustainable methods, they empower farmers to become more self-reliant and environmentally conscious. Such collaborations enrich the resources available to extension workers and farmers alike (Agro-Eco Philippines, 2020).
Case studies in the region highlight the success of these initiatives. For example, small-scale coffee farmers along the buffer zone of Mt. Hamiguitan have adopted sustainable practices, leading to improved yields and quality. Through training and support from extension services, these farmers have enhanced their production capacities and adapted to climate change challenges. This success underscores the effectiveness of targeted extension programs (Bacong et al., 2024).
Another notable initiative is the training of Agricultural Extension Workers (AEWs) to enhance soybean production in the Davao region. By equipping AEWs with the necessary skills and knowledge, they can better support farmers in adopting sustainable practices. This approach not only improves crop yields but also contributes to the region’s goal of reducing reliance on imports (ATI RTC XI, 2024).
The combined efforts of extension workers, training centers, and collaborative organizations have significantly advanced the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices in Davao Oriental. These initiatives have led to increased productivity, environmental conservation, and improved livelihoods for farmers. Continued support and innovation in extension services are essential to maintain and build upon these achievements (Rasul, 2022).
Impact of Agricultural Extension on Farmers’ Productivity and Income
Agricultural extension services play an important role in enhancing farmers’ productivity and income by providing them with essential knowledge, skills, and resources. These services include training programs, workshops, and access to new technologies, all aimed at improving farming practices. By adopting these improved methods, farmers can achieve higher yields and better-quality produce, leading to increased income and improved livelihoods (Anderson & Feder, 2004).
Studies have shown measurable effects of extension services on farm output and livelihoods. For instance, participation in agricultural extension programs has been associated with significant increases in crop productivity and household expenditure per capita, indicating improved economic well-being among farming households (Davis et al., 2012). These findings underscore the importance of extension services in promoting agricultural development and poverty reduction.
Comparisons between farmers with and without access to extension services reveal notable differences in productivity and income. Farmers who utilize extension services often experience higher crop yields and greater profitability compared to those who do not. For example, a study in Kenya found that farmers using devolved agricultural extension services increased their crop income by KSh. 5,165.87 per acre compared to non-users (Mwangi, 2024). This highlights the positive impact of extension services on agricultural outcomes.
The long-term benefits of continuous extension support are substantial. Sustained engagement with extension services enables farmers to stay updated on best practices, adapt to changing environmental conditions, and implement innovative technologies. Over time, this continuous support contributes to improved farm productivity, increased income, and enhanced food security. Moreover, it fosters resilience among farming communities, enabling them to better cope with challenges such as climate change and market fluctuations (Swanson & Rajalahti, 2010).
Access to extension services also influences farmers’ decision-making processes. With proper guidance, farmers are more likely to adopt sustainable practices, invest in quality inputs, and diversify their farming activities. This informed decision-making leads to more efficient resource utilization and higher returns on investment, thereby improving overall farm performance (Feder, Murgai, & Quizon, 2004).
Furthermore, extension services often facilitate access to markets by providing information on market trends, quality standards, and pricing. This market linkage empowers farmers to negotiate better prices for their produce, enhancing their income and economic stability. Additionally, extension programs that incorporate information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been effective in disseminating timely information, further boosting productivity and income (Fabregas et al., 2019).
It’s important to note that the effectiveness of extension services can be influenced by various factors, including the quality of the services provided, the methods of delivery, and the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers. Tailoring extension programs to meet the specific needs of different farmer groups, considering factors such as gender, education level, and farm size, can enhance their impact. For instance, programs that address gender-based barriers have been shown to improve women’s agricultural outcomes (Lambrecht et al., 2016).
Agricultural extension services have a significant positive impact on farmers’ productivity and income. By providing continuous support, education, and resources, these services empower farmers to improve their practices, adapt to challenges, and achieve sustainable livelihoods. Investing in effective extension systems is therefore essential for agricultural development and poverty alleviation (World Bank, 2007).
Enhancing Agricultural Extension Strategies for Effective Technology Transfer
Agricultural extension services help farmers learn and use new technologies that improve their productivity and sustainability. In Davao Oriental, enhancing extension strategies can lead to more effective technology transfer and better adoption of modern farming practices. To achieve this, extension programs must adopt best practices in service delivery, integrate digital tools, and implement strategies that address local needs (Anderson & Feder, 2004).
One of the best approaches in extension service delivery is the participatory method, where farmers are actively involved in learning and decision-making. This method makes it easier for farmers to understand and apply new techniques, leading to better productivity and farm management. When farmers participate in demonstrations, field trials, and interactive training, they are more likely to adopt the technologies being introduced. Tailoring extension programs to address specific farming challenges also ensures that the support provided is useful and practical (Kassem et al., 2023).
The integration of digital tools and information and communication technologies (ICT) in extension services has greatly improved knowledge sharing in agriculture. ICT-based extension services, such as mobile applications, online training modules, and digital advisory platforms, allow farmers to access up-to-date information on farming practices, weather conditions, and market prices. In the Philippines, the Department of Agriculture has initiated e-governance programs to support farmers with digital solutions, making agricultural information more accessible (Briones et al., 2023).
In Davao Oriental, the Agricultural Training Institute (ATI) has developed digital resources to enhance extension services. Farmers can now receive information in multimedia formats, participate in virtual training, and access online learning materials. These initiatives make extension services more efficient, particularly for farmers in remote areas who may have limited access to in-person training (ATI Davao, n.d.). However, for digital extension to be fully effective, efforts must be made to improve digital literacy among both farmers and extension workers (Ragasa et al., 2016).
To strengthen agricultural extension services in Davao Oriental, capacity building should be prioritized. Regular training programs for extension workers will ensure that they are equipped with the latest knowledge and techniques to guide farmers effectively. When extension officers are well-trained, they can provide better advisory services, increasing farmers’ confidence in adopting new technologies (Rasmira & Gandasari, 2023). Additionally, involving farmers in planning extension activities will make programs more relevant to their actual needs and encourage higher participation (Chambers, 1994).
Another key strategy is enhancing community involvement and strengthening partnerships between government agencies, research institutions, and private organizations. Collaborative efforts can provide additional funding, technical expertise, and access to improved agricultural technologies. In many successful cases, linking farmers to research institutions has led to faster adoption of climate-smart and sustainable farming practices (Douthwaite et al., 2003).
Monitoring and evaluation are also crucial for ensuring the effectiveness of extension programs. By assessing the impact of extension services on farmers’ productivity, weaknesses in the system can be identified and addressed. Establishing a feedback mechanism where farmers can share their experiences and concerns will help in improving future extension activities (Leeuwis, 2004). Continuous monitoring will ensure that extension services evolve to meet the changing needs of farmers in Davao Oriental.
Enhancing agricultural extension strategies requires a combination of participatory learning, digital tools, capacity building, collaboration, and continuous assessment. By strengthening these areas, technology transfer in Davao Oriental can become more effective, leading to increased productivity and income for farmers. Investing in well-structured and innovative extension services will ensure that sustainable agricultural practices are widely adopted, benefiting both farmers and the environment (Swanson & Rajalahti, 2010).
Agricultural extension services are pivotal in promoting technology adoption among farmers, thereby enhancing productivity and fostering sustainable agricultural practices. In Davao Oriental, the integration of traditional knowledge with modern techniques has been instrumental in this process. A study focusing on small-scale coffee farmers along the Mt. Hamiguitan buffer zone revealed that these farmers have adopted sustainable practices, such as agroforestry and organic farming, to improve productivity and environmental sustainability. Notably, women have played a significant role in these initiatives, actively participating in farming activities and decision-making processes, which has led to increased resilience against climate change (Bacong et al., 2024).
The establishment of dedicated training centers has further bolstered technology adoption. The Davao Oriental Development Centre (DODC), for instance, serves as a hub for farming technology transfer, providing farmers with access to state-of-the-art equipment and resources. This facility offers comprehensive training programs that cover modern farming techniques, thereby enhancing farmers’ skills and encouraging the adoption of sustainable practices (Provincial Government of Davao Oriental, 2023).
Collaborative efforts between non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and local communities have also played a crucial role. The Mindanao Baptist Rural Life Center (MBRLC), for example, has developed and disseminated agroforestry systems suitable for small-scale farmers. These systems have been effective in promoting sustainable farming practices, improving soil fertility, and increasing crop yields. The MBRLC’s approach emphasizes the importance of community involvement and capacity-building, which are essential for the successful adoption of new technologies (Tacio, 1993).
Digital tools and information and communication technologies (ICT) have emerged as vital components in modern agricultural extension services. The integration of ICT facilitates real-time information dissemination, enabling farmers to access up-to-date knowledge on farming practices, weather conditions, and market trends. This digital transformation has led to improved decision-making and increased efficiency in farming operations (Wikipedia, 2025).
The implementation of precision agriculture technologies has further enhanced resource use efficiency. By utilizing tools such as variable-rate application (VRA) technologies, farmers can apply precise amounts of inputs like water and fertilizers, reducing waste and minimizing environmental impact. Empirical studies have demonstrated that VRA improves input use efficiency and can lead to increased yields (Wikipedia, 2025).
Community-based participatory approaches have been effective in addressing local challenges and promoting technology adoption. Farmer Research Committees (FRCs), for instance, involve local farmers in the research and development process, ensuring that the technologies introduced are tailored to the specific needs and conditions of the community. This participatory approach enhances the relevance and acceptance of new technologies, leading to higher adoption rates (Wikipedia, 2025).
Training needs assessments have been instrumental in identifying gaps in farmers’ knowledge and skills. In the Davao mill district, such assessments have led to the development of targeted training programs aimed at improving farm practices and productivity. By aligning training content with the specific needs of farmers, these programs have effectively promoted the adoption of new technologies and sustainable practices (Gonzales et al., 2020).
The successful adoption of sustainable agricultural practices in Davao Oriental can be attributed to a combination of factors, including the integration of traditional knowledge with modern techniques, the establishment of dedicated training centers, collaborative efforts between NGOs and local communities, the utilization of digital tools, precision agriculture technologies, participatory approaches, and targeted training programs. These initiatives have collectively enhanced farmers’ capacity to adopt new technologies, leading to improved productivity and sustainability in the region’s agricultural sector.
Agricultural extension services in Davao Oriental have played a crucial role in shaping the agricultural landscape by promoting sustainable practices and facilitating the adoption of innovative technologies. Through structured interventions such as hands-on training programs, farm demonstrations, and localized learning sessions, extension workers have empowered farmers with practical knowledge and technical competencies. These capacity-building initiatives have led to significant improvements in productivity, resource efficiency, and ecological sustainability in farming systems across the province (Mwangi, 2024; Mendoza & Quiton, 2024).
The integration of digital technologies into agricultural extension—particularly through e-Extension platforms—has further revolutionized how information is accessed and utilized by farmers. ICT-based tools have enabled real-time updates on market trends, pest outbreaks, weather forecasts, and farming techniques, which are critical for timely decision-making in agriculture (Fabregas et al., 2019; Briones et al., 2023). These innovations have also enhanced the inclusivity of extension services, particularly for remote and underserved farming communities who were previously marginalized by traditional delivery methods.
Institutional collaborations have also been vital. The synergy between government agencies, academic institutions, NGOs, and cooperatives has established a multi-stakeholder ecosystem for agricultural development. The Agricultural Training Institute (ATI) has served as a central actor in coordinating training efforts, while local universities and private actors have contributed technical expertise and resources. These collective efforts have ensured that extension services in Davao Oriental are both diverse and responsive to local agricultural contexts (ATI RTC XI, 2024; Agro-Eco Philippines, 2020).
However, systemic and structural barriers continue to limit the full realization of technology adoption in the region. Financial constraints remain a major hindrance, especially for smallholder farmers who lack access to affordable credit or subsidies for purchasing modern inputs and machinery. Socio-cultural factors, such as adherence to traditional practices and limited risk tolerance, also dampen enthusiasm for adopting unfamiliar technologies (Gonzales & Magcale-Macandog, 2020; Kassem et al., 2023). Moreover, disparities in digital literacy and infrastructure further widen the gap between early adopters and those left behind.
Addressing these challenges requires a more nuanced, farmer-centric approach to extension service delivery. Localizing agricultural technologies, co-designing innovations with farmer input, and segmenting support based on demographic and geographic profiles can increase adoption rates. For instance, technologies must be tailored to diverse conditions, such as upland versus lowland ecosystems or irrigated versus rain-fed farming systems (Douthwaite et al., 2003). Furthermore, expanding participatory frameworks—such as Farmer Research Committees and peer-led knowledge exchanges—can boost farmer ownership of innovations and reinforce community learning (Chambers, 1994).
Financial mechanisms must also be restructured to be more inclusive and accessible. Blended finance approaches, including microloans, cooperative-based revolving funds, and government-backed input subsidies, can help farmers overcome initial capital barriers to innovation. Long-term investments in community-based infrastructure such as training hubs, seed banks, and rural ICT centers can further reinforce technology uptake and rural resilience (Bayani & Corpus, 2024; Sarita & Inutan, 2025).
Finally, to ensure sustainability, agricultural extension must adopt a systems perspective that integrates climate-smart practices, regenerative agriculture, and gender-responsive strategies. Prioritizing women farmers, youth, and indigenous communities in extension planning can unlock underutilized potentials within the farming population. Extension systems must also embrace continuous monitoring, data collection, and evidence-based adjustments to remain adaptive in the face of evolving challenges such as climate variability and market disruptions (Lambrecht et al., 2016; Davis et al., 2012).
Agricultural extension in Davao Oriental has made significant progress, its long-term success will depend on continued innovation, institutional support, and community empowerment. A forward-looking extension framework—grounded in inclusivity, resilience, and sustainability—will be key to transforming the province’s agricultural sector into one that is both productive and future-ready.
To further strengthen the role of agricultural extension services in promoting technology adoption and sustainable agricultural practices in Davao Oriental, a multifaceted and inclusive approach is required. This involves improving digital infrastructure, enhancing participatory frameworks, providing financial incentives, and building institutional and community capacities.
Digital tools are vital for modern agricultural extension systems, yet many rural communities in Davao Oriental lack reliable internet access. This digital divide hampers the reach and impact of ICT-based agricultural advisory platforms such as mobile apps, online webinars, and market information systems (Fabregas et al., 2019; Briones et al., 2023). Government agencies, in collaboration with telecommunications providers, should prioritize the expansion of broadband networks in rural and remote barangays. Public investments in digital infrastructure, particularly through the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) and the Department of Agriculture (DA), can ensure that marginalized farmers gain equitable access to timely information (ATI Davao Region, 2023).
Beyond access, farmers and extension workers must be equipped with the skills to use digital tools effectively. Integrating digital literacy training into ongoing extension programs will help maximize the impact of ICT innovations. This includes practical training on mobile-based advisory apps, social media for market intelligence, and digital communication platforms (Rasmira & Gandasari, 2023). Continuous upskilling of Agricultural Extension Workers (AEWs) is crucial for maintaining the relevance and efficiency of knowledge transfer (ATI RTC XI, 2024).
Participatory approaches, including Farmer Research Committees (FRCs), peer-learning groups, and farmer-led demonstrations, should be expanded to empower local communities and tailor interventions to specific agro-ecological conditions (Chambers, 1994; Dissanayake et al., 2022). These models improve farmer engagement and confidence in new technologies, as adoption is more likely when innovations are co-created and contextually adapted (Gonzales & Magcale-Macandog, 2020). Community-managed knowledge-sharing networks also help sustain innovation diffusion beyond the formal extension system.
Collaborations between government agencies, state universities, private agribusinesses, and NGOs can accelerate innovation dissemination. Local research institutions such as Davao Oriental State University (DOrSU) should actively collaborate with ATI and cooperatives to co-develop location-specific agricultural technologies. These partnerships can pool technical resources, expand training coverage, and foster co-creation of solutions that align with farmers’ real-world challenges (Sarita & Inutan, 2025).
A significant barrier to technology adoption is the limited financial capacity of smallholder farmers. Expanding access to micro-financing programs, such as those supported by Land Bank and local cooperatives, will help farmers invest in improved seeds, mechanization, and precision farming technologies (Bayani & Corpus, 2024). Government subsidies and grants should also target farmers willing to adopt sustainable practices such as organic farming, climate-resilient cropping, and conservation agriculture (Sokolov et al., 2020). These incentives should be structured to promote long-term sustainability and gradual independence from continuous external support.
To ensure that extension services are responsive and results-driven, robust monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems must be institutionalized. Real-time feedback mechanisms—such as mobile surveys, participatory evaluations, and community scorecards—can track the adoption and impact of technologies on yields, incomes, and ecological outcomes (Davis et al., 2012). Regular assessments will also help identify gaps in implementation, enabling iterative program refinement.
Women play a critical role in agriculture in Davao Oriental, yet they often face systemic barriers in accessing extension services, credit, and land ownership. Gender-sensitive extension programs should ensure that training schedules, content, and delivery methods are inclusive and accessible to women farmers (Lambrecht et al., 2016). Strengthening women’s participation in cooperatives, leadership roles, and technology trials can enhance community-wide adoption and improve household food security.
Agricultural extension in the region must prioritize climate-smart and regenerative practices that ensure long-term soil health, water conservation, and biodiversity. Training modules and support programs should promote sustainable methods such as agroforestry, integrated pest management (IPM), intercropping, and organic soil amendments (Bacong et al., 2024). Encouraging local seed saving and participatory plant breeding can also reduce dependency on external input suppliers and promote agroecological resilience (Agro-Eco Philippines, 2020).
By integrating these strategies—digital inclusion, participatory learning, financial support, institutional collaboration, and sustainability-focused interventions—agricultural extension services in Davao Oriental can be transformed into a powerful engine for inclusive, climate-resilient, and innovation-driven rural development.